Journal of Clinical Medicine

Editorial

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3 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function

by Kazuno Negishi

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(11), 2966; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11112966 - 24 May 2022

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

Exploring quality of vision is one of the most important issues in modern ophthalmology, and research into ophthalmic optics and visual function is essential for making progress in this field [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

Research

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15 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Violet Light-Transmitting Eyeglasses on Axial Elongation in Myopic Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Kiwako Mori, Hidemasa Torii, Yutaka Hara, Michiko Hara, Erisa Yotsukura, Akiko Hanyuda, Kazuno Negishi, Toshihide Kurihara and Kazuo Tsubota

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(22), 5462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225462 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3682

Abstract

The fact that outdoor light environment is an important suppressive factor against myopia led us to invent violet light-transmitting eyeglasses (VL glasses) which can transmit violet light (VL), 360–400 nm in wavelength, for the suppression of myopia, and can meanwhile block harmful ultraviolet [...] Read more.

The fact that outdoor light environment is an important suppressive factor against myopia led us to invent violet light-transmitting eyeglasses (VL glasses) which can transmit violet light (VL), 360–400 nm in wavelength, for the suppression of myopia, and can meanwhile block harmful ultraviolet waves from sunlight. The current study is a double-blinded randomized clinical trial to investigate the myopia-suppressive effect of VL glasses compared to conventional eyeglasses (placebo glasses) that do not transmit VL. The subjects were children aged from 6 to 12 years old, the population in which myopia progression is generally accelerated, and the myopia suppressive effect was followed up for two years in a city in Japan. Periodical ophthalmic examinations, interviews, and measurements of reflection and axial length under mydriasis were performed at the initial visit (the baseline) and at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The mean change in axial length in the VL glasses group was significantly smaller than in the placebo glasses group when time for near-work was less than 180 min and when the subjects were limited to those who had never used eyeglasses before this trial (p < 0.01); however, this change was not significant without subgrouping. The suppressive rate for axial elongation in the VL glasses group was 21.4% for two years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 0.01% Atropine Instillation Assessed Using Swept-Source Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

by Tadahiro Mitsukawa, Yumi Suzuki, Yosuke Momota, Shun Suzuki and Masakazu Yamada

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194384 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

In this paper, we assessed the short-term effects of 0.01% atropine eye drops on anterior segment parameters by performing ocular biometry using a swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography system (AS-OCT). We recruited 17 healthy volunteers (10 men and 7 women aged 24–35 [...] Read more.

In this paper, we assessed the short-term effects of 0.01% atropine eye drops on anterior segment parameters by performing ocular biometry using a swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography system (AS-OCT). We recruited 17 healthy volunteers (10 men and 7 women aged 24–35 years) with no history of eye disease. Participants without accommodative demand demonstrated significant mydriasis 1 h after the atropine instillation (4.58 ± 0.77 to 5.41 ± 0.83 mm). Pupil diameters with a 5 diopter (D) accommodative stimulus at 1 h (4.70 ± 1.13 mm) and 24 h (4.05 ± 1.06 mm) after atropine instillation were significantly larger than those at baseline (3.71 ± 0.84 mm). Barring pupil diameter, no other biometric parameters significantly changed at any point in time after atropine instillation without accommodative demand. However, with an accommodative stimulus, anterior chamber depth (ACD) at 1 h and posterior curvature of the lens at 1 and 24 h were both significantly larger than those before atropine instillation. Using AS-OCT, we detected a slight decrease in the accommodation response of ocular biometric components evoked by 0.01% atropine instillation. Morphologically, our measurements suggested a change in the ACD and horizontal radius of the lens’ posterior surface curvatures due to the subtle reduction of accommodation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Pressure-Free Yutori Education Program on Myopia in Japan

by Satoshi Ishiko, Hiroyuki Kagokawa, Noriko Nishikawa, Youngseok Song, Kazuhiro Sugawara, Hiroaki Nakagawa, Yuichiro Kawamura and Akitoshi Yoshida

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4229; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184229 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2814

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of Asahikawa Medical University underwent measurements of the cycloplegic refractive error and axial length (AL), from 2011 to 2020. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were correlated significantly with the fiscal year of births (p = 0.004 and p = 0.034, respectively) only during enforcement of the system of high-pressure education. The SE and AL regression rates during the two educational approaches differed significantly (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high myopia was correlated significantly (p < 0.001) only during the system of high-pressure education. The regression of the prevalence rate of high myopia during the two education approaches differed significantly (p = 0.010). The progression rates of myopia and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education, suggesting that not only ophthalmologists but also educators and the government should work on together to control the progression of myopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Standard Visual Criterion for Diagnosing and Treating Presbyopia According to Subjective Patient Symptoms

by Yukari Tsuneyoshi, Sachiko Masui, Hiroyuki Arai, Ikuko Toda, Miyuki Kubota, Shunsuke Kubota, Kazuo Tsubota, Masahiko Ayaki and Kazuno Negishi

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(17), 3942; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173942 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2348

Abstract

Presbyopia treatments using various modalities have been developed recently; however, no standard criteria exist for the diagnosis and treatment endpoint. This study assessed the relationship between the near visual acuity (NVA) and the subjective symptoms of phakic presbyopia and determined the numerical NVA [...] Read more.

Presbyopia treatments using various modalities have been developed recently; however, no standard criteria exist for the diagnosis and treatment endpoint. This study assessed the relationship between the near visual acuity (NVA) and the subjective symptoms of phakic presbyopia and determined the numerical NVA threshold to diagnose phakic presbyopia and evaluate the effectiveness of presbyopia treatment. The binocular distance, NVA with habitual correction, and monocular conventional VA were measured. Patients were asked about their awareness of presbyopia and difficulty performing near tasks. This prospective observational study included 70 patients (mean age, 56 years; range, 32–77). Most patients became aware of presbyopia in their late forties, although some had difficulty with vision-related near tasks before becoming aware of presbyopia. Eighty three percent of patients (20/24) experienced difficulty with near vision-related tasks even with excellent NVA at 40 cm with habitual correction of 0.0 logMAR (20/20 in Snellen VA). In conclusion, the current study showed that patients became aware of presbyopia in their late forties, although some had difficulty with near vision-related tasks before becoming aware of presbyopia. Further investigation should include the proposal of appropriate diagnostic criteria for presbyopia and better management for patients with presbyopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Cataract Surgery Combined with Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lens Explantation: A Multicentre Study

by Miki Kamikawatoko Omoto, Hidemasa Torii, Sachiko Masui, Masahiko Ayaki, Ikuko Toda, Hiroyuki Arai, Tomoaki Nakamura, Kazuo Tsubota and Kazuno Negishi

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3672; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163672 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1611

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of cataract surgery for patients with iris-fixated phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). This study included 96 eyes of 91 patients. The changes in the logMAR uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of cataract surgery for patients with iris-fixated phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). This study included 96 eyes of 91 patients. The changes in the logMAR uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), subjective spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism, and endothelial cell density (ECD) were collected retrospectively. The intraoperative and postoperative complications also were investigated to assess the surgical safety. The preoperative UCVA and BCVA improved significantly at month 1 postoperatively, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). The efficacy and safety index at month 1 postoperatively were 1.02 ± 0.56 and 1.31 ± 0.64, respectively. The SE at month 1 postoperatively was significantly (p < 0.001) higher compared to preoperatively, whereas the subjective astigmatism did not differ significantly (p = 0.078). The ECD significantly decreased at month 1 (p < 0.001). The most common postoperative complication was intraocular pressure elevation exceeding 25 mmHg in 10.4% of eyes, which was controlled with medications in all cases until month 1 postoperatively. No intraoperative complications developed. Cataract surgeries for patients with iris-fixated pIOLs were performed safely with good visual outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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15 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ametropia on Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss

by Eun Young Choi, Raymond C. S. Wong, Thuzar Thein, Louis R. Pasquale, Lucy Q. Shen, Mengyu Wang, Dian Li, Qingying Jin, Hui Wang, Neda Baniasadi, Michael V. Boland, Siamak Yousefi, Sarah R. Wellik, Carlos G. De Moraes, Jonathan S. Myers, Peter J. Bex and Tobias Elze

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(13), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132796 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Myopia has been discussed as a risk factor for glaucoma. In this study, we characterized the relationship between ametropia and patterns of visual field (VF) loss in glaucoma. Reliable automated VFs (SITA Standard 24-2) of 120,019 eyes from 70,495 patients were selected from [...] Read more.

Myopia has been discussed as a risk factor for glaucoma. In this study, we characterized the relationship between ametropia and patterns of visual field (VF) loss in glaucoma. Reliable automated VFs (SITA Standard 24-2) of 120,019 eyes from 70,495 patients were selected from five academic institutions. The pattern deviation (PD) at each VF location was modeled by linear regression with ametropia (defined as spherical equivalent (SE) starting from extreme high myopia), mean deviation (MD), and their interaction (SE × MD) as regressors. Myopia was associated with decreased PD at the paracentral and temporal VF locations, whereas hyperopia was associated with decreased PD at the Bjerrum and nasal step locations. The severity of VF loss modulated the effect of ametropia: with decreasing MD and SE, paracentral/nasal step regions became more depressed and Bjerrum/temporal regions less depressed. Increasing degree of myopia was positively correlated with VF depression at four central points, and the correlation became stronger with increasing VF loss severity. With worsening VF loss, myopes have increased VF depressions at the paracentral and nasal step regions, while hyperopes have increased depressions at the Bjerrum and temporal locations. Clinicians should be aware of these effects of ametropia when interpreting VF loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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14 pages, 4946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifocal Femto-PresbyLASIK in Pseudophakic Eyes

by Bojan Pajic, Horace Massa, Philipp B. Baenninger, Erika Eskina, Brigitte Pajic-Eggspuehler, Mirko Resan and Zeljka Cvejic

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(11), 2282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112282 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1966

Abstract

Background: Presbyopia treatment in pseudophakic patients with a monofocal IOL is challenging. This study investigates the refractive results of femto-PresbyLASIK and analyzes presbyopia treatment in pseudophakic eyes. Methods: 14 patients with 28 pseudophakic eyes were treated with femto-PresbyLASIK. The dominant eye was targeted [...] Read more.

Background: Presbyopia treatment in pseudophakic patients with a monofocal IOL is challenging. This study investigates the refractive results of femto-PresbyLASIK and analyzes presbyopia treatment in pseudophakic eyes. Methods: 14 patients with 28 pseudophakic eyes were treated with femto-PresbyLASIK. The dominant eye was targeted at a distance and the non-dominant eye at −0.5 D. The presbyopic algorithm creates a steepness in the cornea center by using an excimer laser that leads to corneal multifocality. Results: 6 months after surgery a refraction of −0.11 ± 0.13 D (p = 0.001), an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 0.05 ± 1.0 logMAR (p < 0.001) and an uncorrected near visual acuity of 0.15 ± 0.89 logMAR (p = 0.001) were achieved in the dominant eye. For the non-dominant eye, the refraction was −0.28 ± 0.22 D (p = 0.002), the uncorrected distance of visual acuity was 0.1 ± 1.49 logMAR, and the uncorrected near visual acuity was 0.11 ± 0.80 logMAR (p < 0.001). Spherical aberrations (Z400) were reduced by 0.21–0.3 µm in 32% of eyes, and by 0.31–0.4 µm in 26% of eyes. Conclusion: By steepening the central cornea while maintaining spherical aberrations within acceptable limits, PresbyLASIK created a corneal multifocality that safely improved near vision in both eyes. Thus, femto-PresbyLASIK can be used to treat presbyopia in pseudophakic eyes without performing intraocular surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life in Presbyopes with Low and High Myopia Using Single-Vision and Progressive-Lens Correction

by Adeline Yang, Si Ying Lim, Yee Ling Wong, Anna Yeo, Narayanan Rajeev and Björn Drobe

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(8), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081589 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3674

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of the severity of myopia and the type of visual correction in presbyopia on vision-related quality of life (QOL), using the refractive status and vision profile (RSVP) questionnaire. A total of 149 subjects aged 41–75 years with myopic [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the impact of the severity of myopia and the type of visual correction in presbyopia on vision-related quality of life (QOL), using the refractive status and vision profile (RSVP) questionnaire. A total of 149 subjects aged 41–75 years with myopic presbyopia were recruited: 108 had low myopia and 41 had high myopia. The RSVP questionnaire was administered. Rasch analysis was performed on five subscales: perception, expectation, functionality, symptoms, and problems with glasses. Highly myopic subjects had a significantly lower mean QOL score (51.65), compared to low myopes (65.24) (p < 0.001). They also had a significantly lower functionality score with glasses (49.38), compared to low myopes (57.00) (p = 0.018), and they had a worse functionality score without glasses (29.12), compared to low myopes (36.24) (p = 0.045). Those who wore progressive addition lenses (PAL) in the high-myope group (n = 25) scored significantly better, compared to those who wore single-vision distance (SVD) lenses (n = 14), with perception scores of 61.19 and 46.94, respectively (p = 0.029). Highly myopic presbyopes had worse overall QOL and functionality, both with and without glasses, compared to presbyopes with low myopia. High-myopic PAL users had a better perception outcome than SVD lens wearers. Low-myopic PAL wearers had a better QOL than SVD wearers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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8 pages, 9825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Contrast Sensitivity Function in Eyes with Mild Cataract

by Kazutaka Kamiya, Fusako Fujimura, Takushi Kawamorita, Wakako Ando, Yoshihiko Iida and Nobuyuki Shoji

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(7), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071506 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) and several optical factors in eyes suffering mild cataract. We enrolled 71 eyes of 71 patients (mean age, 71.4 ± 10.7 (standard deviation) years) with [...] Read more.

This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) and several optical factors in eyes suffering mild cataract. We enrolled 71 eyes of 71 patients (mean age, 71.4 ± 10.7 (standard deviation) years) with cataract formation who were under surgical consultation. We determined the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) using a contrast sensitivity unit (VCTS-6500, Vistech). We utilized single and multiple regression analyses to investigate the relevant factors in such eyes. The mean AULSCF was 1.06 ± 0.16 (0.62 to 1.38). Explanatory variables relevant to the AULCSF were, in order of influence, logMAR best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) (p < 0.001, partial regression coefficient B = −0.372), and log(s) (p = 0.023, B = −0.032) (adjusted R² = 0.402). We found no significant association with other variables such as age, gender, uncorrected visual acuity, nuclear sclerosis grade, or ocular HOAs. Eyes with better BSCVA and lower log(s) are more susceptible to show higher AULCSF, even in mild cataract subjects. It is indicated that both visual acuity and intraocular forward scattering play a role in the CS function in such eyes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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11 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Axial Length and Prevalence of Myopia among Schoolchildren in the Equatorial Region of Brazil

by Erisa Yotsukura, Hidemasa Torii, Hiroko Ozawa, Richard Yudi Hida, Tetsuro Shiraishi, Ivan Corso Teixeira, Yessa Vervloet Bertollo Lamego Rautha, Caio Felipe Moraes do Nascimento, Kiwako Mori, Miki Uchino, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno Negishi and Kazuo Tsubota

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010115 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3155

Abstract

The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, and the outdoor light environment is considered as a possible factor that can retard myopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of myopia and the light environment in Aracati, equatorial Brazil. We [...] Read more.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, and the outdoor light environment is considered as a possible factor that can retard myopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of myopia and the light environment in Aracati, equatorial Brazil. We surveyed 421 children (421 right eyes; mean age, 10.6 years) and performed ocular examinations that included non-cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL). Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting myopia such as time spent outdoors and in near work. We measured illuminance and violet light irradiance in Aracati. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were −0.44 ± 1.38 diopters (D) and 22.98 ± 0.87 mm, respectively. The prevalence of myopia (SE ≤ −0.75 D) and high myopia (SE ≤ −6.0 D/AL ≥ 26.0 mm) was 20.4 and 1.4/0.48%, respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that myopia was not associated with lifestyle factors. The average illuminance in Aracati was about 100,000 lux from morning to evening. The current results reflect the ALs and the prevalence of myopia among Brazilian schoolchildren. There is a possibility that the light environment in addition to other confounding factors including racial differences affects the ALs and refractive errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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11 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective Happiness and Satisfaction in Postoperative Anisometropic Patients after Refractive Surgery for Myopia

by Kazuno Negishi, Ikuko Toda, Masahiko Ayaki, Hidemasa Torii and Kazuo Tsubota

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(11), 3473; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113473 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) contributes to increased patient happiness one month after surgery; however, longer term effects are unknown. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study on 472 patients who underwent bilateral LASIK surgery to measure happiness and satisfaction with LASIK, and to [...] Read more.

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) contributes to increased patient happiness one month after surgery; however, longer term effects are unknown. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study on 472 patients who underwent bilateral LASIK surgery to measure happiness and satisfaction with LASIK, and to identify affecting factors. Patients completed questionnaires on satisfaction with the surgery and the subjective happiness scale (SHS) before, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of SHS and satisfaction scores. Mean SHS increased at one month but was similar to baseline levels by six months. The SHS of older patients was greater than younger ones at baseline and at one and three months, while satisfaction among the older group was poorer at one and three months. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the decrease in SHS score from one month to three months correlated with baseline SHS, SHS at one month, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), and age. Regression analysis revealed SHS at six months correlated with preoperative SHS, SHS at one month, and satisfaction at six months. Satisfaction at final visit correlated with age, UDVA, anisometropia, and with SHS at each visit. We conclude that happiness and satisfaction were age- and UDVA-dependent, and anisometropic patients report poorer satisfaction scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 1486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Instrument Design and Technique on the Precision and Accuracy of Objective Refraction Measurement

by Alberto Domínguez-Vicent, Loujain Al-Soboh, Rune Brautaset and Abinaya Priya Venkataraman

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(10), 3061; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103061 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the precision and accuracy of objective refraction measurement obtained with combinations of instrument design and technique. We also compared the performance of the instruments with subjective refraction measurements. Method and analysis: The objective refraction was measured in 71 subjects with [...] Read more.

Background: To evaluate the precision and accuracy of objective refraction measurement obtained with combinations of instrument design and technique. We also compared the performance of the instruments with subjective refraction measurements. Method and analysis: The objective refraction was measured in 71 subjects with three autorefractometers that have different designs and measurement principles (binocular with fogging, binocular without fogging, and monocular with fogging). Repeatability and reproducibility metrics were calculated for the objective refraction measurements. The agreement of the objective refraction measurements between the three instruments and the agreement with the subjective refraction measurements were evaluated. Results: All three autorefractometers had repeatability and reproducibility limits smaller than 0.70D. The smallest difference (0.10D) in the spherical equivalent was seen between the two binocular instruments. Compared with the subjective refraction, the binocular without fogging technique had the smallest mean difference in spherical equivalent (<0.20D) whereas the binocular fogging technique had the smallest limit of agreement interval (1.00D). For all comparisons, the mean difference and limit of agreement interval for the cylindrical components were lower than 0.10D and 0.75D, respectively. Conclusion: All three instruments evaluated had good repeatability and reproducibility. The binocular fogging technique provided the best agreement with subjective refraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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8 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement in Contrast Sensitivity Function after Lacrimal Passage Intubation in Eyes with Epiphora

by Sujin Hoshi, Kuniharu Tasaki, Takahiro Hiraoka and Tetsuro Oshika

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(9), 2761; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092761 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

This prospective case series aimed to investigate the contrast sensitivity function before and after lacrimal passage intubation (LPI) in eyes with epiphora due to lacrimal passage obstruction. We included 58 eyes of 51 patients who underwent LPI for lacrimal passage obstruction. The best-corrected [...] Read more.

This prospective case series aimed to investigate the contrast sensitivity function before and after lacrimal passage intubation (LPI) in eyes with epiphora due to lacrimal passage obstruction. We included 58 eyes of 51 patients who underwent LPI for lacrimal passage obstruction. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity function, and lower tear meniscus were compared before LPI and one month after lacrimal duct stent removal. The area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) was calculated for the analyses. Lower tear meniscus was assessed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The BCVA was comparable (p = 0.61) before and after LPI, while AULCSF increased significantly after treatment (before LPI: 1.29 ± 0.17, after LPI: 1.37 ± 0.14, p < 0.0001). Treatment resulted in a significant increase in contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies, 3–18 cycles/degree (p < 0.01 for 3, p < 0.01 for 6, p < 0.0005 for 12, p < 0.05 for 18 cycles/degree). The lower tear meniscus parameters improved significantly after treatment (p < 0.005); however, no correlation between the changes in the tear meniscus and those of the AULCSF was found. The contrast sensitivity significantly improved after LPI in eyes with epiphora due to lacrimal passage obstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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9 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Difference in Pupillary Diameter as an Important Factor for Evaluating Amplitude of Accommodation: A Prospective Observational Study

by Miyuki Kubota, Shunsuke Kubota, Hidenaga Kobashi, Masahiko Ayaki, Kazuno Negishi and Kazuo Tsubota

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(8), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082678 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Presbyopia is increasing globally due to aging and the widespread use of visual display terminals. Presbyopia is a decrease in the eye’s amplitude of accommodation (AA) due to loss of crystalline lens elasticity. AA differs widely among individuals. We aimed to determine the [...] Read more.

Presbyopia is increasing globally due to aging and the widespread use of visual display terminals. Presbyopia is a decrease in the eye’s amplitude of accommodation (AA) due to loss of crystalline lens elasticity. AA differs widely among individuals. We aimed to determine the factors that cause presbyopia, other than advanced age, for early medical intervention. We examined 95 eyes of 95 healthy volunteers (33 men, 62 women) aged 22–62 years (mean: 37.22 ± 9.77 years) with a corrected visual acuity of ≥1.0 and without other eye afflictions except ametropia. Subjective refraction, AA, maximum and minimum pupillary diameters during accommodation, axial length of the eye, and crystalline lens thickness were measured. AA was measured using an auto refractometer/keratometer/tonometer/pachymeter. The difference between maximum and minimum pupillary diameters was calculated. On multiple regression analysis, age and difference in pupillary diameter were both significantly and independently associated with AA in participants aged <44 years, but not in those aged ≥45 years. Our results suggest that the difference in pupillary diameter could be an important age-independent factor for evaluating AA in healthy individuals without cataract. Thus, improving the difference in pupillary diameter values could be an early treatment target for presbyopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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12 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Digital Workflows for Refractive Error Measurements

by Arne Ohlendorf, Alexander Leube and Siegfried Wahl

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(7), 2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072205 - 12 Jul 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

Advancements in clinical measurement of refractive errors should lead to faster and more reliable measurements of such errors. The study investigated different aspects of advancements and the agreement of the spherocylindrical prescriptions obtained with an objective method of measurement (“Aberrometry” (AR)) and two [...] Read more.

Advancements in clinical measurement of refractive errors should lead to faster and more reliable measurements of such errors. The study investigated different aspects of advancements and the agreement of the spherocylindrical prescriptions obtained with an objective method of measurement (“Aberrometry” (AR)) and two methods of subjective refinements (“Wavefront Refraction” (WR) and “Standard Refraction” (StdR)). One hundred adults aged 20–78 years participated in the course of the study. Bland–Altman analysis of the right eye measurement of the spherocylindrical refractive error (M) identified mean differences (±95% limits of agreement) between the different types of measurements of +0.36 D (±0.76 D) for WR vs. AR (t-test: p < 0.001), +0.35 D (± 0.84 D) for StdR vs. AR (t-test: p < 0.001), and 0.0 D (± 0.65 D) for StdR vs. WR (t-test: p < 0.001). Monocular visual acuity was 0.0 logMAR in 96% of the tested eyes, when refractive errors were corrected with measurements from AR, indicating that only small differences between the different types of prescriptions are present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

12 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is 0.01% Atropine an Effective and Safe Treatment for Myopic Children? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Hou-Ren Tsai, Tai-Li Chen, Jen-Hung Wang, Huei-Kai Huang and Cheng-Jen Chiu

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(17), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173766 - 24 Aug 2021

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Abstract

Several conflicting results regarding the efficacy of 0.01% atropine in slowing axial elongation remain in doubt. To solve this issue and evaluate the safety of 0.01% atropine, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with the latest evidence. The review included a total [...] Read more.

Several conflicting results regarding the efficacy of 0.01% atropine in slowing axial elongation remain in doubt. To solve this issue and evaluate the safety of 0.01% atropine, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with the latest evidence. The review included a total of 1178 participants (myopic children). The efficacy outcomes were the mean annual progression in standardized equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL). The safety outcomes included mean annual change in accommodative amplitude, photopic and mesopic pupil diameter. The results demonstrated that 0.01% atropine significantly retarded SER progression compared with the controls (weighted mean difference [WMD], 0.28 diopter (D) per year; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.17, 0.38; p < 0.01), and axial elongation (WMD, −0.06 mm; 95% CI = −0.09, −0.03; p < 0.01) during the 1-year period. Patients receiving 0.01% atropine showed no significant changes in accommodative amplitude (WMD, −0.45 D; 95% CI = −1.80, 0.90; p = 0.51) but showed dilated photopic pupil diameter (WMD, 0.35 mm; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.68; p = 0.04) and mesopic pupil diameter (WMD, 0.20 mm; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.32; p < 0.01). In the subgroup analysis of SER progression, myopic children with lower baseline refraction (>−3 D) and older age (>10-year-old) obtained better responses with 0.01% atropine treatment. Furthermore, the European and multi-ethnicity groups showed greater effect than the Asian groups. In conclusion, 0.01% atropine had favorable efficacy and adequate safety for childhood myopia over a 1-year period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Optics and Visual Function)

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