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J. Compos. Sci.
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Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II
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Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II

A special issue of Journal of Composites Science (ISSN 2504-477X). This special issue belongs to the section "Biocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 26653

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Masao Irie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
Interests: biomaterial; resin composite; luting agents; core build-up materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Composite materials are widely used in the dental field in clinics as biomaterials. For example, they have been used as a biomaterial to repair caries and restore masticatory function, and as a cement to adhere the restoration to the tooth substrate. In order to demonstrate their function, dental biomaterials are measured by measuring their own mechanical strength, compatibility with the marginal adaptation as a tooth restoration material, and adhesion to tooth substrate using a bonding agent. From such basic research, we are studying the potential of dental biomaterials. We are studying composite materials, aiming at biomaterials that combine mechanical properties similar to those of the tooth, and chewing, thermal stimulation, and aesthetic elements in the oral cavity. In this volume, we introduce the situation of commercial products that commercialize composites suitable for such purpose, the current state of compatibility test for mechanical properties and tooth quality, and provide readers with composite materials used in clinical dentistry. I want to introduce “composite materials” in dental fields.

Dr. Masao Irie
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biomaterial
  • dental composite
  • application in dentistry
  • microscopic analysis
  • gap formation
  • mechanical property

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 974 KiB  
Article
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite Materials to Dentin
by Dora Mohenski, Mihaela Vrebac, Eva Klarić Sever, Timor Grego, Kristina Goršeta and Ana Ivanišević
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070261 - 5 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860
Abstract
Ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses alters the composition and properties of dentin and resin composites. This may influence the adhesion of restorative materials to irradiated dentin and compromise the success of the restorative treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses alters the composition and properties of dentin and resin composites. This may influence the adhesion of restorative materials to irradiated dentin and compromise the success of the restorative treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on the shear bond strength (SBS) of bulk-fill composite materials to dentin. Coronal dentin slabs (N = 90) were embedded in acrylate and randomly assigned to six groups (N = 15) depending on the time of radiation (70 Gy) and material (SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable and Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill (TET)): (1) control group (CG) SDR; (2) CG TET; (3) radiation + SDR; (4) radiation + TET; (5) SDR + radiation; and (6) TET + radiation. Composite cylinders were bonded to the dentin slabs using Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive. The specimens were stored in distilled water and fractured in shear mode after 7 weeks. Radiation before and after restoration resulted in an SBS decrease. The SBS was statistically significantly lower in groups 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). The difference between the bulk-fill composites was not significant (p > 0.05). In the CGs, adhesive fractures prevailed. In groups 3 and 4, cohesive fractures in the dentin were more frequent, and in groups 5 and 6, cohesive fractures in the material. Radiotherapy affects the SBS of bulk-fill composites to dentin. Immediate radiation after restoration resulted in the lowest SBS in both bulk-fill composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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12 pages, 1961 KiB  
Article
An In Vitro Comparison of Elastoplastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Dental Composites with Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer-Mediated Polymerization
by Nicoleta Ilie
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(6), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7060247 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1025
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated polymerization has been implemented in commercially available bulk-fill dental composites, with the idea of either optimizing polymerization at depth, while providing sufficient opacity, or reducing exposure time. The elastoplastic and viscoelastic behavior of the materials pursuing both ideas [...] Read more.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated polymerization has been implemented in commercially available bulk-fill dental composites, with the idea of either optimizing polymerization at depth, while providing sufficient opacity, or reducing exposure time. The elastoplastic and viscoelastic behavior of the materials pursuing both ideas are described comparatively in connection with the microstructure of the materials and artificial aging. A 3-point bending test was followed by reliability and fractographical analyses. The elastoplastic and viscoelastic behavior was monitored with an instrumented indentation test equipped with a DMA-module at various frequencies (0.5–5 Hz). Data reveal that the similarity in filler loading is reflected in similar elastic moduli. Increased strength was offset by higher plasticity and creep and was related to microstructure. Aging showed a significantly stronger influence on material behavior than differences in composition. The elastoplastic parameters of both materials deteriorate as a result of aging, but to a material-specific extent. Aging has a strong influence on elastic material behavior, but very little on viscous material behavior. The parameter that is most sensitive to aging is damping behavior. Detailed laboratory characterization indicates comparable in vitro behavior with clinically successful materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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15 pages, 3577 KiB  
Article
Calcium Phosphate-Loaded Novel Polypropylene Glycol-Based Dental Resin Composites: Evaluation of In Vitro Bioactivity
by Zahra Shafqat, Nadia Munir, Naveed Inayat, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Muhammad Amber Fareed and Muhammad Sohail Zafar
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040140 - 4 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2046
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess in vitro bioactivity of novel remineralizing dental composites loaded with calcium phosphate fillers and chlorhexidine in polypropylene glycol (PPG) resin matrix. Methods: The stock monomer was prepared by adding 69.75% urethane dimethacrylate and 23.25% of the polypropylene [...] Read more.
Objective: This study aimed to assess in vitro bioactivity of novel remineralizing dental composites loaded with calcium phosphate fillers and chlorhexidine in polypropylene glycol (PPG) resin matrix. Methods: The stock monomer was prepared by adding 69.75% urethane dimethacrylate and 23.25% of the polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate with silica fillers, chlorhexidine (5 wt%), and varying levels of calcium phosphate fillers. The study groups were BC (basic composite), commercial control, CHX-CP5, CHX-CP10, and CHX-CP15, respectively. Bioactivity was assessed by placing samples in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14, and 28 days and observed under the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Data were presented in mean and percentage with a 95% confidence interval. Intergroup analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the p-value was set ≤0.05. Results: The SEM images showed the deposition of calcium phosphate on the surface of CHX-CP10 and CHX-CP15 after 28 days in SBF. Mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate were observed on the surface of the experimental formulation containing higher calcium phosphate fillers (CP10 and CP15) in EDX. Conclusion: The addition of calcium phosphate fillers to the composites resulted in an apatite layer formed and demonstrated enhanced bioactivity in the presence of PPGDMA and CHX. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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9 pages, 978 KiB  
Communication
Bond Strength Evaluation between Different Glass Fiber Post Systems to Restore Weakened Roots
by Paula Barbosa Alves, Ana Luiza Barbosa Jurema, Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres, Alessandra Bühler Borges, Priscila Christiane Suzy Liporoni, João Paulo Mendes Tribst and Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta
J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6(9), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090252 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2397
Abstract
A new bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post was developed to be used in post-endodontic restoration. We evaluated the bond strength of a single prefabricated glass fiber post (GFP) and a bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post (GT), used alone or combined, to restore weakened [...] Read more.
A new bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post was developed to be used in post-endodontic restoration. We evaluated the bond strength of a single prefabricated glass fiber post (GFP) and a bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post (GT), used alone or combined, to restore weakened roots. Fifty bovine incisors roots were weakened with a diamond bur, except for those from the control group. The root canals were endodontically treated (Pro Taper Next system, gutta-percha, and endodontic cement), and the roots were divided into five groups (n = 10): Reb—single prefabricated GFP (Rebilda Post—Voco); GT—bundled glass fiber-reinforced resin post (Rebilda Post GT—Voco); RebGT—association between the prefabricated GFP (Reb) and the bundled one (GT); CP—prefabricated GFP customized with composite resin; and Cont—singular post in a non-weakened root (Control). All posts were cemented using a universal adhesive system (Futurabond U) and dual-cure resin cement (Rebilda DC—Voco). Afterwards, two slices were obtained from each root third (cervical, middle, and apical) and submitted to a push-out bond strength test. Data were analyzed regarding the post system used and the root thirds by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). There were higher bond strength means for the RebGT and CP groups, presenting values similar to the control. The Reb and GT groups showed lower values. The adhesion to deeper thirds of the root canal remains a challenge for adhesive dentistry and is not related to the design of the post. Additionally, the rehabilitation of teeth with weakened roots requires the customization of the glass fiber post with composite resin or the association between prefabricated options with multiple posts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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9 pages, 2124 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Resin Based Composites Containing Different Monomers
by Marina Gullo Augusto, Guilherme Schmitt de Andrade, Ingrid Fernandes Mathias-Santamaria, Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva and João Paulo Mendes Tribst
J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050146 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
Changes in the organic matrix of composite resins have been proposed to improve their surface properties. However, polishing systems may perform differently in different materials. This study compared the effect of polishing systems on the surface roughness of four composite resins containing different [...] Read more.
Changes in the organic matrix of composite resins have been proposed to improve their surface properties. However, polishing systems may perform differently in different materials. This study compared the effect of polishing systems on the surface roughness of four composite resins containing different resin monomers: Admira Fusion (nanohybrid containing pure ormocer), Aura Bulkfill (nanohybrid containing Bis-GMA, UDMA), Charisma Diamond (nanohybrid containing TCD-DI-HEA) and Vittra APS (nanofilled containing UDMA). Cylinders (N = 120, n = 10) were prepared from each material and the top surface of each specimen was grounded using a diamond finishing bur. Baseline measurements of surface roughness (Ra) were recorded using a contact profilometer and the specimens of each composite were divided into three subgroups according to the polishing system: one-step, two-step, three-step. Ra measurements were recorded also after polishing. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The baseline roughness of all composites was significantly reduced after polishing (p < 0.001). The two-step polishing system provided the smoothest surface for Admira Fusion (0.0770 ± 0.0171) and Charisma (0.1091 ± 0.0090), whereas for Aura and Vittra no significantly differences were found for the three polishing systems tested. The surface smoothness seems to be more material dependent than step dependent, but all tested systems provided clinically acceptable results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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18 pages, 2555 KiB  
Article
Polymerization Shrinkage, Hygroscopic Expansion, Elastic Modulus and Degree of Conversion of Different Composites for Dental Application
by Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges, Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva, Sabrina Elise Moecke, Raquel Coutinho de Morais and João Paulo Mendes Tribst
J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(12), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5120322 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3110
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize the mechanical properties of different resin-composites for dental application. Methods: Thirteen universal dentin shade composites (n = 10) from different manufacturers were evaluated (4 Seasons, Grandio, Venus, Amelogen Plus, P90, Z350, Esthet-X, Amaris, Vita-l-escence, Natural-Look, Charisma, Z250 and Opallis). [...] Read more.
Objectives: To characterize the mechanical properties of different resin-composites for dental application. Methods: Thirteen universal dentin shade composites (n = 10) from different manufacturers were evaluated (4 Seasons, Grandio, Venus, Amelogen Plus, P90, Z350, Esthet-X, Amaris, Vita-l-escence, Natural-Look, Charisma, Z250 and Opallis). The polymerization shrinkage percentage was calculated using a video-image recording device (ACUVOL—Bisco Dental) and the hygroscopic expansion was measured after thermocycling aging in the same equipment. Equal volumes of material were used and, after 5 min of relaxation, baseline measurements were calculated with 18 J of energy delivered from the light-curing unit. Specimens were stored in a dry-dark environment for 24 h then thermocycled in distilled water (5–55 °C for 20,000 cycles) with volume measurement at each 5000 cycles. In addition, the pulse-excitatory method was applied to calculate the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio for each resin material and the degree of conversion was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: The ANOVA showed that all composite volumes were influenced by the number of cycles (α = 0.05). Volumes at 5 min post-polymerization (12.47 ± 0.08 cm3) were significantly lower than those at baseline (12.80 ± 0.09 cm3). With regard to the impact of aging, all resin materials showed a statistically significant increase in volume after 5000 cycles (13.04 ± 0.22 cm3). There was no statistical difference between volumes measured at the other cycle steps. The elastic modulus ranged from 22.15 to 10.06 GPa and the Poisson ratio from 0.54 to 0.22 with a significant difference between the evaluated materials (α = 0.05). The degree of conversion was higher than 60% for all evaluated resin composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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Review

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24 pages, 2149 KiB  
Review
3D Printing of Dental Prostheses: Current and Emerging Applications
by Fereshte Rezaie, Masoud Farshbaf, Mohammad Dahri, Moein Masjedi, Reza Maleki, Fatemeh Amini, Jonathan Wirth, Keyvan Moharamzadeh, Franz E. Weber and Lobat Tayebi
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020080 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 13483
Abstract
Revolutionary fabrication technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing to develop dental structures are expected to replace traditional methods due to their ability to establish constructs with the required mechanical properties and detailed structures. Three-dimensional printing, as an additive manufacturing approach, has the potential [...] Read more.
Revolutionary fabrication technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing to develop dental structures are expected to replace traditional methods due to their ability to establish constructs with the required mechanical properties and detailed structures. Three-dimensional printing, as an additive manufacturing approach, has the potential to rapidly fabricate complex dental prostheses by employing a bottom-up strategy in a layer-by-layer fashion. This new technology allows dentists to extend their degree of freedom in selecting, creating, and performing the required treatments. Three-dimensional printing has been narrowly employed in the fabrication of various kinds of prostheses and implants. There is still an on-demand production procedure that offers a reasonable method with superior efficiency to engineer multifaceted dental constructs. This review article aims to cover the most recent applications of 3D printing techniques in the manufacturing of dental prosthetics. More specifically, after describing various 3D printing techniques and their advantages/disadvantages, the applications of 3D printing in dental prostheses are elaborated in various examples in the literature. Different 3D printing techniques have the capability to use different materials, including thermoplastic polymers, ceramics, and metals with distinctive suitability for dental applications, which are discussed in this article. The relevant limitations and challenges that currently limit the efficacy of 3D printing in this field are also reviewed. This review article has employed five major scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus, with appropriate keywords to find the most relevant literature in the subject of dental prostheses 3D printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: Biomaterials in Dental Fields, Volume II)
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