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Polyphasic Identification of Fungi
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Polyphasic Identification of Fungi

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2022) | Viewed by 76997

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Saowaluck Tibpromma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
Interests: fungal taxonomy; fungal phylogeny; fungal pathogens; fungal endophytes; Ascomycota
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Samantha C. Karunarathna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
2. National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Kandy, Sri Lanka
Interests: fungal taxonomy; fungal phylogeny; Basidiomycota; Ascomycota; fungal pathogens
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fungi are the second most species-rich group after insects. Thus, it is more challenging to estimate the total number of extant fungi species than it is with plants and animals. Fungi play key roles in ecosystems as decomposers, endophytes, mutualists, and pathogens. However, in most cases, the roles of individual fungi in nature are still unknown. Describing and understanding the natural roles of fungal species can help humankind to overcome fungal diseases and utilize fungal resources much better. Identification can be a long and seemingly never-ending process, with frequent revisions of the taxonomic schemes, and it is gradually becoming clearer that fungal identification and authentication require a multiple-step approach in order to generate accurate and useful data. This means that it is necessary to combine more traditional phenotypic and physiological approaches with modern molecular biology. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFPLs), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphism-PCR (AFLPs-PCR), Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), DNA barcoding, and Whole Genome Sequencing have all been used to distinguish fungal taxa that are difficult to identify by traditional morphological methods. It is assumed that the genotype of a fungal species is only an indirect indication of its phenotype and ecological adaptations. In other words, a fungal species can be defined as the smallest aggregation of populations with a common lineage that share unique diagnosable phenotypic features. 

Recently, the so-called polyphasic approach has been developed for consistent identification and characterization of fungi. The polyphasic approach consists of the use of different techniques based on the systematization of scientific knowledge. Different methodologies used in this approach include micro- and macro-morphology, biochemical analyses, and molecular biology. These methods assist taxonomists in establishing a consolidated species concept.

This Special Issue will focus on polyphasic identification of fungi. Studies covering the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, and phylogeny of fungi and fungal biodiversity estimates will be welcome.

Dr. Saowaluck Tibpromma
Dr. Samantha C. Karunarathna
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • epitypification
  • fungal diversity
  • fungal taxonomy
  • fungal phylogeny
  • fungal ecology
  • fungal physiology

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Published Papers (17 papers)

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30 pages, 19692 KiB  
Article
Polyphasic Identification of Distoseptispora with Six New Species from Fresh Water
by Huang Zhang, Rong Zhu, Yun Qing, Hao Yang, Chunxue Li, Gennuo Wang, Di Zhang and Ping Ning
J. Fungi 2022, 8(10), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8101063 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2615
Abstract
Twelve new specimens of sporidesmium-like taxa were collected from freshwater habitats in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of nuc 28S rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) [...] Read more.
Twelve new specimens of sporidesmium-like taxa were collected from freshwater habitats in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of nuc 28S rDNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) sequence data, combined with morphological data, revealed that they are Distoseptispora species. Among them, six new species, including D. aqualignicola, D. aquamyces, D. crassispora, D. curvularia, D. nonrostrata and D. pachyconidia, are introduced. Two new combinations, D. adscendens and D. leonensis, are transferred from Ellisembia. A new habitat and geographical record are reported for D. clematidis, collected from a freshwater habitat in China. New RPB2 sequence data for D. dehongensis are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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19 pages, 7391 KiB  
Article
Synhelminthosporium gen. et sp. nov. and Two New Species of Helminthosporium (Massarinaceae, Pleosporales) from Sichuan Province, China
by Yanpeng Chen, Wenhui Tian, Yaobin Guo, Hugo Madrid and Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
J. Fungi 2022, 8(7), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070712 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
Helminthosporium is a polyphyletic genus in Massarinaceae (Pleosporales). Species of Helminthosporium are characterized by having septate and erect conidiophores, acro-pleurogenous and distoseptate conidia with a ring-shaped scar at the base. During a survey of fungal diversity in Sichuan Province, China, six Helminthosporium-like [...] Read more.
Helminthosporium is a polyphyletic genus in Massarinaceae (Pleosporales). Species of Helminthosporium are characterized by having septate and erect conidiophores, acro-pleurogenous and distoseptate conidia with a ring-shaped scar at the base. During a survey of fungal diversity in Sichuan Province, China, six Helminthosporium-like isolates were collected from dead branches of unknown trees. Five barcodes, including ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), SSU, LSU, TEF1, and RPB2 were amplified and sequenced. Morphological examination and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses revealed two new Helminthosporium species (H. chengduense sp. nov., and H. chinense sp. nov.), a new genus (Synhelminthosporium gen. nov.) with a type species Synhelminthosporium synnematoferum sp. nov., and two known species (Helminthosporium submersum and H. velutinum) within Massarinaceae. The new genus Synhelminthosporium differs from the phylogenetically closest genus Helminthosporium by producing synnematous conidiophores. This work expands our understanding of the diversity of Helminthosporium-like taxa in Sichuan Province, China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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26 pages, 5565 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Five New Species in Chaetosphaeriaceae
by Jing-Yi Zhang, Jian Ma, Yuan-Pin Xiao, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Ji-Chuan Kang and Yong-Zhong Lu
J. Fungi 2022, 8(6), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8060643 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
Chaetosphaeriaceae is a genera-rich and highly diverse group of fungi with a worldwide distribution in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Eight fresh collections of Chaetosphaeriaceae were obtained during investigations of hyaline-spored hyphomycetes in China and Thailand. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of [...] Read more.
Chaetosphaeriaceae is a genera-rich and highly diverse group of fungi with a worldwide distribution in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Eight fresh collections of Chaetosphaeriaceae were obtained during investigations of hyaline-spored hyphomycetes in China and Thailand. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset, Chaetosphaeria obovoidea, Codinaea aseptata, Codinaeella hyalina, Dictyochaeta guizhouensis and Paragaeumannomyces guttulatus were introduced as new species, Codinaea terminalis was reported as new host record, and Codinaea dwaya and Phialosporostilbe scutiformis were introduced as new collections. Phylogenetic analysis in this study revealed that Chaetosphaeria was polyphyletic. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of new taxa and identified species are provided, as well as an updated phylogenetic tree to confirm the placements of these eight new collections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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17 pages, 3832 KiB  
Article
Synopsis of Leptosphaeriaceae and Introduction of Three New Taxa and One New Record from China
by Rong Xu, Wenxin Su, Shangqing Tian, Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Kevin D. Hyde, Yu Li and Chayanard Phukhamsakda
J. Fungi 2022, 8(5), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8050416 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
Leptosphaeriaceae, a diverse family in the order Pleosporales, is remarkable for its scleroplectenchymatous or plectenchymatous peridium cells. Four Leptosphaeriaceae species were discovered and studied during the investigation of saprobic fungi from plant substrates in China. Novel taxa were defined using multiloci [...] Read more.
Leptosphaeriaceae, a diverse family in the order Pleosporales, is remarkable for its scleroplectenchymatous or plectenchymatous peridium cells. Four Leptosphaeriaceae species were discovered and studied during the investigation of saprobic fungi from plant substrates in China. Novel taxa were defined using multiloci phylogenetic analyses and are supported by morphology. Based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses, these isolates represent three novel taxa and one new record within Leptosphaeriaceae. A new genus, Angularia, is introduced to accommodate Angularia xanthoceratis, with a synopsis chart for 15 genera in Leptosphaeriaceae. This study also revealed a new species, Plenodomus changchunensis, and a new record of Alternariaster centaureae-diffusae. These species add to the increasing number of fungi known from China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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18 pages, 4758 KiB  
Article
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses of Three New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of Xylodon (Basidiomycota) in a Forest Ecological System
by Kai-Yue Luo, Zhuo-Yue Chen and Chang-Lin Zhao
J. Fungi 2022, 8(4), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040405 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2745
Abstract
Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan group and show a rich diversity, growing in the vegetation of boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. Xylodon grandineus, X. punctus, and X. wenshanensis spp. nov. were found in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China, suggested here to [...] Read more.
Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan group and show a rich diversity, growing in the vegetation of boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. Xylodon grandineus, X. punctus, and X. wenshanensis spp. nov. were found in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China, suggested here to be new fungal species in light of their morphology and phylogeny. Xylodon grandineus is characterized by a grandinioid hymenophore and ellipsoid basidiospores; X. punctus has a membranous hymenophore, a smooth hymenial surface with a speckled distribution, and absent cystidia; X. wenshanensis has a grandinioid hymenophore with a cream to slightly buff hymenial surface and cystidia of two types. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic studies, the ITS+nLSU analysis of the order Hymenochaetales indicated that, at the generic level, six genera (i.e., Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Lyomyces, Kneiffiella, and Xylodon) should be accepted to accommodate the members of Hyphodontia sensu lato. According to a further analysis of the ITS dataset, X. grandineus was retrieved as a sister to X. nesporii; X. punctus formed a monophyletic lineage and then grouped with X. filicinus, X. hastifer, X. hyphodontinus, and X. tropicus; and X. wenshanensis was a sister to X. xinpingensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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15 pages, 5520 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Phylogenetic Evidence Reveal Five New Telamonioid Species of Cortinarius (Agaricales) from East Asia
by Meng-Le Xie, Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Tie-Zheng Wei, Ji-Peng Li, Ke Wang, Yang Wang, Rui-Qing Ji and Yu Li
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030257 - 2 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2763
Abstract
Five new Cortinarius species, C. neobalaustinus, C. pseudocamphoratus, C. subnymphatus, C. wuliangshanensis and C. yanjiensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Cortinarius neobalaustinus is characterized by a very weakly hygrophanous and yellowish-brown to [...] Read more.
Five new Cortinarius species, C. neobalaustinus, C. pseudocamphoratus, C. subnymphatus, C. wuliangshanensis and C. yanjiensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Cortinarius neobalaustinus is characterized by a very weakly hygrophanous and yellowish-brown to brown pileus and small and weakly verrucose basidiospores. Cortinarius pseudocamphoratus can be characterized by a viscid pileus, a strongly unpleasant smell, amygdaloid to somewhat ellipsoid basidiospores and lageniform to subfusiform cheilocystidia. Cortinarius subnymphatus is identified by a strongly hygrophanous pileus that is reddish-brown with a black-brown umbo, a yellowish universal veil and ellipsoid to subamygdaloid basidiospores. Cortinarius wuliangshanensis is characterized by a moderately to strongly hygrophanous, translucently striated and yellowish to reddish-brown pileus and rather weakly and moderately verrucose basidiospores. Cortinarius yanjiensis is distinguished by a weakly to moderately hygrophanous and yellowish to brown pileus and moderately to rather strongly verrucose basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on the data set of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), D1–D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the results show that C. neobalaustinus, C. wulianghsanensis and C. yanjiensis cluster in sect. Illumini, C. pseudocamporatus belongs to sect. Camphorati and C. subnymphatus belongs to sect. Laeti. In addition, a study of basidiospores under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted. An identification key for the five new species and related species from China is also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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42 pages, 12758 KiB  
Article
Multigene Phylogeny Reveals Endophytic Xylariales Novelties from Dendrobium Species from Southwestern China and Northern Thailand
by Xiaoya Ma, Putarak Chomnunti, Mingkwan Doilom, Dinushani Anupama Daranagama and Jichuan Kang
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030248 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4412
Abstract
Xylariales are common endophytes of Dendrobium. However, xylarialean species resolution remains difficult without sequence data and poor sporulation on artificial media and asexual descriptions for only several species and old type material. The surface-sterilized and morph-molecular methods were used for fungal isolation [...] Read more.
Xylariales are common endophytes of Dendrobium. However, xylarialean species resolution remains difficult without sequence data and poor sporulation on artificial media and asexual descriptions for only several species and old type material. The surface-sterilized and morph-molecular methods were used for fungal isolation and identification. A total of forty-seven strains were identified as twenty-three species belonging to Apiosporaceae, Hypoxylaceae, Induratiaceae, and Xylariaceae. Five new species—Annulohypoxylon moniliformis, Apiospora dendrobii, Hypoxylon endophyticum, H. officinalis and Nemania dendrobii were discovered. Three tentative new species were speculated in Xylaria. Thirteen known fungal species from Hypoxylon, Nemania, Nigrospora, and Xylaria were also identified. Another two strains were only identified at the genus and family level (Induratia sp., Hypoxylaceae sp.). This study recorded 12 new hosts for xylarialean endophytes. This is the first report of Xylariales species as endophytes from Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum, D. cariniferum, D. harveyanum, D. hercoglossum, D. moniliforme, and D. moschatum. Dendrobium is associated with abundant xylarialean taxa, especially species of Hypoxylon and Xylaria. We recommend the use of oat agar with low concentrations to induce sporulation of Xylaria strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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30 pages, 4689 KiB  
Article
Taxonomic Reappraisal of Periconiaceae with the Description of Three New Periconia Species from China
by Er-Fu Yang, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Hong-Bo Jiang, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Darbhe J. Bhat, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Dong-Qin Dai, Jian-Chu Xu and Itthayakorn Promputtha
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030243 - 28 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4948
Abstract
As a result of an ongoing research survey of microfungi in Yunnan, China, several saprobic ascomycetes were collected from various host substrates. Preliminary morphological analyses identified a few of these taxa as Periconia species. We obtained DNA sequence data of the Periconia species [...] Read more.
As a result of an ongoing research survey of microfungi in Yunnan, China, several saprobic ascomycetes were collected from various host substrates. Preliminary morphological analyses identified a few of these taxa as Periconia species. We obtained DNA sequence data of the Periconia species from pure cultures and investigated their phylogenetic affinities. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU, ITS, SSU and tef1-α sequence dataset demonstrated that five isolates of Periconia formed well-resolved subclades within Periconiaceae. Accordingly, three new Periconia species are introduced viz. P. artemisiae, P. chimonanthi and P. thysanolaenae, and new host and geographical records of P. byssoides and P. pseudobyssoides, are also reported from dead branches of Prunus armeniaca and Scrophularia ningpoensis. Periconia celtidis formed a monophyletic clade with P. byssoides in the present phylogenetic analyses. Results of the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test indicated significant recombination between P. byssoides and P. celtidis. Therefore, P. celtidis has been synonymized under P. byssoides. In addition, we re-illustrated and studied the type specimen of the sexual genus Bambusistroma. As a type species of Bambusistroma, B. didymosporum features similar morphology to the sexual morph of Periconia homothallica and P. pseudodigitata. We therefore synonymize Bambusistroma under Periconia based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Furthermore, our new isolates produced brown conidia of asexual morph in agar media typical of the genus Noosia. Based on morphological comparison with Periconia in vitro and phylogenetic status of Noosia, we also treat Noosia as a synonym of Periconia. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of three novel taxa and two new records of Periconia byssoides and P. pseudobyssoides as well as the illustration of P. didymosporum comb. nov. are provided. An updated phylogenetic tree of Periconiaceae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses is constructed. Generic circumscription of Periconia is amended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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15 pages, 2456 KiB  
Article
Description of Crinitomyces reliqui gen. nov., sp. nov. and Reassignment of Trichosporiella flavificans and Candida ghanaensis to the Genus Crinitomyces
by Varunya Sakpuntoon, Gábor Péter, Marizeth Groenewald, Dénes Dlauchy, Savitree Limtong and Nantana Srisuk
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030224 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2415
Abstract
The systematic position of 16 yeast strains isolated from Thailand, Hungary, The Netherlands, and the Republic of Poland were evaluated using morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses. Based on the similarity of the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene, the strains were assigned [...] Read more.
The systematic position of 16 yeast strains isolated from Thailand, Hungary, The Netherlands, and the Republic of Poland were evaluated using morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses. Based on the similarity of the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene, the strains were assigned to two distinct species, Trichosporiella flavificans and representatives of a new yeast species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Candida ghanaensis CBS 8798T showed a strong relationship with the aforementioned two species. The more fascinating issue is that Candida and Trichosporiella genera have been placed in different subphyla, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina, respectively. The close relationship between Trichosporiella flavificans, Candida ghanaensis and the undescribed species was unexpected and needed to be clarified. As for morphological and physiological characteristics, the three yeast species shared a hairy colony appearance and an ability to assimilate 18 carbon sources. Based on phylogenetic analyses carried out in the present study, Crinitomyces gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate the new yeast species, Crinitomyces reliqui sp. nov. (Holotype: TBRC 15054, Isotypes: DMKU-FW23-23 and PYCC 9001). In addition, the two species Trichosporiella flavificans and Candida ghanaensis were reassigned to the genus Crinitomyces as, Crinitomyces flavificans (Type: CBS 760.79) comb. nov. and Crinitomyces ghanaensis (Type: CBS 8798) comb. nov., respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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39 pages, 25657 KiB  
Article
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Novel and Extant Taxa in Pleosporales Associated with Mangifera indica from Yunnan, China (Series I)
by Er-Fu Yang, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Jian-Chu Xu, Zhen-Xiong Zhao, Chathurika Karunanayake and Itthayakorn Promputtha
J. Fungi 2022, 8(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020152 - 1 Feb 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4458
Abstract
Pleosporales is the largest fungal order with a worldwide distribution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. During investigations of saprobic fungi associated with mango (Mangifera indica) in Baoshan and Honghe, Yunnan, China, fungal taxa belonging to pleosporales were collected. Morphological examinations and [...] Read more.
Pleosporales is the largest fungal order with a worldwide distribution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. During investigations of saprobic fungi associated with mango (Mangifera indica) in Baoshan and Honghe, Yunnan, China, fungal taxa belonging to pleosporales were collected. Morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α loci were used to identify the fungal taxa. A new genus, Mangifericomes; four new species, namely Mangifericomes hongheensis, Neomassaria hongheensis, Paramonodictys hongheensis, and Paramonodictys yunnanensis; and six new host and country records, namely Byssosphaeria siamensis, Crassiparies quadrisporus, Paradictyoarthrinium aquatica, Phaeoseptum mali, Torula fici, and Vaginatispora amygdali, are introduced. Photoplates, full descriptions, and phylogenetic trees to show the placement of new and known taxa are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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15 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
A Novel Yeast Genus and Two Novel Species Isolated from Pineapple Leaves in Thailand: Savitreella phatthalungensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Goffeauzyma siamensis sp. nov.
by Pumin Nutaratat, Wanatchaporn Boontham and Pannida Khunnamwong
J. Fungi 2022, 8(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020118 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4860
Abstract
Four yeast strains, representing one genus and two novel anamorphic yeast species, were isolated from pineapple leaves collected in Thailand. Analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions showed [...] Read more.
Four yeast strains, representing one genus and two novel anamorphic yeast species, were isolated from pineapple leaves collected in Thailand. Analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions showed the two strains (DMKU-PAL186 and DMKU-PAL178) were closely related to the type strains of the Protomyces and Taphrina species, but with high nucleotide divergence. Two strains (DMKU-PAL39 and DMKU-PAL18) were found to be closely related to the type strains of Goffeauzyma iberica, but with eight nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domains and 26 nucleotide substitutions in the ITS regions. In phylogenetic analyses, the strains DMKU-PAL186 and DMKU-PAL178 formed a well-separated lineage from Protomyces and Taphrina genera, confirming that they represented a distinct genus, while the strains DMKU-PAL39 and DMKU-PAL18 represented a species in the genus Goffeauzyma, which was phylogenetically distinct from other recognized species of the genus. Based on molecular analyses and phenotypic characteristics, the names Savitreella gen. nov. (Taphrinomycetes, Ascomycota) and Savitreella phatthalungensis sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate the strains DMKU-PAL186 and DMKU-PAL178, and the name Goffeauzyma siamensis sp. nov. (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota) is proposed to accommodate the strains DMKU-PAL39 and DMKU-PAL18. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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17 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Five Novel Taxa in Parabambusicolaceae (Massarineae, Pleosporales) from Yunnan, China
by Ning Xie, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Hongbo Jiang, Yu-Jia Zeng, Haoxing Zhang, Fangfang Xu, Saisamorn Lumyong, Jianchu Xu and Sinang Hongsanan
J. Fungi 2022, 8(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020108 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2942
Abstract
Parabambusicolaceae is a well-studied family in Massarineae, Pleosporales, comprising nine genera and approximately 16 species. The family was introduced to accommodate saprobic bambusicola-like species in both freshwater and terrestrial environments that mostly occur on bamboos and grasses but are also found on different [...] Read more.
Parabambusicolaceae is a well-studied family in Massarineae, Pleosporales, comprising nine genera and approximately 16 species. The family was introduced to accommodate saprobic bambusicola-like species in both freshwater and terrestrial environments that mostly occur on bamboos and grasses but are also found on different host substrates. In the present study, we surveyed and collected ascomycetes from bamboo and submerged grass across Yunnan Province, China. A biphasic approach based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogeny demonstrated five new taxa in Parabambusicolaceae. A novel genus Scolecohyalosporium is introduced as a monotypic genus to accommodate S. submersum sp. nov., collected from dead culms of grass submerged in a freshwater stream. The genus is unique in forming filiform ascospores, which differ from other known genera in Parabambusicolaceae. Multigene phylogeny showed that the genus has a close relationship with Multiseptospora. Moreover, the novel monotypic genus Neomultiseptospora, isolated from bamboo, was introduced to accommodate N. yunnanensis sp. nov. Neomultiseptospora yunnanensis formed a separated branch basal to Scolecohyalosporium submersum and Multiseptospora thailandica with high support (100% ML, 1.00 PP). Furthermore, the newly introduced species, Parabambusicola hongheensis sp. nov. was also isolated from bamboo in terrestrial habitats. Parabambusicola hongheensis clustered with the other three described Parabambusicola species and has a close relationship with P. bambusina with significant support (88% ML, 1.00 PP). Parabambusicola hongheensis was reported as the fourth species in this genus. Detailed description, illustration, and updated phylogeny of Parabambusicolaceae were provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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13 pages, 3740 KiB  
Article
Additions to Lyophyllaceae s.l. from China
by Jize Xu, Xiaodong Yu, Nakarin Suwannarach, Yi Jiang, Wei Zhao and Yu Li
J. Fungi 2021, 7(12), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121101 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3737
Abstract
Four new species, viz. Calocybe coacta, C. fulvipes, C. vinacea and Clitolyophyllum umbilicatum, are described in northern China. Comparisons are made of macro- and micromorphological features among the new species and closely related species within the genus. The new species [...] Read more.
Four new species, viz. Calocybe coacta, C. fulvipes, C. vinacea and Clitolyophyllum umbilicatum, are described in northern China. Comparisons are made of macro- and micromorphological features among the new species and closely related species within the genus. The new species feature unique morphological characteristics that separate them from the previously described species. Calocybe coacta is characterized by medium- to large-sized basidiocarps, greyish cream, felty pileus and non-cellular epicutis. The key characteristics of C. fulvipes are rose-brown to greyish-brown pileus, stone-brown stipe and non-cellular epicutis. The unique morphological characteristics of C. vinacea that distinguish it from its closely related species are pastel red to dull-red pileus and stipe surface with densely white pruina. The main characteristics of Clitolyophyllum umbilicatum are deeply depressed dark orange to light-brown pileus, central stipe and subglobose-ellipsoid spores. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS and 28S regions indicated that the four new species are distinct and monophyletic. Full descriptions, color images, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree that show the placement of the four new species are provided. A key to the Calocybe species reported from China is also given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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28 pages, 4858 KiB  
Article
Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Pestalotioid Species on Camellia oleifera in China
by Lingling Li, Qin Yang and He Li
J. Fungi 2021, 7(12), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121080 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4559
Abstract
Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area of over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Pestalotioid fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide along with endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. In this [...] Read more.
Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area of over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Pestalotioid fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide along with endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. In this study, symptomatic leaves of C. oleifera were collected from Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, and Jiangsu Provinces and pestalotioid fungi are characterized based on combined sequence data analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta tubulin (tub2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) coupled with morphological characteristics. As a result, seven species were confirmed, of which five species are described as new viz. N. camelliae-oleiferae, P. camelliae-oleiferae, P. hunanensis, P. nanjingensis, P.nanningensis, while the other two are reported as known species, viz., N. cubana and N. iberica. Pathogenicity assays showed that all species except for P. nanjingensis developed brown lesions on healthy leaves and P. camelliae-oleiferae showed stronger virulence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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11 pages, 6146 KiB  
Article
Two New Species of Fibrodontia (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota) with a Key to Worldwide Species
by Shi-Liang Liu, Shuang-Hui He, Dong-Mei Liu and Li-Wei Zhou
J. Fungi 2021, 7(11), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110982 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
Fibrodontia is a genus of wood-inhabiting fungi consisting of four species so far, including F. gossypina as generic type. Two new species, Fibrodontia austrosinensis and F. subalba, are described and illustrated from China. Fibrodontia austrosinensis from southwestern China is characterized by a [...] Read more.
Fibrodontia is a genus of wood-inhabiting fungi consisting of four species so far, including F. gossypina as generic type. Two new species, Fibrodontia austrosinensis and F. subalba, are described and illustrated from China. Fibrodontia austrosinensis from southwestern China is characterized by a grandinioid to odontioid hymenophore with numerous small aculei, a dimitic hyphal system with scattered, smooth skeletal hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.2–5.2 × 3.5–4.5 μm. Fibrodontia subalba from the West Tianshan Mountain in northwestern China is distinguished by an odontioid to hydnoid hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal system, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.7–4.4 × 2.8–3.4 μm. The phylogenies inferred from the data set of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and D1–D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and that of ITS, 28S, translation elongation factor (tef1α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) supported Fibrodontia as a monophyletic genus in the Trechisporales, and F. austrosinensis and F. subalba as separate lineages within Fibrodontia. Multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and genetic distance methods based on ITS sequences of Fibrodontia also supported F. austrosinensis and F. subalba as distinct species. The taxonomic status of F. fimbriata that was recently transferred from Cystidiodendron, is briefly discussed. A key to all six known species of Fibrodontia is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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Review

Jump to: Research

27 pages, 5237 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Fungi That Degrade Plastic
by Anusha H. Ekanayaka, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Donqin Dai, Ruifang Xu, Nakarin Suwannarach, Steven L. Stephenson, Chengjiao Dao and Samantha C. Karunarathna
J. Fungi 2022, 8(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080772 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 14594
Abstract
Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Current global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons annually. Plastics have many characteristics such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage [...] Read more.
Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Current global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons annually. Plastics have many characteristics such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage of plastics is their extremely slow natural degradation. The latter results in an accumulation of plastic waste in nature. The amount of plastic waste as of 2015 was 6300 million tons worldwide, and 79% of this was placed in landfills or left in the natural environment. Moreover, recent estimates report that 12,000 million tons of plastic waste will have been accumulated on the earth by 2050. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective plastic biodegradation process to accelerate the natural degradation rate of plastics. More than 400 microbes have been identified as capable of plastic degradation. This is the first paper of the series on plastic-degrading fungi. This paper provides a summary of the current global production of plastic and plastic waste accumulation in nature. A list is given of all the plastic-degrading fungi recorded thus far, based on the available literature, and comments are made relating to the major fungal groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships of plastic-degrading fungi were analyzed using a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 dataset consisting of 395 strains. Our results confirm that plastic-degrading fungi are found in eleven classes in the fungal phyla Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), Basidiomycota (Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Tritirachiomycetes, and Ustilaginomy-cetes), and Mucoromycota (Mucoromycetes). The taxonomic placement of plastic-degrading fungal taxa is briefly discussed. The Eurotiomycetes include the largest number of plastic degraders in the kingdom Fungi. The results presented herein are expected to influence the direction of future research on similar topics in order to find effective plastic-degrading fungi that can eliminate plastic wastes. The next publication of the series on plastic-degrading fungi will be focused on major metabolites, degradation pathways, and enzyme production in plastic degradation by fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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49 pages, 17403 KiB  
Review
Current Insight into Traditional and Modern Methods in Fungal Diversity Estimates
by Ajay Kumar Gautam, Rajnish Kumar Verma, Shubhi Avasthi, Sushma, Yogita Bohra, Bandarupalli Devadatha, Mekala Niranjan and Nakarin Suwannarach
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030226 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9059
Abstract
Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, [...] Read more.
Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, have proven to be very helpful to explore their taxonomic identity. In the present compilation, we provide detailed information on estimates of fungi provided by different mycologistsover time. Along with this, a comprehensive analysis of the importance of classical and molecular methods is also presented. In orderto understand the utility of genus and species specific markers in fungal identification, a polyphasic approach to investigate various fungi is also presented in this paper. An account of the study of various fungi based on culture-based and cultureindependent methods is also provided here to understand the development and significance of both approaches. The available information on classical and modern methods compiled in this study revealed that the DNA based molecular studies are still scant, and more studies are required to achieve the accurate estimation of fungi present on earth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphasic Identification of Fungi)
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