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Land
Special Issues
Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life
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Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (11 November 2021) | Viewed by 25334

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Deakin

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: transportation policy, planning, and analysis; land use policy and planning; legal and regulatory issues; institutions and organizations; energy and the environment; new technologies

Special Issue Information

Air pollution is a major environmental concern around the world, with the World Health Organization reporting in 2018 that more than 9 out of 10 people live in areas where air pollution levels exceed its guidelines. This Special Issue focuses on the relationship between urban land use patterns and air pollution. As massive urban development and the increased use of private vehicles have emerged as major sources of air pollutants in a growing number of countries, studies have investigated the impact of urban form and transportation systems on air pollution, and government officials have introduced land use and transportation policies ranging from subsidies for electric vehicles and public charging stations, to incentives to use transit, bike, and walk and mandates to increase urban densities and mix uses to reduce the need for motorized transport. These policies have had mixed success and have often been controversial, and, as air pollution problems have continued or worsened, additional, more stringent policies are increasingly being tried out, including “green zones” into which only “clean” vehicles can enter, mandatory no-drive days, and restrictions on outdoor activities during severe pollution episodes. Vulnerable populations such as children, people with cardiopulmonary difficulties, and the elderly may be advised to take more extensive steps to reduce exposures, including working from home, refraining from discretionary travel, and otherwise limiting outdoor activities when pollution levels are high. Such restrictions are likely to have significant effects on the everyday lives of the affected populations, as well as on the vibrancy of the urban environment and the vitality of the local economy. Changes in land value, land use, and land profitability may result in preferred building designs and facilities. For example, in areas with persistent air quality problems there is likely to be an increase in demand for indoor activity space that can mitigate pollution exposure (e.g., indoor sports stadia and recreation facilities) as well as for housing, schools, and commercial buildings with air conditioning and air filtration systems that can reduce indoor pollution levels. Such changes in land use and hedonic characteristics have equity implications as well as economic and environmental impacts.

This Special Issue will explore the complex relationships between land use, human behavior, and air pollution, with a focus on urban areas. Potential topics may cover "best practice" guidance cautioning against locating housing, schools, hospitals, etc. near freeways or other heavy sources of emissions, impact of high-density developments on street level emissions concentrations, "spare the air policies" encouraging people to stay indoors and restrict activities during air pollution episodes, and impact of driving restrictions such as no-drive days or green vehicle zones on emissions, land uses, and urban activity levels. We welcome contributions from both qualitative and quantitative scholars and are especially interested in establishing diverse impacts in a wide range of contexts. Preference will be given to those that successfully demonstrate implications for local policymaking.

Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Deakin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Air pollution
  • land use pattern
  • urban form
  • transportation
  • travel behavior
  • everyday lives

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 7554 KiB  
Article
Transportation and Air Quality Perspectives and Projections in a Mediterranean Country, the Case of Greece
by Georgios C. Spyropoulos, Panagiotis T. Nastos, Konstantinos P. Moustris and Konstantinos J. Chalvatzis
Land 2022, 11(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020152 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3784
Abstract
This study provides a thorough review and analysis of the evolution of the Greek vehicle fleet over the last ~30 years, which is next used for the generation of high granularity fleet projections, the assessment of associated air pollution and the estimation of [...] Read more.
This study provides a thorough review and analysis of the evolution of the Greek vehicle fleet over the last ~30 years, which is next used for the generation of high granularity fleet projections, the assessment of associated air pollution and the estimation of relevant environmental benefits by 2030. The integrated methodology developed takes also into account vehicle clustering and the Brown’s Double Simple Exponential Smoothing technique that, together with the adoption of COPERT-based emission factors, allow for the estimation of the anticipated emissions in 2030. Expected 2030 emissions levels suggest a reduction across all pollutants compared to 2018, ranging from 3.7% for PM10 to 54.5% for NMVOC (and 46% for CO, 14% for SO2, 28% for NOX and 21% for CO2). We find that Greece is on track with national goals concerning the reduction of air pollution from the transportation sector, which designates the positive contribution anticipated by EVs and new, “greener” vehicles, and sets new challenges for the further improvement of the sector beyond the 2030 outlook. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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19 pages, 12362 KiB  
Article
Spatial Analysis of Environmental Impacts Linked to Changes in Urban Mobility Patterns during COVID-19: Lessons Learned from the Cartagena Case Study
by Salvador García-Ayllón and Phaedon Kyriakidis
Land 2022, 11(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010081 - 5 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2991
Abstract
The impact of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 on urban pollution in our cities is a proven fact, although its mechanisms are not known in great detail. The change in urban mobility patterns due to the restrictions imposed on the population during lockdown [...] Read more.
The impact of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 on urban pollution in our cities is a proven fact, although its mechanisms are not known in great detail. The change in urban mobility patterns due to the restrictions imposed on the population during lockdown is a phenomenon that can be parameterized and studied from the perspective of spatial analysis. This study proposes an analysis of the guiding parameters of these changes from the perspective of spatial analysis. To do so, the case study of the city of Cartagena, a medium-sized city in Spain, has been analyzed throughout the period of mobility restrictions due to COVID-19. By means of a geostatistical analysis, changes in urban mobility patterns and the modal distribution of transport have been correlated with the evolution of environmental air quality indicators in the city. The results show that despite the positive effect of the pandemic in its beginnings on the environmental impact of urban mobility, the changes generated in the behavior patterns of current mobility users favor the most polluting modes of travel in cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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24 pages, 2923 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Land-Use Type and Daily Concentration and Variability of PM10 in Metropolitan Cities: Evidence from South Korea
by Heechul Kim and Sungjo Hong
Land 2022, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010023 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2870
Abstract
Since urban areas with high air pollution are known to have higher mortality rates compared to areas with less air pollution, accurately understanding and predicting the distribution of particulate matter (PM) in cities is important for urban planning policies that seek to emphasize [...] Read more.
Since urban areas with high air pollution are known to have higher mortality rates compared to areas with less air pollution, accurately understanding and predicting the distribution of particulate matter (PM) in cities is important for urban planning policies that seek to emphasize the health of citizens. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between PM and land use in metropolitan cities in South Korea using the land-use regression model. We use daily data from the air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) in seven cities in South Korea for the year 2018. For analysis, K-means clustering is employed to identify the land-use pattern surrounding the AQMSs and two log-lin regression models are used to investigate the effects of each land-use type on PM. The findings show a statistically significant difference in PM concentration and variability in the business, commercial, industrial, mixed, and high-density residential areas compared to parks and green areas, and that PM concentration and variability were less in mixed areas than in single land use, thus verifying the effectiveness of a mixed land-use planning strategy. Moreover, microclimatic, seasonal, and regional factors affect PM concentration and variability. Finally, to minimize exposure to PM, various policies such as mixed land use need to be established and implemented differently, depending on the season and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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14 pages, 6502 KiB  
Article
Is Compact Urban Form Good for Air Quality? A Case Study from China Based on Hourly Smartphone Data
by Man Yuan, Mingrui Yan and Zhuoran Shan
Land 2021, 10(5), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050504 - 9 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
In previous studies, planners have debated extensively whether compact development can improve air quality in urban areas. Most of them estimated pollution exposure with stationary census data that linked exposures solely to residential locations, therefore overlooking residents’ space–time inhalation of air pollutants. In [...] Read more.
In previous studies, planners have debated extensively whether compact development can improve air quality in urban areas. Most of them estimated pollution exposure with stationary census data that linked exposures solely to residential locations, therefore overlooking residents’ space–time inhalation of air pollutants. In this study, we conducted an air pollution exposure assessment by scrutinizing one-hour resolution population distribution maps derived from hourly smartphone data and air pollutant concentrations derived from inverse distance weighted interpolation. We selected Wuhan as the study area and used Pearson correlation analysis to explore the effect of compactness on population-weighted concentrations. The results showed that even if a compact urban form helps to reduce pollution concentrations by decreasing vehicle traveling miles and tailpipe emissions, higher levels of building density and floor area ratios may increase population-weighted exposure. With regard to downtown areas with high population density, compact development may locate more people in areas with excessive air pollution. In all, reducing density in urban public centers and developing a polycentric urban structure may aid in the improvement of air quality in cities with compact urban forms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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18 pages, 1863 KiB  
Article
Differences in the Influence of Microclimate on Pedestrian Volume According to Land-Use
by Heechul Kim and Sungjo Hong
Land 2021, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010037 - 4 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
Identifying how the urban environment affects pedestrian volume is a traditional urban planning topic. Recently, because of climate change and air pollution, interest in the effects of urban microclimates has been increasing. However, it is unclear whether the effects of microclimate on pedestrian [...] Read more.
Identifying how the urban environment affects pedestrian volume is a traditional urban planning topic. Recently, because of climate change and air pollution, interest in the effects of urban microclimates has been increasing. However, it is unclear whether the effects of microclimate on pedestrian volume can vary depending on the urban environment. This study determines whether microclimate’s influence on pedestrian volume differs according to land-use in the urban environment in Seoul, Korea. We constructed eight models with microclimate factors (temperature, precipitation, and PM10) as independent variables, using pedestrian volume as the dependent variable. We classified the models according to season and land-use and conducted a negative binomial regression analysis. The results confirmed that the effect of microclimate on pedestrian volume varies by land-use. A summary of the results is as follows. First, residential areas had more microclimate factors that significantly affected pedestrian volume compared to commercial areas. Second, for microclimate variables that had significant influences in commercial areas, the size of their influence was greater in commercial than in residential areas. Third, the influence of microclimatic factors on pedestrian volume in mixed-use areas has intermediate characteristics between residential and commercial areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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16 pages, 1276 KiB  
Article
Effects of Land Urbanization on Smog Pollution in China: Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Panel Data Models
by Xuan Yu, Manhong Shen, Weiteng Shen and Xiao Zhang
Land 2020, 9(9), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090337 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3704
Abstract
Studying the impact of land urbanization on smog pollution has important guiding significance for the sustainable development of cities. This study adds the spatial effect between regions into the research framework of smog pollution control in China. On the basis of a panel [...] Read more.
Studying the impact of land urbanization on smog pollution has important guiding significance for the sustainable development of cities. This study adds the spatial effect between regions into the research framework of smog pollution control in China. On the basis of a panel dataset of 31 province-level administrative regions in China from 2000 to 2017, we investigate the impact of land urbanization on smog pollution. We construct a spatial weight matrix and use Moran’s I statistic and the spatial autoregressive panel data model. The research results show that land urbanization and smog pollution have an inverted U-shaped relationship. With the advancement of land urbanization, the area’s smog pollution first increases and then decreases. However, in general, China has not passed the inflection point and is still at a stage where increasing land urbanization rate aggravates smog pollution. Moreover, the country’s smog pollution has a significant spatial positive correlation that shows agglomeration. In that context, multiple environmental governance entities, including the government, enterprises, and the public, need to collaborate on measures to reduce smog pollution. Future urban construction in China will need to integrate solutions that address the current nexus between urbanization and smog pollution to achieve green and sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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16 pages, 2578 KiB  
Article
Land Use Impacts on Particulate Matter Levels in Seoul, South Korea: Comparing High and Low Seasons
by Hyungkyoo Kim
Land 2020, 9(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050142 - 7 May 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4041
Abstract
Seoul, a city in South Korea, experiences high particulate matter (PM) levels well above the recommended standards suggested by the World Health Organization. As concerns about public health and everyday lives are being raised, this study investigates the effects of land use on [...] Read more.
Seoul, a city in South Korea, experiences high particulate matter (PM) levels well above the recommended standards suggested by the World Health Organization. As concerns about public health and everyday lives are being raised, this study investigates the effects of land use on PM levels in Seoul. Specifically, it attempts to identify which land use types increase or decrease PM10 and PM2.5 levels and compare the effects between high and low seasons using two sets of land use classifications: one coarser and the other finer. A series of partial least regression models identifies that industrial land use increases the PM levels in all cases. It is also reported that residential and commercial land uses associated with lower density increase these levels. Other uses, such as green spaces and road, show mixed or unclear effects. The findings of this study may inform planners and policymakers about how they can refine future land use planning and development practice in cities that face similar challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use-Air Pollution Interactions: Urban Form, Transportation, and Everyday Life)
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