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Life
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Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress
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Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 November 2022) | Viewed by 15529

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Muhammad Ali Raza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Interests: abiotic stress; wheat quality; plant physiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
Interests: biotic stress; seed quality; proteomics; metabolomics; sustainability; transcriptomics
Prof. Dr. Wenyu Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
Interests: plant breeding & genetics; biochemistry; cell signaling; light environment; inter-cropping
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely grown food crops and an important source of human caloric consumption globally. The total productivity of wheat is the lowest among cereals despite having the largest total harvested area. Wheat production is threatened due to rapid climate change, the increase in population, decrease in available arable land, and the varying intensity of biotic and abiotic stresses. The adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses are aggravated by climate change and cause major production/economic loss. Minimizing these stresses is critical to preserving global food security, and this can be achieved by first identifying the challenges faced by plants under these stresses and studying their physiology and molecular biology. Plants activate different defense mechanisms against different stresses. Understanding their physiological and molecular changes in response to biotic and abiotic stress can provide valuable information which can be used to design new technologies to mitigate yield loss induced by these stresses.

This Special Issue focuses on recent studies on wheat growth under stress and aims to gather the most recent scientific knowledge on this subject. In this very wide context, we invite investigators to submit original research articles and reviews that explore different topics on the overall growth of wheat under stress and underlying mechanisms of plant morphology and physiology, including but not limited to:

  • Advances in wheat breeding;
  • Effect of environmental stress on the development of wheat;
  • Studies on the molecular responses to stress-related genes and pathways for plant growth regulation;
  • Mechanisms to enhance stress resistance capacity in wheat;
  • Biochemical and molecular studies assessing the impact of different stresses on plant anatomy, photosynthetic capacity and productivity;
  • Stability and adaptability of wheat cultivars/germplasm in different stressful conditions;
  • Wheat response to biotic and abiotic stress/production factors;

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Muhammad Ali Raza
Dr. Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
Prof. Dr. Wenyu Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • environmental stress
  • plant growth responses
  • adaptation strategies
  • wheat response to biotic and abiotic stress
  • photosynthesis and gas exchange
  • signaling mechanisms
  • cell biology
  • plant ecology
  • plant morphology and physiology

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
Suitability of Improved and Ancient Italian Wheat for Bread-Making: A Holistic Approach
by Marina Mefleh, Fatma Boukid and Costantino Fadda
Life 2022, 12(10), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101613 - 15 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Ancient and old wheat grains are gaining interest as a genetic reservoir to develop improved Italian genotypes with peculiar features. In this light, the aim of this study was to assess the baking performance of two improved einkorn (Monlis and Norberto) and two [...] Read more.
Ancient and old wheat grains are gaining interest as a genetic reservoir to develop improved Italian genotypes with peculiar features. In this light, the aim of this study was to assess the baking performance of two improved einkorn (Monlis and Norberto) and two improved emmer (Padre Pio and Giovanni Paolo) genotypes in comparison with two Italian landraces (Garfagnana and Cappelli) and Khorasan. This set was evaluated following a holistic approach considering the flour, dough, and bread properties. The results showed that the flour properties, dough rheology, pasting, and fermentation parameters, as well as the bread properties, significantly differed among the studied genotypes. Cappelli produced the bread with the best quality, i.e., the highest volume and lowest firmness. Despite having the same pedigrees, Giovanni Paolo and Padre Pio resulted in significantly different technological properties. Giovanni Paolo flour showed the highest protein content and provided a dough with a high gas production capacity, resulting in the bread having a similar firmness to Cappelli. Padre Pio flour provided bread having a similar volume to Cappelli but a high firmness similar to Khorasan and Garfagnana. The einkorn genotypes, Monlis and Norberto, showed poor fermentation properties and high gelatinization viscosity that resulted in bread with poor quality. Alternatively, they could be more suitable for making non-fermented flatbreads. Our results showed that the improved wheat showed a high versatility of features, which offers bakers a flexible material to make a genotype of bread types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress)
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19 pages, 5015 KiB  
Article
Improving Winter Wheat Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Yield by Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilization
by Muhammad Saleem Kubar, Khalid S. Alshallash, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Meichen Feng, Ali Raza, Chao Wang, Khansa Saleem, Abd Ullah, Wude Yang, Kashif Ali Kubar, Chenbo Yang, Samy Selim, Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi and Salha Mesfer Alshamrani
Life 2022, 12(10), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101478 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4225
Abstract
Wheat is the third most producing crop in China after maize and rice. In order to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield of winter wheat, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrogen ratios and [...] Read more.
Wheat is the third most producing crop in China after maize and rice. In order to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield of winter wheat, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrogen ratios and doses at various development stages of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A total of five N doses (0, N75, N150, N225, and N300 kg ha−1) as main plots and two N ratios were applied in split doses (50%:50% and 60%:40%, referring to 50% at sowing time and 50% at jointing stage, 50% at sowing time + 50% at flowering stage, 50% at sowing time + 50% at grain filling stage, and 60% + 40% N ratio applied as a 60% at sowing time and 40% at jointing stage, 60% at sowing time and 40% at flowering stage, and 60% at sowing time and 40% at grain filling stage in subplots). The results of this study revealed that a nitrogen dose of 225 kg ha−1 significantly augmented the plant height by 27% and above ground biomass (ABG) by 24% at the grain filling stage, and the leaf area was enhanced by 149% at the flowering stage under 60 + 40% ratios. Furthermore, the N225 kg ha−1 significantly prompted the photosynthetic rate by 47% at the jointing and flowering stages followed by grain filling stage compared to the control. The correlation analysis exhibited the positive relationship between nitrogen uptake and nitrogen content, chlorophyll, and dry biomass, revealing that NUE enhanced and ultimately increased the winter wheat yield. In conclusion, our results depicted that optimizing the nitrogen dose (N225 kg/ha−1) with a 60% + 40% ratio at jointing stage increased the grain yield and nitrogen utilization rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress)
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13 pages, 3498 KiB  
Article
Mdivi-1 Induced Mitochondrial Fusion as a Potential Mechanism to Enhance Stress Tolerance in Wheat
by Daniya Rakhmatullina, Anastasia Mazina, Anastasia Ponomareva, Svetlana Dmitrieva, Richard Peter Beckett and Farida Minibayeva
Life 2022, 12(9), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091386 - 6 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2354
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in providing energy to cells. These organelles are constantly undergoing dynamic processes of fusion and fission that change in stressful conditions. The role of mitochondrial fusion in wheat root cells was studied using Mdivi-1, an inhibitor of the [...] Read more.
Mitochondria play a key role in providing energy to cells. These organelles are constantly undergoing dynamic processes of fusion and fission that change in stressful conditions. The role of mitochondrial fusion in wheat root cells was studied using Mdivi-1, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial fragmentation protein Drp1. The effect of the inhibitor was studied on mitochondrial dynamics in the roots of wheat seedlings subjected to a wounding stress, simulated by excision. Treatment of the stressed roots with the inhibitor increased the size of the mitochondria, enhanced their functional activity, and elevated their membrane potentials. Mitochondrial fusion was accompanied by a decrease in ROS formation and associated cell damage. Exposure to Mdivi-1 also upregulated genes encoding the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and an energy sensor AMP-dependent protein sucrose non-fermenting-related kinase (SnRK1), suggesting that mitochondrial fusion is associated with a general activation of energy metabolism. Controlling mitochondrial fusion rates could change the physiology of wheat plants by altering the energy status of the cell and helping to mitigate the effects of stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress)
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15 pages, 1749 KiB  
Article
Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat as Affected by Co-Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Organic Manures
by Muhammad Saleem Kubar, Qiang Zhang, Meichen Feng, Chao Wang, Wude Yang, Kashif Ali Kubar, Shagufta Riaz, Hina Gul, Hamz Ali Samoon, Hui Sun, Yongkai Xie and Muhammad Ahsan Asghar
Life 2022, 12(7), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071000 - 6 Jul 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2520
Abstract
The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, [...] Read more.
The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, nitrogen and manure fertilizer treatments were set in the sub-plots, including nitrogen-gradient treatment of T1:0 kg N ha−1, T2:100 kg N ha−1, T3:200 kg N ha−1, and T4:300 kg N ha−1 (pure nitrogen -fertilizer application) The 25% reduction in nitrogen combined with the manure-fertilizer application includes T5:75 kg N ha−1 nitrogen and 25 kg N ha−1 manure, T6:150 kg N ha−1 nitrogen and 50 kg N ha−1 manure, and T7:225 kg N ha−1 nitrogen and 75 kg N ha−1 manure. The maximum results of the total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were 5.73 mg/g FW and 68.13 m mol m−2 s−1, observed under T4 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22 at the heading stage. However, the maximum results of intercellular CO2 concentration were 1998.47 μmol mol−1, observed under T3 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the tillering stage. The maximum results of LAI were 5.35 (cm2), observed under T7 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the booting stage. However, the maximum results of Tr and Gs were 6.31 mmol H2O m−2 s−1 and 0.90 H2O mol m−2 s−1, respectively, observed under T7 in Zhongmai 175 as compared to Jindong 22 at the flowering stage. The results revealed that grain yield 8696.93 kg ha−1, grains spike−1 51.33 (g), and 1000-grain weight 39.27 (g) were significantly higher, under T3 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22. Moreover, the spike number plot−1 of 656.67 m2 was significantly higher in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of nitrogen and manure fertilizers in winter wheat is significant for enhancing seed at the jointing and flowering stages. For increased grain yield and higher economic return, Zhongmai 175 outperformed the other cultivars examined. This research brings awareness toward the nitrogen-fertilizer-management approach established for farmers’ practice, which might be observed as an instruction to increase agricultural management for the winter-wheat-growth season. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress)
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16 pages, 927 KiB  
Article
Methionine Promotes the Growth and Yield of Wheat under Water Deficit Conditions by Regulating the Antioxidant Enzymes, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Ions
by Muhammad Faisal Maqsood, Muhammad Shahbaz, Saba Kanwal, Muhammad Kaleem, Syed Mohsan Raza Shah, Muhammad Luqman, Iqra Iftikhar, Usman Zulfiqar, Arneeb Tariq, Shahzad Amir Naveed, Naila Inayat, Atta Mohi Ud Din, Muhammad Uzair, Muhammad Ramzan Khan and Fozia Farhat
Life 2022, 12(7), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070969 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2639
Abstract
The individual application of pure and active compounds such as methionine may help to address water scarcity issues without compromising the yield of wheat. As organic plant growth stimulants, amino acids are popularly used to promote the productivity of crops. However, the influence [...] Read more.
The individual application of pure and active compounds such as methionine may help to address water scarcity issues without compromising the yield of wheat. As organic plant growth stimulants, amino acids are popularly used to promote the productivity of crops. However, the influence of the exogenous application of methionine in wheat remains elusive. The present investigation was planned in order to understand the impact of methionine in wheat under drought stress. Two wheat genotypes were allowed to grow with 100% field capacity (FC) up to the three-leaf stage. Twenty-five-day-old seedlings of two wheat genotypes, Galaxy-13 and Johar-16, were subjected to 40% FC, denoted as water deficit-stress (D), along with 100% FC, called control (C), with and without L-methionine (Met; 4 mM) foliar treatment. Water deficit significantly reduced shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, seed yield, photosynthetic, gas exchange attributes except for transpiration rate (E), and shoot mineral ions (potassium, calcium, and phosphorus) in both genotypes. A significant increase was recorded in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and sodium ions (Na+) due to water deficiency. However, foliar application of Met substantially improved the studied growth, photosynthetic, and gas exchange attributes with water deficit conditions in both genotypes. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were further enhanced under stress with Met application. Met improved potassium (K), calcium (Ca2+), and phosphorus (P) content. In a nutshell, the foliar application of Met effectively amended water deficit stress tolerance by reducing MDA and H2O2 content under water deficit conditions in wheat plants. Thus, we are able to deduce a positive association between Met-induced improved growth attributes and drought tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Growth of Wheat under Stress)
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