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Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks
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Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 December 2024 | Viewed by 10958

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maciej Motyka

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Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: titanium alloys; hot deformation; superplasticity; ultrafine-grained materials; superalloys; directional solidification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Janina Adamus

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: titanium alloys; metal forming; sheet metal forming; tribology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Piotr Lacki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: titanium alloys; metal forming; welding; friction stir welding; titanium structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Titanium alloys are an advanced metallic material, characterized by unique physical and chemical properties—mainly high specific strength combined with very good corrosion resistance. Several groups of structural alloys, including single- and two-phase alloys, as well as TiAl intermetallic alloys, have been developed over several decades. It is accepted that titanium-based materials are used in advanced and key human industrial and economic sectors, such as aerospace, fuel-energetic industry, and medicine. A significant share of the expansion of their use is due to modern manufacturing and processing technologies, such as additive manufacturing (AM) or friction stir welding (FSW) methods.

This Special Issue aims to collect works related to various aspects of research on titanium alloys and Ti-based matrix composites, as well as manufacturing and processing methods and material characterization. With an emphasis on the development of this group of materials, papers in the field will be particularly welcome:

  • The development of phase composition and microstructure;
  • The development of chemical and physical properties;
  • Novel chemical composition;
  • Medicine (implants and medical instruments) ;
  • Space and aerospace applications;
  • New applications (e.g., civil engineering, automotive) ;
  • Additive manufacturing;
  • Superplastic forming;
  • Severe plastic deformation (SPD) ;
  • Advanced joining methods (e.g., diffusion bonding, FSW) ;
  • Innovative surface engineering.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit manuscripts for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Maciej Motyka
Prof. Dr. Janina Adamus
Prof. Dr. Piotr Lacki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • titanium alloys
  • titanium-based matrix composites
  • microstructure development and characterization
  • applications
  • biomaterials
  • manufacturing and processing
  • additive manufacturing
  • surface engineering

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 15263 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Energy Absorption Ability of Titanium-Based Porous Structures Produced by Various Powder Metallurgy Approaches
by Pavlo E. Markovsky, Jacek Janiszewski, Oleksandr O. Stasiuk, Dmytro G. Savvakin, Denys V. Oryshych and Piotr Dziewit
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3530; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093530 - 4 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
Porous materials are very efficient in absorbing mechanical energy, for instance, in combined armor, in order to improve the anti-ballistic protection characteristics. In the present study, porous titanium-based structures were manufactured via three different powder metallurgy methods using titanium hydride (TiH2) [...] Read more.
Porous materials are very efficient in absorbing mechanical energy, for instance, in combined armor, in order to improve the anti-ballistic protection characteristics. In the present study, porous titanium-based structures were manufactured via three different powder metallurgy methods using titanium hydride (TiH2) powder, which provided activated sintering, owing to dehydrogenation. The emission of hydrogen and shrinkage of powder particles on dehydrogenation also added an additional potential to control the sintering process and create desirable porosities. TiH2 powder was sintered with additions of NaCl or ammonium carbide as pore holding removable agents, while highly porous Ti-Al structures were formed via liquid phase reactive sintering of TiH2 and Al powders. The microstructures and porosities of sintered dehydrogenated titanium and Ti-Al structures were comparatively studied. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated using compression testing with strain rates varying from quasi-static to high levels. The resonant frequency method was also employed to determine damping parameters and elastic modulus of these materials. All testing methods were aimed at characterizing the energy-absorbing ability of the obtained porous structures. The desired strength, plasticity and energy-absorbing characteristics of porous titanium-based structures were assessed, and the possibilities of their application were also discussed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that porous titanium materials produced with the use of ammonium carbonate showed promising energy absorption properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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17 pages, 12325 KiB  
Article
Tribological Aspects of Sheet Titanium Forming
by Wojciech Więckowski, Janina Adamus, Marcin Dyner and Maciej Motyka
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062224 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1407
Abstract
Friction, wear, and lubrication are inherent to all metal-forming processes. Unfortunately, they are particularly troublesome when forming titanium materials, which tend to form titanium buildup on the working surfaces of the forming tools. Lubrication is one of the most effective ways to separate [...] Read more.
Friction, wear, and lubrication are inherent to all metal-forming processes. Unfortunately, they are particularly troublesome when forming titanium materials, which tend to form titanium buildup on the working surfaces of the forming tools. Lubrication is one of the most effective ways to separate contacting surfaces and eliminate galling, thus reducing tool wear. The paper presents the tribological aspects of titanium sheets forming using environmentally friendly lubricants with the addition of boric acid. The lubricant’s effectiveness was assessed on the basis of technological tests, such as the strip drawing test, the Erichsen cupping test, and the formation of spherical drawn parts in industrial conditions. Moreover, the results of the numerical simulation of forming a titanium hat-shaped part are presented. Numerical calculations of forming processes were performed using the PamStamp 2G system based on the finite element method. Both experiments and numerical analyses showed the positive effect of lubricants with boric acid on sheet titanium forming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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21 pages, 21215 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Lap Joints Made of Grade 2 Titanium and Grade 5 Titanium Alloy by Resistance Spot Welding
by Lacki Piotr and Niemiro-Maźniak Judyta
Materials 2023, 16(5), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052038 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1660
Abstract
The paper presents the evaluation of the load capacity of lap joints and the distribution of plastic deformations. The influence of the number and arrangement of welds on the load capacity of the joints and the method of their failure was investigated. The [...] Read more.
The paper presents the evaluation of the load capacity of lap joints and the distribution of plastic deformations. The influence of the number and arrangement of welds on the load capacity of the joints and the method of their failure was investigated. The joints were made using resistance spot welding technology (RSW). Two combinations of joined titanium sheets were analyzed: Grade 2–Grade 5 and Grade 5–Grade 5. Non-destructive and destructive tests were carried out in order to verify the correctness of the welds within the given parameters. All types of joints were subjected to a uniaxial tensile test on a tensile testing machine, using digital image correlation and tracking (DIC). The results of the experimental tests of the lap joints were compared with the results of a numerical analysis. The numerical analysis was performed using the ADINA System 9.7.2 and was based on the finite element method (FEM). The conducted tests showed that the initiation of cracks in the lap joints occurred in the place as the maximum plastic deformations. This was determined numerically and confirmed experimentally. The number of welds and their arrangement in the joint affected the load capacity of the joints. Depending on their arrangement, Gr2–Gr5 joints with two welds reached from approximately 149 to 152% of the load capacity of joints with a single weld. The load capacity of the Gr5–Gr5 joints with two welds ranged from approximately 176 to 180% of the load capacity of joints with a single weld. Observations of the microstructure of RSW welds in the joints did not show any defects or cracks. The microhardness test in the Gr2–Gr5 joint showed that the average hardness of the weld nugget decreased by approximately 10–23% when compared to a Grade 5 titanium alloy and increased by approximately 59–92% compared to Grade 2 titanium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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16 pages, 9924 KiB  
Article
Carbon in Commercially Pure Titanium
by Agnieszka Szkliniarz and Wojciech Szkliniarz
Materials 2023, 16(2), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020711 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2106
Abstract
In a way so far unmatched in any single study, this paper presents the complex characteristics of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) containing 0.2 wt.% carbon, which is significantly above the carbon level in commonly used titanium alloys, while at the same time being [...] Read more.
In a way so far unmatched in any single study, this paper presents the complex characteristics of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) containing 0.2 wt.% carbon, which is significantly above the carbon level in commonly used titanium alloys, while at the same time being the maximum permitted content in light of the recommendations in force. It has been demonstrated that the addition of carbon in CP-Ti can have many positive impacts. The investigated Ti-0.2C alloy was produced in a cold-copper crucible induction vacuum furnace and processed into a 12 mm diameter bar by hot rolling. The structure and properties of the Ti-0.2C alloy were compared to those of an CP-Ti Grade 1 produced and processed under the same technical conditions. The addition of 0.2 wt.% carbon to CP-Ti has been found to change the course of the crystallization process, the course and temperatures of phase transformations, and the values of lattice parameters; reduce susceptibility to grain growth; and create the possibility for additional hardening during solution treatment and aging. At the same time, it results in an assumed improvement in properties by increasing the tensile strength and yield strength, hardness, creep and oxidation resistance, and abrasive wear. It has a negative effect but is still within the acceptable range on impact strength and susceptibility to hot and cold deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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18 pages, 8273 KiB  
Article
Tensile Deformation Behaviors of Pure Ti with Different Grain Sizes under Wide-Range of Strain Rate
by Misaki Deguchi, Shigeto Yamasaki, Masatoshi Mitsuhara, Hideharu Nakashima, Genki Tsukamoto and Tomonori Kunieda
Materials 2023, 16(2), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020529 - 5 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1689
Abstract
In this study, pure titanium equivalent to Grade 1 was subjected to tensile tests at strain rates ranging from 10−6 to 100 s−1 to investigate the relationship between its mechanical properties and its twinning and slip. Deformation properties and microstructures [...] Read more.
In this study, pure titanium equivalent to Grade 1 was subjected to tensile tests at strain rates ranging from 10−6 to 100 s−1 to investigate the relationship between its mechanical properties and its twinning and slip. Deformation properties and microstructures of samples having average grain sizes of 210 μm (Ti-210), 30 μm (Ti-30), and 5 μm (Ti-5) were evaluated. With increasing strain rates, the 0.2% proof stress and ultimate tensile strength increased for all samples; the fracture strain increased for Ti-210, decreased for Ti-5, and changed negligibly for Ti-30. Comparing high (100 s−1) and low (10−6 s−1) strain rates, twinning occurred more frequently in Ti-30 and Ti-210 at high strain rates, but the frequency did not change in Ti-5. The frequency of 1st order pyramidal slip tended to be higher in Ti-30 and Ti-5 at low strain rates. The higher ductility exhibited by Ti-210 at high strain rates was attributed to the high frequency of twinning. In contrast, the higher ductility of Ti-5 at low strain rates was attributed to the activity of the 1st order pyramidal slip. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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Review

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21 pages, 8479 KiB  
Review
Perspectives on Developing Burn Resistant Titanium Based Coatings—An Opportunity for Cold Spraying
by Sihan Liang, Junlei Tang, Yingying Wang, Tigang Duan, Bernard Normand and Tongzhou Chen
Materials 2023, 16(19), 6495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196495 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357
Abstract
Titanium alloys are crucial lightweight materials; however, they are susceptible to spontaneous combustion under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, limiting their widespread use in aerospace engines. Improving the burn resistance of Ti alloys is essential for the structural safety and lightweight of aerospace equipment. [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys are crucial lightweight materials; however, they are susceptible to spontaneous combustion under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, limiting their widespread use in aerospace engines. Improving the burn resistance of Ti alloys is essential for the structural safety and lightweight of aerospace equipment. Burn-resistant Ti alloys, such as Ti-V-Cr and Ti-Cu, however, face limitations such as high cost and low specific strength. Surface coatings provide a cost-effective solution while maintaining the high specific strength and good processability of the base material. Conventional surface treatments, such as laser cladding, result in defects and deformation of thin-walled parts. Cold spray technology offers a promising solution, as it uses kinetic energy to deposit coatings at low temperatures, avoiding defects and deformation. In this paper, we review the current research on burn-resistant surface technologies of Ti alloys and propose a new method of bimetallic coating by cold spraying and low-temperature heat treatment, which has the potential to solve the problem of spontaneous combustion of aerospace engine parts. The strategy presented can also guide the development of high-performance intermetallic compound-strengthened metal matrix composite coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys - Materials for Special Tasks)
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