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Advanced Biomaterials for Dental Implants: Design and Mechanical Properties
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Advanced Biomaterials for Dental Implants: Design and Mechanical Properties

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2024) | Viewed by 6359

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Raphael Freitas De Souza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B2, Canada
Interests: dental implants; digital dentistry; patient-based outcomes; prosthodontics; randomized clinical trials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the field of dentistry, few subjects have evolved as rapidly as oral implantology. The initial types of dental implants and treatment approaches have been replaced by a wide range of alternatives, leading to significant improvements in both patients and care providers. This Special Issue of Materials aims to provide an in-depth view of how various constituents of dental implants can influence their biomechanics, as well as variations in manufacturing and design.

Contemporary dental implants are composed of different alloys, ceramics, and polymers, each exhibiting distinct mechanical behavior. Furthermore, their properties can be influenced by different surface treatments. Additionally, novel manufacturing methods, such as additive manufacturing, can result in unique material properties. Irrespective of the constituent materials, variations in the geometry of implants and prosthetic components have also been observed. For example, different thread dimensions can effectively engage bone with varying densities, providing adequate stability. Moreover, the type of implant platform can influence the transmission of forces and thus prevent bone loss and fractures of prosthetic parts.

Overall, this Special Issue aims to shed light on the diverse factors that contribute to the biomechanics of dental implants, encompassing the influence of constituent materials, manufacturing techniques, and geometric variations in implants and prosthetic components. Review articles tackling these aspects are also welcome.

Dr. Raphael Freitas De Souza
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • biocompatible materials
  • biomechanics
  • CAD-CAM
  • dental alloys
  • dental implant–abutment design
  • dental implant failure
  • endosseous implantation
  • materials failure analyses

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 14527 KiB  
Article
SEM Analysis and Micro-CT Evaluation of Four Dental Implants after Three Different Mechanical Requests—In Vitro Study
by Ana Sofia Vinhas, Filomena Salazar, José Manuel Mendes, António Sérgio Silva, Blanca Ríos-Carrasco, José Vicente Ríos-Santos, Javier Gil, Mariano Herrero-Climent and Carlos Aroso
Materials 2024, 17(2), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020434 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Statement of problem: Implant-supported rehabilitations are an increasingly frequent practice to replace lost teeth. Before clinical application, all implant components should demonstrate suitable durability in laboratory studies, through fatigue tests. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the integrity [...] Read more.
Statement of problem: Implant-supported rehabilitations are an increasingly frequent practice to replace lost teeth. Before clinical application, all implant components should demonstrate suitable durability in laboratory studies, through fatigue tests. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the integrity and wear of implant components using SEM, and to assess the axial displacement of the implant–abutment assembly by Micro-CT, in different implant connections, after three distinct mechanical requests. Materials and methods: Four KLOCKNER implants (external connection SK2 and KL; and internal connection VEGA and ESSENTIAL) were submitted to three different mechanical requests: single tightening, multiple tightening, and multiple tightening and cyclic loading (500 N × 100 cycles). A total of 16 samples were evaluated by SEM, by the X-ray Bragg–Brentano method to obtain residual stresses, and scratch tests were realized for each surface and Micro-CT (4 control samples; 4 single tightening; 4 multiple tightening; 4 multiple tightening and cyclic loading). All dental implants were fabricated with commercially pure titanium (grade 3 titanium). Surface topography and axial displacement of abutment into the implant, from each group, were evaluated by SEM and Micro-CT. Results: In the manufacturing state, implants and abutments revealed minor structural changes and minimal damage from the machining process. The application of the tightening torque and loading was decisive in the appearance and increase in contact marks on the faces of the hexagon of the abutment and the implant. Vega has the maximum compressive residual stress and, as a consequence, higher scratch force. The abutment–implant distances in SK2 and KL samples did not show statistically significant differences, for any of the mechanical demands analyzed. In contrast, statistically significant differences were observed in abutment–implant distance in the internal connection implants Vega and Essential. Conclusions: The application of mechanical compression loads caused deformation and contact marks in all models tested. Only internal connection implants revealed an axial displacement of the abutment into the implant, but at a general level, a clear intrusion of the abutment into the implant could only be confirmed in the Essential model, which obtained its maximal axial displacement with cyclic loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Dental Implants: Design and Mechanical Properties)
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Review

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23 pages, 15845 KiB  
Review
A Review: Design from Beta Titanium Alloys to Medium-Entropy Alloys for Biomedical Applications
by Ka-Kin Wong, Hsueh-Chuan Hsu, Shih-Ching Wu and Wen-Fu Ho
Materials 2023, 16(21), 7046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16217046 - 5 Nov 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4504
Abstract
β-Ti alloys have long been investigated and applied in the biomedical field due to their exceptional mechanical properties, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Metastable β-Ti alloys have garnered interest in the realm of biomaterials owing to their notably low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the inherent [...] Read more.
β-Ti alloys have long been investigated and applied in the biomedical field due to their exceptional mechanical properties, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Metastable β-Ti alloys have garnered interest in the realm of biomaterials owing to their notably low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the inherent correlation between a low elastic modulus and relatively reduced strength persists, even in the case of metastable β-Ti alloys. Enhancing the strength of alloys contributes to improving their fatigue resistance, thereby preventing an implant material from failure in clinical usage. Recently, a series of biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys, composed of biocompatible elements such as Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, and Mo, have been developed. Leveraging the contributions of the four core effects of high-entropy alloys, both biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys exhibit excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, albeit accompanied by an elevated elastic modulus. To satisfy the demands of biomedical implants, researchers have sought to synthesize the strengths of high-entropy alloys and metastable β-Ti alloys, culminating in the development of metastable high-entropy/medium-entropy alloys that manifest both high strength and a low elastic modulus. Consequently, the design principles for new-generation biomedical medium-entropy alloys and conventional metastable β-Ti alloys can be converged. This review focuses on the design from β-Ti alloys to the novel metastable medium-entropy alloys for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Dental Implants: Design and Mechanical Properties)
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