Materials

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17 pages, 13628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State Space Representation of Jiles–Atherton Hysteresis Model and Application for Closed-Loop Control

by Jiye Zhao, Jiqiang Zhou, Lu Zhang and Jinji Sun

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153695 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 912

Hysteresis is a fundamental characteristic of magnetic materials. The Jiles–Atherton (J-A) hysteresis model, which is known for its few parameters and clear physical interpretations, has been widely employed in simulating hysteresis characteristics. To better analyze and compute hysteresis behavior, this study established a [...] Read more.

Hysteresis is a fundamental characteristic of magnetic materials. The Jiles–Atherton (J-A) hysteresis model, which is known for its few parameters and clear physical interpretations, has been widely employed in simulating hysteresis characteristics. To better analyze and compute hysteresis behavior, this study established a state space representation based on the primitive J-A model. First, based on the five fundamental equations of the J-A model, a state space representation was established through variable substitution and simplification. Furthermore, to address the singularity problem at zero crossings, local linearization was obtained through an approximation method based on the actual physical properties. Based on these, the state space model was implemented using the S-function. To validate the effectiveness of the state space model, the hysteresis loops were obtained through COMSOL finite element software and tested on a permalloy toroidal sample. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method was used for parameter identification of the state space model, and the identification results show excellent agreement with the simulation and test results. Finally, a closed-loop control system was constructed based on the state space model, and trajectory tracking experiments were conducted. The results verify the feasibility of the state space representation of the J-A model, which holds significant practical implications in the development of magnetically shielded rooms, the suppression of magnetic interference in cold atom clocks, and various other applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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16 pages, 6367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Performance of a High-Speed Motor, Considering the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of High-Strength Non-Oriented Silicon Steel

by Yulin Li, Changhao Yan, Anqi Wang, Jun Li, Lubin Zeng and Ruilin Pei

Materials 2024, 17(9), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091936 - 23 Apr 2024

Viewed by 909

Abstract

Considering the high-speed and high power density technical specifications of new energy vehicle motors, there is a growing demand for rotor strength as motor peak speeds reach 20,000 r/min and beyond. The utilization of non-oriented silicon steel with a high yield strength in [...] Read more.

Considering the high-speed and high power density technical specifications of new energy vehicle motors, there is a growing demand for rotor strength as motor peak speeds reach 20,000 r/min and beyond. The utilization of non-oriented silicon steel with a high yield strength in rotors has emerged as a promising approach to increase motor speed. However, the magnetic and mechanical properties of high-strength silicon steel under variable temperature conditions have not been fully explored, particularly in regards to their impact on motor torque, efficiency, and speed. This manuscript investigates the behavior of high-strength silicon steel before and after annealing and at different temperatures, analyzing its influence on high-speed motor performance. The validity and feasibility of this study are confirmed through prototype testing, providing a comprehensive reference for engineering design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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18 pages, 8667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Study of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Amorphous Alloy Considering Temperature Effect

by Changhao Yan, Haiyang Hu, Zhiye Li, Lubin Zeng and Ruilin Pei

Materials 2024, 17(8), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081928 - 22 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1151

Abstract

Because the magnetic properties of an amorphous alloy (AA) obviously change with the change of temperature, a finite element simulation method for a motor, considering the effect of temperature, is proposed in this paper. In the early design stage of the high-speed permanent [...] Read more.

Because the magnetic properties of an amorphous alloy (AA) obviously change with the change of temperature, a finite element simulation method for a motor, considering the effect of temperature, is proposed in this paper. In the early design stage of the high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the simulation of motor performance is mainly based on the magnetic performance test data at room temperature provided by the material’s manufacturer. However, the influence of the temperature rise during the actual operation of the motor will lead to large errors between the simulation results and the measured results. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to measure the magnetic properties of the AA at different temperatures and use them for simulation purposes. In this paper, the magnetization characteristics and iron loss characteristics of the AA and silicon steel (ST100) used for comparison are measured at different temperatures, and the iron loss separation of the two materials at different temperatures is completed, and the hysteresis loss coefficient and eddy current loss coefficient at different temperatures are obtained. On this basis, the performance simulation of a motor model is carried out. The more accurate simulation method proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the design of AA motors in industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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13 pages, 5601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Magnetic Properties of High-Saturation Magnetically Induced Alloy Motors under Magnetocaloric Coupling

by Jun Li, Zhiye Li, Yulin Li, Jiahao Ge, Yuxiao Li, Lubin Zeng and Ruilin Pei

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061274 - 9 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1476

Abstract

In the face of the rapid development of the motor industry, some motors with traditional soft magnetic materials can no longer meet the needs of the market. Using new high-saturation magnetic density materials has become a new breakthrough to improve the torque density [...] Read more.

In the face of the rapid development of the motor industry, some motors with traditional soft magnetic materials can no longer meet the needs of the market. Using new high-saturation magnetic density materials has become a new breakthrough to improve the torque density of motors. Fe-Co alloys (1J22) have high-saturation magnetic induction strength, which can effectively improve the motor’s magnetic field strength and increase its torque density. At the same time, the temperature rise of the motor is also an important factor to consider in the motor design process. In particular, the change in core temperature caused by loss makes the coupling of the internal temperature field and the electromagnetic field of the motor more common. Therefore, it is necessary to test the temperature and magnetic properties of 1J22 together. In this paper, a coupling measurement device for magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials is built, and a 1J22 temperature field–electromagnetic field coupling experiment is completed. It is found that the maximum loss of 1J22 decreases by 4.44% with the increase in temperature; the maximum loss is 6.41% less than that of traditional silicon steel. Finally, a finite element simulation model is built to simulate the actual working conditions of the motor, and it is verified that the magnetic properties of the material at high temperature will have a certain impact on the performance of the motor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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9 pages, 5919 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Stack Optimization of Magnetic Heterojunction Structures for Next-Generation Spintronic Logic Applications

by Jaehun Cho, Jinyong Jung, Seong Bok Kim, Woo Ri Ju, Da Hyeon Kim, Myunghwan Byun and June-Seo Kim

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196418 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1165

Abstract

Magnetic heterojunction structures with a suppressed interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and a sustainable long-range interlayer exchange coupling are achieved with an ultrathin platinum insertion layer. The systematic inelastic light scattering spectroscopy measurements indicate that the insertion layer restores the symmetry of the system and, [...] Read more.

Magnetic heterojunction structures with a suppressed interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and a sustainable long-range interlayer exchange coupling are achieved with an ultrathin platinum insertion layer. The systematic inelastic light scattering spectroscopy measurements indicate that the insertion layer restores the symmetry of the system and, then, the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, which can prevent the identical magnetic domain wall motions, is obviously minimized. Nevertheless, the strong interlayer exchange coupling of the system is maintained. Consequently, synthetic ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange couplings as a function of the ruthenium layer thickness are observed as well. Therefore, these optimized magnetic multilayer stacks can avoid crucial issues, such as domain wall tilting and position problems, for next-generation spintronic logic applications. Moreover, the synthetic antiferromagnetic coupling can open a new path to develop a radically different NOT gate via current-induced magnetic domain wall motions and inversions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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13 pages, 5485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eddy Effect and Dynamic Response of High-Speed Solenoid Valve with Composite Iron Core

by Peng Liu, Ruqin Zhang, Qing Zhao and Shijian Peng

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5823; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175823 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

To alleviate the Eddy effect of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) and improve its dynamic response speed, a novel HSV with a composite iron core is presented. The time-step finite element method is used to establish and verify the numerical simulation of HSV [...] Read more.

To alleviate the Eddy effect of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) and improve its dynamic response speed, a novel HSV with a composite iron core is presented. The time-step finite element method is used to establish and verify the numerical simulation of HSV coupling multiple physical fields. Then, the Eddy effect and dynamic response characteristics of the conventional and composite HSVs are further compared and analyzed. The results showed that the Eddy current loss in the main pole was the largest for the conventional HSV, accounting for 72.5% and 64.4% in the actuation and release processes, respectively. It was found that the Eddy effect of the composite HSV was obviously weakened, and the total Eddy current losses in the actuation and release processes were reduced by 58.8% and 38.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the actuation response time and release response time of the composite HSV were shortened by 15.6% and 18.5%, respectively. In addition, increasing the peak voltage further shortened the actuation response time of the composite HSV, but had no significant effect on the response time of the conventional HSV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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15 pages, 6861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demagnetization Parameters Evaluation of Magnetic Shields Based on Anhysteretic Magnetization Curve

by Jianzhi Yang, Minxia Shi, Xu Zhang, Yuzheng Ma, Yijin Liu, Shuai Yuan and Bangcheng Han

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155238 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

To achieve the nearly zero-field environment, demagnetization is an indispensable step for magnetic shields composed of high-permeability material, which adjusts the magnetization of the material to establish magnetic equilibrium with the environmental field and improve the shielding performance. The ideal demagnetization can make [...] Read more.

To achieve the nearly zero-field environment, demagnetization is an indispensable step for magnetic shields composed of high-permeability material, which adjusts the magnetization of the material to establish magnetic equilibrium with the environmental field and improve the shielding performance. The ideal demagnetization can make the high-permeability material on the anhysteretic magnetization curve to have a higher permeability than on the initial magnetization curve. However, inappropriate parameters of degaussing field cause the magnetization state to deviate from the anhysteretic magnetization curve. Therefore, this article proposes a new assessment criterion to analyze and evaluate the parameters of degaussing field based on the difference between the final magnetization state after demagnetization and theoretical anhysteretic state of the shielding material. By this way, the magnetization states after demagnetizations with different initial amplitude, frequency, period number and envelope attenuation function are calculated based on the dynamic Jiles–Atherton (J–A) model, and their magnetization curves under these demagnetization conditions are also measured and compared, respectively. The lower frequency, appropriate amplitude, sufficient period number and logarithmic envelope attenuation function can make the magnetization state after demagnetization closer to the ideal value, which is also consistent with the static magnetic-shielding performance of a booth-type magnetically shielded room (MSR) under different demagnetization condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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14 pages, 61279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test and Analysis of High-Permeability Material’s Microstructure in Magnetic Shielding Device

by Weiyong Zhou, Jinji Sun, Bangcheng Han, Jianyi Ren and Yifei Li

Materials 2023, 16(11), 3956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113956 - 25 May 2023

Viewed by 1420

Abstract

The magnetic shielding device is used to provide an extreme weak magnetic field, which plays a key role in variety of fields. Since the high-permeability material constituting the magnetic shielding device determines the magnetic shielding performance, it is important to evaluate the property [...] Read more.

The magnetic shielding device is used to provide an extreme weak magnetic field, which plays a key role in variety of fields. Since the high-permeability material constituting the magnetic shielding device determines the magnetic shielding performance, it is important to evaluate the property of the high-permeability material. In this paper, the relationship between the microstructure and the magnetic properties of the high-permeability material is analyzed using minimum free energy principle based on magnetic domain theory, and the test method of the material’s microstructure including the material composition, the texture and the grain structure to reflect the magnetic properties is put forward. The test result shows that the grain structure is closely related to the initial permeability and the coercivity, which is highly consistent with the theory. As a result, it provides a more efficient way to evaluate the property of the high-permeability material. The test method proposed in the paper has important significance in the high efficiency sampling inspection of the high-permeability material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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12 pages, 3513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement and Analysis of Magnetic Properties of Permalloy for Magnetic Shielding Devices under Different Temperature Environments

by Jinji Sun, Jianyi Ren, Jin Li and Yuejing Huang

Materials 2023, 16(8), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083253 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3293

Abstract

The relative permeability, coercivity, and remanence of permalloy are closely related to the performance of magnetic shielding devices. In this paper, the relationship between the magnetic properties of permalloy and the working temperature of magnetic shielding devices is measured. Firstly, the measurement method [...] Read more.

The relative permeability, coercivity, and remanence of permalloy are closely related to the performance of magnetic shielding devices. In this paper, the relationship between the magnetic properties of permalloy and the working temperature of magnetic shielding devices is measured. Firstly, the measurement method of permalloy properties based on the simulated impact method is analyzed. What is more, a magnetic property test system consisting of a soft magnetic material tester and a high–low temperature chamber for permalloy ring samples at different temperatures was established to measure DC and AC (0.01 Hz to 1 kHz) magnetic properties at different temperatures (−60 °C to 140 °C). Finally, the results show that compared with room temperature (25 °C), the initial permeability (

μ_{i}

) decreases by 69.64% at −60 °C and increases by 38.23% at 140 °C, and the coercivity (

h_{c}

) decreases by 34.81% at −60 °C and increases by 8.93% at 140 °C, which are the key parameters in the magnetic shielding device. It can be concluded that the relative permeability and remanence of permalloy are positively correlated with temperature, while the saturation magnetic flux density and coercivity are negatively correlated with temperature. This paper is of great significance to the magnetic analysis and design of magnetic shielding devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Materials: Properties, Characterization and Application)

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