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Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels
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Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 29203

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Irene Calliari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Interests: physical metallurgy; stainless steels; electroplasticity; welding; duplex stainless steel; additive manufacturing; corrosion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luca Pezzato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: corrosion; coatings; steels; ligth alloys
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleague,

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are a family of steels with a biphasic microstructure consisting of ferrite and austenite. They are widely used in very aggressive environments like nuclear and petrochemical plants, oil and gas offshore applications, chemical plants, the paper and pulp industries, and the food and beverages industries as an alternative to the austenitic stainless steels. The optimum properties of duplex stainless steels are achieved when an approximately equal amount of ferrite and austenite is present, and this balanced ratio between the two phases is obtained with a suitable combination of chemical composition and solution heat treatment.

However, owing to the presence of the metastable austenitic phase and the instability of ferrite at high temperatures, these steels are sensitive to diffusive and diffusionless phase transformations, which may affect corrosion and mechanical properties, but a lack of investigation exists in the field of physical metallurgy regarding these transformations.

Despite their diffusion as consolidated materials, many research fields are also active regarding the possibility to increase duplex mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by composition and heat treatment optimization. Furthermore, special innovations are soon to be realized in the field of welding processes.

The Special Issue is aimed at interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, and applications.

Prof. Irene Calliari
Dr. Luca Pezzato
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • duplex stainless steels
  • mechanical properties
  • phase stability
  • advanced applications

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels
by Luca Pezzato and Irene Calliari
Materials 2022, 15(20), 7132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207132 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2157
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are a group of stainless steels characterized by a biphasic microstructure consisting of ferrite and austenite [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 6738 KiB  
Article
Influence of Electropulsing Treatments on Mechanical Properties of UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel
by Claudio Gennari, Luca Pezzato, Gianmarco Tarabotti, Andrea Zambon, Andrea Di Schino and Irene Calliari
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071613 - 1 Apr 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2961
Abstract
Prestrained at 5% and 15% duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 specimens have been subjected to electropulsing treatments with current density of 100 A/mm2 and 200 A/mm2 and 100 and 500 pulses for each current density value. Corrosion tests, X-ray diffraction, microhardness [...] Read more.
Prestrained at 5% and 15% duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 specimens have been subjected to electropulsing treatments with current density of 100 A/mm2 and 200 A/mm2 and 100 and 500 pulses for each current density value. Corrosion tests, X-ray diffraction, microhardness and residual stresses were collected before and after the electropulsing treatments. Tensile tests were performed after the electropulsing treatments in order to compare the mechanical response to reference tensile tests performed before pulsing treatments. Increase in fracture strain was observed after pulsing treatment in comparison to the reference tensile tests. A decrease in microhardness was also observed after electropulsing treatments for both degrees of prestrain. Electropulsing treatment almost eliminates the work-hardened state in the 5% prestrained specimens while partially recovered the 15% prestrained material increasing both uniform and fracture strain. Bulk temperature of the samples remained the same for all treatments duration. The effect are to be addressed to a combined effect of increase in atomic flux due to the electrical current and local joule heating in correspondence of crystal defects. Electropulsing treatment applied to metallic alloys is a promising technique to reduce the work hardening state without the need of annealing treatments in a dedicated furnace. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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14 pages, 12735 KiB  
Article
Maintenance of the Austenite/Ferrite Ratio Balance in GTAW DSS Joints Through Process Parameters Optimization
by Bryan R. Rodriguez, Argelia Miranda, David Gonzalez, Rolando Praga and Eduardo Hurtado
Materials 2020, 13(3), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030780 - 8 Feb 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3624
Abstract
The present work describes the influence of the parameters employed in the gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) when nickel powder is used as a filler metal in 2304/2507 duplex stainless-steel dissimilar joints. Multi-objective optimization was applied in order to maintain the austenite/ferrite [...] Read more.
The present work describes the influence of the parameters employed in the gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) when nickel powder is used as a filler metal in 2304/2507 duplex stainless-steel dissimilar joints. Multi-objective optimization was applied in order to maintain the austenite/ferrite percentage in the welded zone. A microstructural and phase quantification analysis was performed in each sample through optical and scanning electron microscopes. It was found that a nickel powder addition combined with low heat input increased the biphasic ratio across the different zones of the dissimilar welded samples. Although the austenite volume fraction increased in the 2304 heat-affected zone (HAZ) near to 25%, it was not sufficient according to international standards. The obtained results led to the maintenance of the 50/50 phase percentage in the 2507 HAZ welded joint side, as well as to the increment of the austenite percentage in the 2304 HAZ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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14 pages, 8322 KiB  
Article
Study of the Thermochemical Surface Treatment Effect on the Phase Precipitation and Degradation Behaviour of DSS and SDSS
by Alisiya Biserova-Tahchieva, Jose Maria Cabrera and Nuria Llorca-Isern
Materials 2020, 13(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010165 - 1 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3091
Abstract
In this study, the effect of a plasma ion carburizing process to duplex and superduplex stainless steels (DSS and SDSS), at 925 °C for a long time, as thermochemical process influencing the microstructural evolution is presented. The objective is to analyse the diffusion [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of a plasma ion carburizing process to duplex and superduplex stainless steels (DSS and SDSS), at 925 °C for a long time, as thermochemical process influencing the microstructural evolution is presented. The objective is to analyse the diffusion elements’ influence on the precipitation of secondary phases after additional short thermal treatment. A comparison among the different treatments was performed after the resulting microstructures were analysed by Field Emission—Scanning Electron Microscope. Precipitation of secondary phases—sigma (σ), chi (χ), nitrides and carbides—seemed to occur during the treatments in a similar way for both steels (DSS and SDSS), although they showed a different morphology and precipitation mode. General corrosion behaviour of untreated and treated samples was investigated by potentiodynamic tests in order to prove their corrosion resistance. It was found that an improvement of the surface protection after the plasma carburizing process occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 3958 KiB  
Article
Nd: YAG Pulsed Laser Dissimilar Welding of UNS S32750 Duplex with 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Carla Gabriela Silva Leite, Eli Jorge da Cruz Junior, Mattia Lago, Andrea Zambon, Irene Calliari and Vicente Afonso Ventrella
Materials 2019, 12(18), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182906 - 9 Sep 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4055
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs), a particular category of stainless steels, are employed in all kinds of industrial applications where excellent corrosion resistance and high strength are necessary. These good properties are provided by their biphasic microstructure, consisting of ferrite and austenite in almost [...] Read more.
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs), a particular category of stainless steels, are employed in all kinds of industrial applications where excellent corrosion resistance and high strength are necessary. These good properties are provided by their biphasic microstructure, consisting of ferrite and austenite in almost equal volume fractions of phases. In the present work, Nd: YAG pulsed laser dissimilar welding of UNS S32750 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) with 316L austenitic stainless steel (ASS), with different heat inputs, was investigated. The results showed that the fusion zone microstructure observed consisted of a ferrite matrix with grain boundary austenite (GBA), Widmanstätten austenite (WA) and intragranular austenite (IA), with the same proportion of ferrite and austenite phases. Changes in the heat input (between 45, 90 and 120 J/mm) did not significantly affect the ferrite/austenite phase balance and the microhardness in the fusion zone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 11022 KiB  
Article
Corrosion and Oxidation Behavior of a Fe-Al-Mn-C Duplex Alloy
by Silvia Barella, Andrea Francesco Ciuffini, Andrea Gruttadauria, Carlo Mapelli, Davide Mombelli and Eugenio Longaretti
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162572 - 12 Aug 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3299
Abstract
The low-density steels represent a topic of great interest within the scientific world because of the great demand from the steel market of increasingly lighter materials, also featured by an optimal mix of the mechanical properties. In this work, the corrosion and hot [...] Read more.
The low-density steels represent a topic of great interest within the scientific world because of the great demand from the steel market of increasingly lighter materials, also featured by an optimal mix of the mechanical properties. In this work, the corrosion and hot oxidation resistance of a Fe-15%Mn-9.5%Al-6.5%Ni-1%Cr-0.43%C were analyzed and related to the microstructural features. The material behavior was analyzed both in the as-cast and in the heat-treated state. For the corrosion test, the experimental plan was fulfilled using four different concentrations of HCl and four temperatures. In the case of hot oxidation resistance, the exposure time and the temperature effects were evaluated. The corrosion resistance in HCl was comparable to the stainless steel, and the iso-corrosion curves showed excellent resistance of the 1300 °C solution-treated material, especially at low temperatures, but it is also good at high temperatures due to the hot oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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19 pages, 6823 KiB  
Article
Complex Study of Eutectoidal Phase Transformation of 2507-Type Super-Duplex Stainless Steel
by István Mészáros and Bálint Bögre
Materials 2019, 12(13), 2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132205 - 9 Jul 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4022
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study expansively the process of the eutectoidal phase transformation of 2507-type super-duplex stainless steel. Three sample sets were prepared. The first sample set was made to investigate the effect of the previous cold rolling and heat [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to study expansively the process of the eutectoidal phase transformation of 2507-type super-duplex stainless steel. Three sample sets were prepared. The first sample set was made to investigate the effect of the previous cold rolling and heat treatment for the eutectoidal phase transformation. Samples were cold rolled at seven different rolling reductions which was followed by heat treatment at five different temperatures. The second sample set was prepared to determine the activation energy of the eutectoidal decomposition process using the Arrhenius equation. Samples were cold rolled at seven different rolling reductions and were heat treated at the same temperature during eight different terms. A third sample set was made to study how another plastic-forming technology, beside the cold rolling, can influence the eutectoidal decomposition. Samples were elongated by single axis tensile stress and were heat treated at the same temperature. The results of the first and the third sample sets were compared. The rest δ-ferrite contents were calculated using the results of AC and DC magnetometer measurements. DC magnetometer was used as a feritscope device in this work. Light microscope and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) images demonstrated the process of the eutectoidal decomposition. The thermoelectric power and the hardness of the samples were measured. The results of the thermoelectric power measurement were compared with the results of the δ-ferrite content measurement. The accurate value of the coercive field was determined by a Foerster-type DC coercimeter device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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18 pages, 6799 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Electroplastic Effect on Four Grades of Duplex Stainless Steels
by Claudio Gennari, Luca Pezzato, Enrico Simonetto, Renato Gobbo, Michele Forzan and Irene Calliari
Materials 2019, 12(12), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121911 - 13 Jun 2019
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4323
Abstract
Since the late 1950s, an effect of electrical current in addition to joule heating on the deformation of metals called the Electroplastic Effect (EPE) has been known. It is used nowadays in the so-called Electrically Assisted Forming (EAF) processes, but the understanding of [...] Read more.
Since the late 1950s, an effect of electrical current in addition to joule heating on the deformation of metals called the Electroplastic Effect (EPE) has been known. It is used nowadays in the so-called Electrically Assisted Forming (EAF) processes, but the understanding of the phenomenon is not very clear yet. It has been found that EPE increases the formability of high stacking fault energy (SFE) materials, while low SFE materials reach fracture prematurely. Since Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) possess a microstructure consisting of two phases with very different SFE (low SFE austenite and high SFE ferrite) and they are widely used in industry, we investigated EPE on those alloys. Tensile tests at 5 A/mm2, 10 A/mm2 and 15 A/mm2 current densities along with thermal counterparts were conducted on UNS S32101, UNS S32205, UNS S32304 and UNS S32750. The DSS grades were characterized by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and their mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, total elongation, uniform elongation and yield stress). An increase in uniform elongation for the electrical tests compared to the thermal counterparts as well as an increase in total elongation was found. No differences were observed on the yield stress and on the ultimate tensile strength. Un uneven distribution of the current because of the different resistivity and work hardening of the two phases has been hypothesized as the explanation for the positive effect of EPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels)
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