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Research Progress of the Fatigue, Crack and Failure Mechanisms of Materials and Structures

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Materials Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2024 | Viewed by 4090

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science & Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Interests: fatigue; fracture; structural integrity; failure analysis; mechanical behaviour of materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the study of fatigue, crack formation, and failure mechanisms in various materials and structures. These developments have improved mechanical design, enhanced structural integrity, and enabled more accurate failure analysis. Understanding these failure mechanisms is crucial to ensure the safety and longevity of structures and to develop more reliable materials for a wide range of applications.

The exploration of failure mechanisms encompasses a diverse array of materials and structures, including metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and biological tissues. The inclusion of biological tissues in the study of failure mechanisms is also essential, as it provides valuable insights for biomedical applications, prosthetics, and tissue engineering.

The failure mechanisms encountered in various materials and structures encompass a broad range of phenomena. These include fatigue, corrosion, creep, brittle fracture, material degradation, and other complex processes. Through extensive research and experimentation, scientists and engineers have gained a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, leading to the development of innovative materials and structures. For instance, the utilization of high-strength or high-entropy alloys has demonstrated improved mechanical resistance to different failure mechanisms. Additionally, the exploration of renewable and sustainable materials, such as wood, has provided alternative solutions with lower carbon footprints.

Advancements in additive manufacturing technologies have also presented new challenges related to failure mechanisms and structural integrity. The development and widespread industrial use of additive manufacturing have led to the need for comprehensive research into failure mechanisms in 3D-printed materials and structures. Understanding the behaviour of these materials under various loading conditions is crucial for ensuring their reliability and safety.

Furthermore, emerging fields, such as hydrogen energy, introduce unique failure mechanisms and structural integrity considerations. The production, storage, transportation, and utilization of hydrogen as a fuel for industrial processes, fuel cell vehicles, and hydrogen combustion engines require in-depth research to understand and mitigate potential failure modes.

In this Special Issue, we aim to explore the research progress made in understanding the fatigue, crack formation, and failure mechanisms of materials and structures. We invite researchers and practitioners from various disciplines to contribute their expertise and insights to further enhance our understanding in these areas. By incorporating diverse materials, such as biological tissues, and considering the challenges posed by additive manufacturing and emerging fields like hydrogen energy, we can pave the way for safer, more reliable, and sustainable materials and structures in the future.

Dr. José Xavier
Dr. Rui C. Martins
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fatigue
  • crack formation
  • failure mechanisms
  • mechanical design
  • structural integrity
  • additive manufacturing
  • biological tissues

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 5371 KiB  
Article
Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Bimetallic Steel Bar with Buckling: Energy-Based Numerical and Experimental Investigations
by Xuanyi Xue, Fei Wang, Neng Wang, Jianmin Hua and Wenjie Deng
Materials 2024, 17(16), 3974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163974 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
A bimetallic steel bar (BSB) consisting of stainless-steel cladding and carbon steel substrate exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The bimetallic structure of BSBs may affect their low-cycle fatigue performance, and current investigations on the above issue are limited. In this [...] Read more.
A bimetallic steel bar (BSB) consisting of stainless-steel cladding and carbon steel substrate exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The bimetallic structure of BSBs may affect their low-cycle fatigue performance, and current investigations on the above issue are limited. In this study, the low-cycle fatigue properties of bimetallic steel bars (BSBs) with inelastic buckling were investigated. Experiments and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the low-cycle fatigue capacity for BSBs, considering buckling. The buckling mode of BSBs is discussed. The hysteretic loops and energy properties of BSBs with various slenderness ratios (L/D) and fatigue strain amplitudes (εa) are investigated. With increases in the L/D and εa, the original symmetry for hysteresis loops disappears gradually, which is caused by the buckling. A predictive equation revealing the relation between the εa and fatigue life is suggested, which considers the effects of the L/D. A numerical modelling method is suggested to predict the hysteretic curves of BSBs. The effect of buckling on the stress and energy properties of BSBs is discussed through the numerical analysis of 44 models including the effects of the L/D, εa, and cladding ratios. The numerical analysis results illustrate that the hysteresis loops of BSBs with various εa values exhibit similar shapes. The increase in the cladding ratio reduces the peak stress and the dissipated energy properties of BSBs. The hysteresis loop energy density decreases by about 3% with an increase of 0.1 in the cladding ratio. It is recommended that the proportion of stainless steel inBSBs should be minimized once the corrosion resistance requirements are met. Full article
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30 pages, 6603 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Mesh Strategy for Efficient Use of Interface Elements in a 3D Probabilistic Explicit Cracking Model for Concrete
by Magno T. Mota, Pierre Rossi, Eduardo M. R. Fairbairn, Fernando L. B. Ribeiro, Jean-Louis Tailhan and Henrique C. C. Andrade
Materials 2024, 17(15), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153786 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 475
Abstract
In this paper, the development of a 3D adaptive probabilistic explicit cracking model for concrete is reported. The contribution offered herein consists in a new adaptive mesh strategy designed to optimize the use of interface elements in probabilistic explicit cracking models. The proposed [...] Read more.
In this paper, the development of a 3D adaptive probabilistic explicit cracking model for concrete is reported. The contribution offered herein consists in a new adaptive mesh strategy designed to optimize the use of interface elements in probabilistic explicit cracking models. The proposed adaptive mesh procedure is markedly different from other strategies found in the literature, since it takes into account possible influences on the redistribution of stresses after cracking and can also be applied to purely deterministic cracking models. The process of obtaining the most appropriate adaptive mesh procedure involved the development and evaluation of three different adaptivity strategies. Two of these adaptivity strategies were shown to be inappropriate due to issues related to stress redistribution after cracking. The validation results demonstrate that the developed adaptive probabilistic model is capable of predicting the scale effect at a level similar to that experimentally observed, considering the tensile failure of plain concrete specimens. The results also show that different softening levels can be obtained. The proposed adaptive mesh strategy proved to be advantageous, being able to promote significant reductions in the simulation time in comparison with the classical strategy commonly used in probabilistic explicit cracking models. Full article
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11 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
Modeling of LCF Behaviour on AISI316L Steel Applying the Armstrong–Frederick Kinematic Hardening Model
by Sushant Bhalchandra Pate, Gintautas Dundulis and Paulius Griskevicius
Materials 2024, 17(14), 3395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143395 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
The combination of kinematic and isotropic hardening models makes it possible to model the behaviour of cyclic elastic-plastic steel material, though the estimation of the hardening parameters and catching the influence of those parameters on the material response is a challenging task. In [...] Read more.
The combination of kinematic and isotropic hardening models makes it possible to model the behaviour of cyclic elastic-plastic steel material, though the estimation of the hardening parameters and catching the influence of those parameters on the material response is a challenging task. In the current work, an approach for the numerical simulation of the low-cycle fatigue of AISI316L steel is presented using a finite element method to study the fatigue behaviour of the steel at different strain amplitudes and operating temperatures. Fully reversed uniaxial LCF tests are performed at different strain amplitudes and operating temperatures. Based on the LCF test experimental results, the non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters are estimated for numerical simulation. On comparing, the numerical simulation results were in very good agreement with those of the experimental ones. This presented method for the numerical simulation of the low-cycle fatigue on AISI316 stainless steel can be used for the approximate prediction of the fatigue life of the components under different cyclic loading amplitudes. Full article
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14 pages, 5680 KiB  
Article
Study of Fatigue Crack Initiation and the Propagation Mechanism Induced by Pores in a Powder Metallurgy Nickel-Based FGH96 Superalloy
by Shuang Yi, Shichao Zhang, Denghui Wang, Jianxing Mao, Zheng Zhang and Dianyin Hu
Materials 2024, 17(6), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061356 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 791
Abstract
Thermally induced pores (TIPs) are generally the source of fatigue crack initiation in the powder metallurgy (PM) Ni-based FGH96 superalloy. The effect of TIPs on fatigue crack initiation on the surface of the FGH96 superalloy was detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The [...] Read more.
Thermally induced pores (TIPs) are generally the source of fatigue crack initiation in the powder metallurgy (PM) Ni-based FGH96 superalloy. The effect of TIPs on fatigue crack initiation on the surface of the FGH96 superalloy was detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cause of fatigue crack deflection was studied using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The results indicated that there are two states of TIPs including isolated TIPs and clustered TIPs located at the grain boundary. The investigation of crack initiation and propagation around TIPs was conducted in detail through the comprehensive integration of experimental findings and computational results. For cracks initiated by isolated TIPs, the maximum equivalent size and the ratio of the vertical–parallel axis to the loading direction of the TIPs reveal a linear relationship, and both of them determine crack initiation. Regarding clustered TIPs, the constituent pores of the clustered TIPs will compete to initiate cracks based on the experimental results, and the largest pore will be more likely to initiate cracking. Moreover, the results showed that fatigue crack propagation can be hindered by hard-orientation grains and twins with a low Schmid factor (SF). Large-angle crack deflection due to twins with a low SF can significantly increase crack length and resistance to crack propagation. Full article
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14 pages, 41365 KiB  
Article
Structural, Microstructural and Compositional Changes of the AISI 314 Steel Used in the Sintering Furnace Belt Depending on the Operating Time
by Călin-Virgiliu Prica, Niculina Argentina Sechel, Miklos Tamas, Traian Florin Marinca, Florin Popa and Nurulla Orayev
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237286 - 23 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1163
Abstract
The damage due to embrittlement of the sintering furnace belt and its replacement after a certain time of use represents a problem for the manufacturers of sintered parts. Finding out the reason for the damage could help to increase the duration of its [...] Read more.
The damage due to embrittlement of the sintering furnace belt and its replacement after a certain time of use represents a problem for the manufacturers of sintered parts. Finding out the reason for the damage could help to increase the duration of its operation. This research aimed to investigate the causes of embrittlement, considering both the temperatures and atmosphere of the sintering furnace to which the furnace belt is exposed during its operation. The furnace belt was made of AISI 314 stainless steel. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and the Vickers hardness tests were used to analyze the microstructural, structural, compositional and hardness changes of the belt used for 45 weeks. Cr and Mn carbides, the oxides of Fe, Cr, Mn and Si were found to form at the edge of the furnace belt. The grains grew after 45 weeks of use, approximately 10 times, due to thermal cycles in an endothermic gas atmosphere to which the belt was exposed. Also, the hardness increased from 226 to 338 HV0.05, due to the formation of carbide and oxide-type compounds. All these results represent a starting point in optimizing the lifetime of the sintering furnace belt. Full article
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