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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2022) | Viewed by 18411

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ki Yong Ann

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
Interests: hydration; hydraulic reaction; pozzolan reaction; porosimetry; durability; microscopic analysis; binder; SCM

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Cementitious Material in Concrete” covers all possible materials in terms of binders in concrete encompassing conventional supplementary cementitious materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, pulverized fuel ash (i.e., fly ash), silica fume, and newly developed binder materials, as well as the advanced techniques of microscopic or analytical measurements for interpretation of hydration mechanisms and hydraulic reactivity or/and reaction. The selection of materials is not restricted to but includes geopolymers, industrial by-products, synthesized materials, recycled materials, and others, all of which are within the scope of this Special Issue.

Identification of newly developed materials must take place prior to the assessment of concrete quality and durability; therefore, diverse techniques for material characterization can be applied. In using nonconventional materials, its safety concerning environmental effect and durability should be guaranteed, as well as hydraulic reactivity and structural applicability. Concrete quality and hydration behavior are influenced by many factors, such as porosimetry and hydration degree, of which the evaluation can provide information on concrete properties and in situ applicability. Articles and reviews dealing with the hydration degree analysis technique or/and durability evaluation of conventional or newly developed binders used in concrete are very welcome.

Dr. Ki Yong Ann
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Supplementary cementitious material (SCM)
Newly developed binder
Recycled materials for binder
Hydration and hydraulic reaction
Pozzolan reaction
Durability
Porosimetry and pore structure
Microscopic observation
Analytical technique

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Converter Slag Aggregate for Blended Mortar Based on CT Scanning

by Min Jae Kim, Woong Ik Hwang and Won Jung Cho

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7570; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247570 - 9 Dec 2021

Viewed by 2219

Abstract

This study investigated the air aging converter (Basic Oxygen Furnace, BOF) slag aggregate mortar with pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ferronickel slag (FNS). The chemical composition and mineralogical constituents of BOF incorporated mortar were analyzed. Setting time, flowability, compressive strength, and length change were measured to evaluate the fundamental properties of BOF mortar. The X-ray CT analysis was employed to observe the effect of converter slag in the cement matrix visually. The results showed that the hydration of BOF generated a pore at the vicinity of the aggregate, which decreased the compressive strength and increased the length change of mortar. However, the PFA or FNS incorporation of PFA or FNS can decrease the alkalinity of pore solution and subsequently reduce the reactivity of BOF aggregate. Thus, the incorporation of PFA and FNS can be a way to eliminate the disadvantage of BOF, such as volume expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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20 pages, 55342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability Properties of Concrete Supplemented with Recycled CRT Glass as Cementitious Material

by Dušan Zoran Grdić, Gordana Aleksandar Topličić-Ćurčić, Zoran Jure Grdić and Nenad Srboljub Ristić

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164421 - 6 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

This paper presents the testing of the durability of concrete where a part of cement was replaced with ground panel cathode ray tube glass (CRT) finer than 63 µm. The percentage of cement replaced with glass is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 35%, by mass. The highest percent share of mineral admixtures in CEM II (Portland-composiste cement) cement was chosen as the top limit of replacement of cement with glass. In terms of the concrete durability, the following tests are performed: freeze-thaw resistance, freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts-scaling, resistance to wear according to the Böhme test, sulfate attack resistance, and resistance to penetration of water under pressure. A compressive strength test is performed, and shrinkage of concrete is monitored. In order to determine the microstructure of concrete, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analyses were performed. The obtained research results indicate that the replacement of a part of cement with finely ground CRT glass up to 15% by mass has a positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete in terms of its increase without compromising the durability of concrete. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that concrete mixtures made with partial replacement (up to 15%) of cement with finely ground CRT glass have the same freeze-thaw resistance, resistance to freeze/thaw with de-icing salt, resistance to wear by abrasion, and resistance to sulfate attack as the reference concrete. In terms of environmental protection, the use of CRT glass as a component for making concrete is also very significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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21 pages, 8904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Ground Calcium Carbonate Waste on the Properties of Green Self-Consolidating Concrete Prepared by Low-Quality Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash

by Pusit Lertwattanaruk and Natt Makul

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154232 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2252

Abstract

Bagasse ash (BA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are by-products from electricity power plants. Ground calcium carbonate waste (GCW) is the by-product of the mining of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the color pigment manufacturing industry. Both BA and RHA are classified as low-quality pozzolanic materials, differing from GCW, which contains a high calcium oxide (CaO) content that leads to products equivalent to the hydration reaction. Therefore, GCW is likely able to improve the properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) incorporating BA and RHA. This paper discusses the production of green self-consolidating concrete (gSCC) and identifies the benefit of using GCW in gSCC prepared by triple combined GCW (10 and 20 wt%), BA (10, 20, and 30 wt%), and RHA (20 wt%). The results indicate that the majority of the gSCC retain acceptable flowability. The differences in the levels of gSCC substitution and the V-funnel flow results show general correlations with the increase in GCW. The gSCC prepared by 10 wt% GCW associated with 10 wt% BA and 20 wt% RHA was improved significantly. The filling and passing abilities of the gSCC were improved by using GCW. In addition, gSCC achieved mechanical property development and was able to minimize the consumption of OPC by up to 40%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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15 pages, 8091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration and Strength Development of Cementitious Materials Prepared with Phosphorous-Bearing Clinkers

by Lilan Xie, Min Deng, Jinhui Tang and Kaiwei Liu

Materials 2021, 14(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030508 - 21 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

To rationally use low-grade phosphorous limestone as the raw materials for cement production, the influence of phosphorous introduced by fluorapatite during the clinker calcination process on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials is investigated. Hydration kinetics, phase evolutions, and microstructure of cement pastes have been studied by using calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the mechanical properties of cementitious materials can be slightly improved due to the mineralization effect of the small amount of phosphorous in the clinker and significantly decreased with an increase of phosphorous. High content of phosphorous will reduce the content of C₃S and make the formation of α′-C₂S-xC₃P(x: 0–0.05), whose hydration reactivity is rather lower, such that on the one hand less-hydrated products, such as calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, can be obtained, and on the other hand, the hydration reaction will be slowed by severely prolonging the induction period. Interestingly, small particles can be observed on the surface of hydration products, but no new phase can be detected by XRD. When the content of P₂O₅ is 2.0%, the cement can meet the requirements of P·II 42.5 cement in China. Hopefully, this can provide significant guidance for the use of cement prepared by fluorapatite as raw material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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12 pages, 8127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Pore Structure Characteristics of Ferronickel-Slag-Mixed Ternary-Blended Cement

by Won Jung Cho, Min Jae Kim and Ji Seok Kim

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4863; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214863 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2085

Abstract

Pore structure development in Portland cement, fly ash, or/and ferronickel slag (FNS) was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry and X-ray CT tomography. The progress of hydration was observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and compressive strength while durability of concrete was monitored by chloride penetration resistance and chloride profiles. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results suggested that the blended cement had a higher porosity while lower critical pore size. The major reason to this increased porosity was the formation of meso and micro pores compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In terms of chloride transport, replaced cement, especially ternary-blended cement had higher resistance to chloride transport and exhibited slightly lower development of compressive strength. X-ray CT tomography shows that the influence of pore structure of ternary-blended cement on the ionic transport was strongly related to the pore connectivity of cement matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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20 pages, 6248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Mechanical and Environmental Properties of Engineered Alkali-Activated Green Mortar

by Iman Faridmehr, Ghasan Fahim Huseien and Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban

Materials 2020, 13(18), 4098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184098 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown promising environmentally-friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. From this perspective, the compressive strength (CS), CO₂ emissions, and EE of four industrial powder waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), were investigated as replacements for OPC. Forty-two engineered alkali-activated mix (AAM) designs with different percentages of the above-mentioned waste materials were experimentally investigated to evaluate the effect of each binder mass percentage on 28-day CS. Additionally, the effects of each industrial powder waste material on SiO₂, CaO, and Al₂O₃ contents were investigated. The results confirm that adding FA to the samples caused a reduction of less than 26% in CS, whereas the replacement of GBFS by different levels of POFA significantly affected the compressive strength of specimens. The results also show that the AAM designs with a high volume FA provided the lowest EE and CO₂ emission levels compared to other mix designs. Empirical equations were also proposed to estimate the CS, CO₂ emissions, and EE of AAM designs according to their binder mass compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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17 pages, 6496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Different Lithium Compounds on Hydration and Mechanical Properties of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement

by Hongyang Deng, Xuanchun Wei, Shaoyan Liu, Shan Li and Xinhua Cai

Materials 2020, 13(16), 3465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163465 - 6 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

This work investigated the influence of three different lithium compounds, lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) and lithium chloride (LiCl), on the hydration and mechanical properties of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement mixtures. Five concentrations of Li⁺, 0, 0.05, 0.11, 0.16 and 0.22 mmol/g of cement, were chosen, and then the proportions (by mass) of three lithium compounds were determined. Compressive strengths at 8 h, 24 h and 28 days were tested. Meanwhile, an early hydration heat test, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were performed to study the influences of different lithium compounds on properties of CSA cement mixtures. The experimental results show that three lithium compounds can all accelerate the early hydration process of CSA cement. There is not a remarkable difference on the properties of CSA cement pastes with a different content of Li⁺. The anion of lithium compounds can also affect the properties of CSA cement pastes, the accelerating effects of LiCl and Li₂SO₄ are more significant than that of Li₂CO₃, but there is not a distinct difference between LiCl and Li₂SO₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)

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