Materials

Editorial

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3 pages, 159 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Dental Implant Materials 2019

by In-Sung Luke Yeo

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5790; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245790 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

The Special Issue, “Dental Implant Materials 2019”, has tried to introduce recent developments in material science and implant dentistry with biologic and clinical aspects [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

Research

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15 pages, 3587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Model for Predicting Bone Healing around Dental Implants

by Pei-Ching Kung, Shih-Shun Chien and Nien-Ti Tsou

Materials 2020, 13(12), 2858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122858 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3387

Abstract

Background: The effect of the short-term bone healing process is typically neglected in numerical models of bone remodeling for dental implants. In this study, a hybrid two-step algorithm was proposed to enable a more accurate prediction for the performance of dental implants. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: The effect of the short-term bone healing process is typically neglected in numerical models of bone remodeling for dental implants. In this study, a hybrid two-step algorithm was proposed to enable a more accurate prediction for the performance of dental implants. Methods: A mechano-regulation algorithm was firstly used to simulate the tissue differentiation around a dental implant during the short-term bone healing. Then, the result was used as the initial state of the bone remodeling model to simulate the long-term healing of the bones. The algorithm was implemented by a 3D finite element model. Results: The current hybrid model reproduced several features which were discovered in the experiments, such as stress shielding effect, high strength bone connective tissue bands, and marginal bone loss. A reasonable location of bone resorptions and the stability of the dental implant is predicted, compared with those predicted by the conventional bone remodeling model. Conclusions: The hybrid model developed here predicted bone healing processes around dental implants more accurately. It can be used to study bone healing before implantation surgery and assist in the customization of dental implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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19 pages, 6258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survival Probability, Weibull Characteristics, Stress Distribution, and Fractographic Analysis of Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network Restorations Cemented on a Chairside Titanium Base: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

by João P. M. Tribst, Amanda M. O. Dal Piva, Alexandre L. S. Borges, Lilian C. Anami, Cornelis J. Kleverlaan and Marco A. Bottino

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081879 - 16 Apr 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3175

Abstract

Different techniques are available to manufacture polymer-infiltrated ceramic restorations cemented on a chairside titanium base. To compare the influence of these techniques in the mechanical response, 75 implant-supported crowns were divided in three groups: CME (crown cemented on a mesostructure), a two-piece prosthetic [...] Read more.

Different techniques are available to manufacture polymer-infiltrated ceramic restorations cemented on a chairside titanium base. To compare the influence of these techniques in the mechanical response, 75 implant-supported crowns were divided in three groups: CME (crown cemented on a mesostructure), a two-piece prosthetic solution consisting of a crown and hybrid abutment; MC (monolithic crown), a one-piece prosthetic solution consisting of a crown; and MP (monolithic crown with perforation), a one-piece prosthetic solution consisting of a crown with a screw access hole. All specimens were stepwise fatigued (50 N in each 20,000 cycles until 1200 N and 350,000 cycles). The failed crowns were inspected under scanning electron microscopy. The finite element method was applied to analyze mechanical behavior under 300 N axial load. Log-Rank (p = 0.17) and Wilcoxon (p = 0.11) tests revealed similar survival probability at 300 and 900 N. Higher stress concentration was observed in the crowns’ emergence profiles. The MP and CME techniques showed similar survival and can be applied to manufacture an implant-supported crown. In all groups, the stress concentration associated with fractographic analysis suggests that the region of the emergence profile should always be evaluated due to the high prevalence of failures in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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10 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Implants with Different Neck Design: A Prospective Clinical Comparative Study with 2-Year Follow-Up

by Pietro Montemezzi, Francesco Ferrini, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Enrico Gherlone and Paolo Capparè

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051029 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3755

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate whether a different implant neck design could affect survival rate and peri-implant tissue health in a cohort of disease-free partially edentulous patients in the molar–premolar region. The investigation was conducted on 122 dental implants inserted in [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to investigate whether a different implant neck design could affect survival rate and peri-implant tissue health in a cohort of disease-free partially edentulous patients in the molar–premolar region. The investigation was conducted on 122 dental implants inserted in 97 patients divided into two groups: Group A (rough wide-neck implants) vs. Group B (rough reduced-neck implants). All patients were monitored through clinical and radiological checkups. Survival rate, probing depth, and marginal bone loss were assessed at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. Patients assigned to Group A received 59 implants, while patients assigned to Group B 63. Dental implants were placed by following a delayed loading protocol, and cemented metal–ceramic crowns were delivered to the patients. The survival rates for both Group A and B were acceptable and similar at the two-year follow-up (96.61% vs. 95.82%). Probing depth and marginal bone loss tended to increase over time (follow-up: t₁ = 12 vs. t₂ = 24 months) in both groups of patients. Probing depth (p = 0.015) and bone loss (p = 0.001) were significantly lower in Group A (3.01 vs. 3.23 mm and 0.92 vs. 1.06 mm; Group A vs. Group B). Within the limitations of the present study, patients with rough wide-neck implants showed less marginal bone loss and minor probing depth, as compared to rough reduced-neck implants placed in the molar–premolar region. These results might be further replicated through longer-term trials, as well as comparisons between more collar configurations (e.g., straight vs. reduced vs. wide collars). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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10 pages, 4693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Axial Displacements and Removal Torque Changes of Five Different Implant-Abutment Connections under Static Vertical Loading

by Ki-Seong Kim and Young-Jun Lim

Materials 2020, 13(3), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030699 - 4 Feb 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5336

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the settling of abutments into implants and the removal torque value under static loading. Five different implant-abutment connections were selected (Ext: external butt joint + two-piece abutment; Int-H2: internal hexagon + two-piece abutment; Int-H1: internal [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine the settling of abutments into implants and the removal torque value under static loading. Five different implant-abutment connections were selected (Ext: external butt joint + two-piece abutment; Int-H2: internal hexagon + two-piece abutment; Int-H1: internal hexagon + one-piece abutment; Int-O2: internal octagon + two-piece abutment; Int-O1: internal octagon + one-piece abutment). Ten implant-abutment assemblies were loaded vertically downward with a 700 N load cell at a displacement rate of 1 mm/min in a universal testing machine. The settling of the abutment was obtained from the change in the total length of the entire implant-abutment unit before and after loading using an electronic digital micrometer. The post-loading removal torque value was compared to the initial torque value with a digital torque gauge. The settling values and removal torque values after 700 N static loading were in the following order, respectively: Ext < Int-H1, Int-H2 < Int-O2 < Int-O1 and Int-O2 < Int-H2 < Ext < Int-H1, Int-O1 (α = 0.05). After 700 N vertical static loading, the removal torque values were statistically different from the initial values, and the post-loading values increased in the Int-O1 group and Int-H1 group (α = 0.05) and decreased in the Ext group, Int-H2 group, and Int-O2 group (α = 0.05). On the basis of the results of this study, it should be taken into consideration that a loss of the preload due to the settling effect can lead to screw loosening during a clinical procedure in the molar region where masticatory force is relatively greater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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11 pages, 2891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vitronectin-Derived Bioactive Peptide Improves Bone Healing Capacity of SLA Titanium Surfaces

by Chang-Bin Cho, Sung Youn Jung, Cho Yeon Park, Hyun Ki Kang, In-Sung Luke Yeo and Byung-Moo Min

Materials 2019, 12(20), 3400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203400 - 17 Oct 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2962

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated early bone responses to a vitronectin-derived, minimal core bioactive peptide, RVYFFKGKQYWE motif (VnP-16), both in vitro and in vivo, when the peptide was treated on sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces. Four surface types of titanium discs and [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluated early bone responses to a vitronectin-derived, minimal core bioactive peptide, RVYFFKGKQYWE motif (VnP-16), both in vitro and in vivo, when the peptide was treated on sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces. Four surface types of titanium discs and of titanium screw-shaped implants were prepared: control, SLA, scrambled peptide-treated, and VnP-16-treated surfaces. Cellular responses, such as attachment, spreading, migration, and viability of human osteoblast-like HOS and MG63 cells were evaluated in vitro on the titanium discs. Using the rabbit tibia model with the split plot design, the implants were inserted into the tibiae of four New Zealand white rabbits. After two weeks of implant insertion, the rabbits were sacrificed, the undecalcified specimens were prepared for light microscopy, and the histomorphometric data were measured. Analysis of variance tests were used for the quantitative evaluations in this study. VnP-16 was non-cytotoxic and promoted attachment and spreading of the human osteoblast-like cells. The VnP-16-treated SLA implants showed no antigenic activities at the interfaces between the bones and the implants and indicated excellent bone-to-implant contact ratios, the means of which were significantly higher than those in the SP-treated implants. VnP-16 reinforces the osteogenic potential of the SLA titanium dental implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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11 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement in Fatigue Behavior of Dental Implant Fixtures by Changing Internal Connection Design: An In Vitro Pilot Study

by Nak-Hyun Choi, Hyung-In Yoon, Tae-Hyung Kim and Eun-Jin Park

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193264 - 7 Oct 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

(1) Background: The stability of the dental implant–abutment complex is necessary to minimize mechanical complications. The purpose of this study was to compare the behaviors of two internal connection type fixtures, manufactured by the same company, with different connection designs. (2) Methods: 15 [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The stability of the dental implant–abutment complex is necessary to minimize mechanical complications. The purpose of this study was to compare the behaviors of two internal connection type fixtures, manufactured by the same company, with different connection designs. (2) Methods: 15 implant–abutment complexes were prepared for each group of Osseospeed^® TX (TX) and Osseospeed^® EV (EV): 3 for single-load fracture tests and 12 for cyclic-loaded fatigue tests (nominal peak values as 80%, 60%, 50%, and 40% of the maximum breaking load) according to international standards (UNI EN ISO 14801:2013). They were assessed with micro-computed tomography (CT), and failure modes were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. (3) Results: The maximum breaking load [TX: 711 ± 36 N (95% CI; 670–752), EV: 791 ± 58 N (95% CI; 725–857)] and fatigue limit (TX: 285 N, EV: 316 N) were higher in EV than those in TX. There was no statistical difference in the fracture areas (P > 0.99). All specimens with 40% nominal peak value survived 5 × 10⁶ cycles, while 50% specimens failed before 10⁵ cycles. (4) Conclusions: EV has improved mechanical properties compared with TX. A loading regimen with a nominal peak value between 40% and 50% is ideal for future tests of implant cyclic loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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11 pages, 2619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Load-Bearing Capacity of Zirconia Crowns Screwed to Multi-Unit Abutments with and without a Titanium Base: An In Vitro Pilot Study

by Hadas Heller, Adi Arieli, Ilan Beitlitum, Raphael Pilo and Shifra Levartovsky

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193056 - 20 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3196

Abstract

The static and dynamic load-bearing capacities and failure modes of zirconia crowns screwed to multi-unit abutments (MUAs) with and without a titanium base (T-base) were determined. Thirty-six monolithic zirconia crowns screwed to straight MUAs torqued to laboratory analogs (30 Ncm) were assigned to [...] Read more.

The static and dynamic load-bearing capacities and failure modes of zirconia crowns screwed to multi-unit abutments (MUAs) with and without a titanium base (T-base) were determined. Thirty-six monolithic zirconia crowns screwed to straight MUAs torqued to laboratory analogs (30 Ncm) were assigned to two groups (n = 18). In group A, the zirconia crowns were screwed directly to the MUAs; in group B, the zirconia crowns were cemented to the T-base and screwed to the MUAs. All specimens were aged in 100% humidity (37 °C) for one month and subjected to thermocycling (20,000 cycles). Afterwards, the specimens underwent static and dynamic loading tests following ISO 14801. The failure modes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy (20×). There was an unequivocally similar trend in the S-N plots of both specimen groups. The load at which the specimens survived 5,000,000 cycles was 250 N for both groups. Group A failed mainly within the metal, and zirconia failure occurred only at a high loading force. Group B exhibited failure within the metal mostly in conjunction with adhesive failure between the zirconia and T-base. Zirconia restoration screwed directly to an MUA is a viable option, but further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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14 pages, 3966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Liner-Bonding of Implant-Supported Glass–Ceramic Crown to Zirconia Abutment on Bond Strength and Fracture Resistance

by Yong-Seok Jang, Sang-Hoon Oh, Won-Suck Oh, Min-Ho Lee, Jung-Jin Lee and Tae-Sung Bae

Materials 2019, 12(17), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172798 - 30 Aug 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that heat-bonding with a liner positively affects the bond strength and fracture resistance of an implant-supported glass–ceramic crown bonded to a zirconia abutment produced by a computer-aided design/computer-aided milling (CAD/CAM) procedure. Lithium disilicate-reinforced Amber Mill-Q [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that heat-bonding with a liner positively affects the bond strength and fracture resistance of an implant-supported glass–ceramic crown bonded to a zirconia abutment produced by a computer-aided design/computer-aided milling (CAD/CAM) procedure. Lithium disilicate-reinforced Amber Mill-Q glass ceramic blocks were bonded to 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) blocks by heat-bonding with a liner or cementation with a dual-cure self-adhesive resin cement for a microtensile bond strength test. CAD/CAM implant-supported glass ceramic crowns were produced using Amber Mill-Q blocks and bonded to a milled 3Y-TZP zirconia abutments by heat-bonding or cementation for a fracture test. A statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the significant differences between the experimental results. The mode of failure was analyzed using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. Chemical bonding was identified at the interface between the zirconia ceramic and liner. The mean tensile bond strength of the liner-bonded group was significantly higher than that of the cement-bonded group. The initial chipping strength of the liner-bonded group was significantly higher than that of the cement-bonded group, although no statistically significant difference was found for the fracture strength. The mode of failure was mixed with cohesive fracture through the liner, whereas the cement-bonded group demonstrated adhesive failure at the interface of bonding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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14 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ultraviolet Photofunctionalization on a Titanium Dental Implant with Machined Surface: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

by Jun-Beom Lee, Ye-Hyeon Jo, Jung-Yoo Choi, Yang-Jo Seol, Yong-Moo Lee, Young Ku, In-Chul Rhyu and In-Sung Luke Yeo

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132078 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4267

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization has been suggested as an effective method to enhance the osseointegration of titanium surface. In this study, machined surface treated with UV light (M + UV) was compared to sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface through in vitro and in vivo [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization has been suggested as an effective method to enhance the osseointegration of titanium surface. In this study, machined surface treated with UV light (M + UV) was compared to sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface through in vitro and in vivo studies. Groups of titanium specimens were defined as machined (M), SLA, and M + UV for the disc type, and M + UV and SLA for the implant. The discs and implants were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and the contact angle. Additionally, we evaluated the cell attachment, proliferation assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the MC3T3-E1 cells. In a rabbit tibia model, the implants were examined to evaluate the bone-to-implant contact ratio and the bone area. In the M + UV group, we observed the lower amount of carbon, a 0°-degree contact angle, and enhanced osteogenic cell activities (p < 0.05). The histomorphometric analysis showed that a higher bone-to-implant contact ratio was found in the M + UV implant at 10 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the UV photofunctionalization of a Ti dental implant with M surface attained earlier osseointegration than SLA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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8 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Clue to the Existence of Bonding between Bone and Implant Surface: An In Vivo Study

by Taek-Ka Kwon, Jung-Yoo Choi, Jae-Il Park and In-Sung Luke Yeo

Materials 2019, 12(7), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071187 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

We evaluated the shear bond strength of bone–implant contact, or osseointegration, in the rabbit tibia model, and compared the strength between grades 2 and 4 of commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti). A total of 13 grades 2 and 4 cp-Ti implants were used, which [...] Read more.

We evaluated the shear bond strength of bone–implant contact, or osseointegration, in the rabbit tibia model, and compared the strength between grades 2 and 4 of commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti). A total of 13 grades 2 and 4 cp-Ti implants were used, which had an identical cylinder shape and surface topography. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and confocal laser microscopy were used for surface analysis. Four grades 2 and 4 cp-Ti implants were inserted into the rabbit tibiae with complete randomization. After six weeks of healing, the experimental animals were sacrificed and the implants were removed en bloc with the surrounding bone. The bone–implant interfaces were three-dimensionally imaged with micro-computed tomography. Using these images, the bone–implant contact area was measured. Counterclockwise rotation force was applied to the implants for the measurement of removal torque values. Shear bond strength was calculated from the measured bone–implant contact and removal torque data. The t-tests were used to compare the outcome measures between the groups, and statistical significance was evaluated at the 0.05 level. Surface analysis showed that grades 2 and 4 cp-Ti implants have similar topographic features. We found no significant difference in the three-dimensional bone–implant contact area between these two implants. However, grade 2 cp-Ti implants had a higher shear bond strength than grade 4 cp-Ti implants (p = 0.032). The surfaces of the grade 2 cp-Ti implants were similar to those of the grade 4 implants in terms of physical characteristics and the quantitative amount of attachment to the bone, whereas the grade 2 surfaces were stronger than the grade 4 surfaces in the bone–surface interaction, indicating osseointegration quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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Review

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21 pages, 5103 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Oral Implants In Vitro: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Annalena Bethke, Stefano Pieralli, Ralf-Joachim Kohal, Felix Burkhardt, Manja von Stein-Lausnitz, Kirstin Vach and Benedikt Christopher Spies

Materials 2020, 13(3), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030562 - 24 Jan 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5003

Abstract

Various protocols are available to preclinically assess the fracture resistance of zirconia oral implants. The objective of the present review was to determine the impact of different treatments (dynamic loading, hydrothermal aging) and implant features (e.g., material, design or manufacturing) on the fracture [...] Read more.

Various protocols are available to preclinically assess the fracture resistance of zirconia oral implants. The objective of the present review was to determine the impact of different treatments (dynamic loading, hydrothermal aging) and implant features (e.g., material, design or manufacturing) on the fracture resistance of zirconia implants. An electronic screening of two databases (MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase) was performed. Investigations including > 5 screw-shaped implants providing information to calculate the bending moment at the time point of static loading to fracture were considered. Data was extracted and meta-analyses were conducted using multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear models (GLMs). The Šidák method was used to correct for multiple testing. The initial search resulted in 1864 articles, and finally 19 investigations loading 731 zirconia implants to fracture were analyzed. In general, fracture resistance was affected by the implant design (1-piece > 2-piece, p = 0.004), material (alumina-toughened zirconia/ATZ > yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal/Y-TZP, p = 0.002) and abutment preparation (untouched > modified/grinded, p < 0.001). In case of 2-piece implants, the amount of dynamic loading cycles prior to static loading (p < 0.001) or anatomical crown supply (p < 0.001) negatively affected the outcome. No impact was found for hydrothermal aging. Heterogeneous findings of the present review highlight the importance of thoroughly and individually evaluating the fracture resistance of every zirconia implant system prior to market release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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16 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modifications of Dental Implant Surfaces at the Micro- and Nano-Level for Enhanced Osseointegration

by In-Sung Luke Yeo

Materials 2020, 13(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010089 - 23 Dec 2019

Cited by 113 | Viewed by 7664

Abstract

This review paper describes several recent modification methods for biocompatible titanium dental implant surfaces. The micro-roughened surfaces reviewed in the literature are sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched, and anodically oxidized. These globally-used surfaces have been clinically investigated, showing survival rates higher than 95%. In the [...] Read more.

This review paper describes several recent modification methods for biocompatible titanium dental implant surfaces. The micro-roughened surfaces reviewed in the literature are sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched, and anodically oxidized. These globally-used surfaces have been clinically investigated, showing survival rates higher than 95%. In the past, dental clinicians believed that eukaryotic cells for osteogenesis did not recognize the changes of the nanostructures of dental implant surfaces. However, research findings have recently shown that osteogenic cells respond to chemical and morphological changes at a nanoscale on the surfaces, including titanium dioxide nanotube arrangements, functional peptide coatings, fluoride treatments, calcium–phosphorus applications, and ultraviolet photofunctionalization. Some of the nano-level modifications have not yet been clinically evaluated. However, these modified dental implant surfaces at the nanoscale have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo results, and thus promising potential future clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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15 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Responses to the Transitional Area of Dental Implants: Material- and Structure-Dependent Responses of Peri-Implant Tissue to Abutments

by Jung-Ju Kim, Jae-Hyun Lee, Jeong Chan Kim, Jun-Beom Lee and In-Sung Luke Yeo

Materials 2020, 13(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010072 - 22 Dec 2019

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6312

Abstract

The stability of peri-implant tissue is essential for the long-term success of dental implants. Although various types of implant connections are used, little is known about the effects of the physical mechanisms of dental implants on the stability of peri-implant tissue. This review [...] Read more.

The stability of peri-implant tissue is essential for the long-term success of dental implants. Although various types of implant connections are used, little is known about the effects of the physical mechanisms of dental implants on the stability of peri-implant tissue. This review summarizes the relevant literature to establish guidelines regarding the effects of connection type between abutments and implants in soft and hard tissues. Soft tissue seals can affect soft tissue around implants. In external connections, micromobility between the abutment and the hex component of the implant, resulting from machining tolerance, can destroy the soft tissue seal, potentially leading to microbial invasion. Internal friction connection implants induce strain on the surrounding bone via implant wall expansion that translates into masticatory force. This strain is advantageous because it increases the amount and quality of peri-implant bone. The comparison of internal and external connections, the two most commonly used connection types, reveals that internal friction has a positive influence on both soft and hard tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Materials 2019)

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