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Metals
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Advances in Production and Refining of Metals
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Advances in Production and Refining of Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 10298

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Karel Michalek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: fundamentals of steelmaking processes; technology of steelmaking; secondary steelmaking; continuous casting of steel; physical and numerical modeling of metallurgical processes; steel cleanliness; production of stainless steel

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metals, and especially steel and aluminum, remain the basic materials for the development of today’s industries. Metal production technology is governed by certain laws, the optimization of which is a basic prerequisite for increasing process efficiency. Even in the classical metallurgy of iron and steel production, constant innovative tendencies can be observed leading to the production of a higher-quality material, with better properties, including the required micro-cleanless property, and thus with higher added value. These optimization interventions can be applied in the whole complex of metallurgical production—from the production of pig iron, to steel production by oxygen processes, steel production in electric arc furnaces, and especially in the field of secondary metallurgy for liquid steel processing to improve microcleanliness of steel and reduce gas content and other undesirable impurities.

The aim of this Special Issue on “Advances in Production and Refining of Metals” is to present current knowledge and trends in the field of metal production, especially pig iron, steel, and aluminum, technology of their production, the possibility of secondary processing of these metals in liquid state by blowing inert gases, vacuuming, synthetic slag, etc., including physical and numerical modeling of these processes.

Prof. Karel Michalek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Technology of ironmaking and steelmaking
  • Metal refining by secondary metallurgy
  • Degassing of metals by vacuuming
  • Improvement of cleanliness of metals
  • Use of synthetic slags in metallurgy
  • Numerical and physical modeling

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6687 KiB  
Article
Effect of Carbon Addition on Direct Reduction Behavior of Low Quality Magnetite Ore by Reducing Gas Atmosphere
by Seongrim Song and Youngjo Kang
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091404 - 5 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Recently, direct reduced iron (DRI) has been highlighted as a promising iron source for electric arc furnace (EAF)-based steelmaking. The two typical production methods for DRI are gas-based reduction and reduction using carbon composite pellets. While the gas-based reduction is strongly dependent on [...] Read more.
Recently, direct reduced iron (DRI) has been highlighted as a promising iron source for electric arc furnace (EAF)-based steelmaking. The two typical production methods for DRI are gas-based reduction and reduction using carbon composite pellets. While the gas-based reduction is strongly dependent on the reliable supply of hydrocarbon fuel, reduction using ore-coal composite pellets has relatively low productivity due to solid–solid reactions. To overcome the limitations of the above two processes, and to achieve a more efficient direct reduction process of iron ore, the possibility of combining these two methods was investigated. The experiments focused on performing an initial direct reduction using ore-coal composite pellets followed by a second stage gas reduction. It was assumed that the initial reduction of the carbon composite pellets would enhance the efficiency of the subsequent reduction by gas and the total reduction efficiency. The porosity, as well as the carbon efficiency for direct reduction, were measured to determine the optimal conditions for the initial reduction, such as the size ratio of ore and coal particles. Thereafter, further reduction by the reducing gas was carried out to verify the effect of the preliminary reduction. The reduction kinetics of the reducing gas was also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production and Refining of Metals)
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14 pages, 9332 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Technological Parameters of Aluminium Melt Refining in the Ladle by Blowing of Inert Gas through the Rotating Impeller
by Josef Walek, Karel Michalek, Markéta Tkadlečková and Mariola Saternus
Metals 2021, 11(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020284 - 6 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
The presented paper deals with the use of physical modelling to study the degassing process of aluminium melts in the refining ladle by blowing inert gas through a rotating impeller. For the purposes of physical modelling, a plexiglass model in a scale of [...] Read more.
The presented paper deals with the use of physical modelling to study the degassing process of aluminium melts in the refining ladle by blowing inert gas through a rotating impeller. For the purposes of physical modelling, a plexiglass model in a scale of 1:1 is used for the operating ladle. Part of the physical model is a hollow shaft used for gas supply that is equipped with an impeller and two baffles. The degassing process of aluminium melt by blowing of inert gas is simulated at physical modelling by a decrease of dissolved oxygen in the model liquid (water). This paper is aimed at the evaluation of laboratory experiments that were obtained by the method of physical modelling. Attention is focused on the assessment of relevant parameters for the degassing process—rotary impeller speeds, volume flow rate of inert gas, the distance of the impeller from the bottom of the refining ladle, and impeller variant. The preliminary results of physical modelling show that the optimal results of the refining process are achieved by using the F2A 190 impeller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production and Refining of Metals)
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10 pages, 33218 KiB  
Article
Study on the Dissolution and Precipitation Behavior of Self-Designed (NbTi)C Nanoparticles Addition in 1045 Steel
by Hongwei Zhu, Haonan Li, Furen Xiao and Zhixiang Gao
Metals 2021, 11(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020184 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1816
Abstract
Self-designed (NbTi)C nanoparticles were obtained by mechanical alloying, predispersed in Fe powder, and then added to 1045 steel to obtain modified cast steels. The microstructure of cast steels was investigated by an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and a transmission electron [...] Read more.
Self-designed (NbTi)C nanoparticles were obtained by mechanical alloying, predispersed in Fe powder, and then added to 1045 steel to obtain modified cast steels. The microstructure of cast steels was investigated by an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and a transmission electron microscope. The results showed that (NbTi)C particles can be added to steels and occur in the following forms: original ellipsoidal morphology nanoparticles with uniform dispersion in the matrix, cuboidal nanoparticles in the grain, and microparticles in the grain boundary. Calculations by Thermo-Calc software and solubility formula show that cuboidal (NbTi)C nanoparticles were precipitated in the grain, while the (NbTi)C microparticles were formed by eutectic transformation. The results of the tensile strength of steels show that the strength of modified steels increased and then declined with the increase in the addition amount. When the addition amount was 0.16 wt.%, the modified steel obtained the maximum tensile strength of 759.0 MPa, which is an increase of 52% compared with to that with no addition. The hardness of the modified steel increased with the addition of (NbTi)C nanoparticles. The performance increase was mainly related to grain refinement and the particle strengthening of (NbTi)C nanoparticles, and the performance degradation was related to the increase in eutectic (NbTi)C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production and Refining of Metals)
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10 pages, 9154 KiB  
Article
Influence of Plasma Heating on the Metallurgical Effects of a Continuous Casting Tundish
by Maolin Ye, Mengjing Zhao, Sai Chen, Shufeng Yang and Jingshe Li
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111438 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1818
Abstract
Steel products have experienced long-standing problems such as unstable product quality and low product homogeneity. In the continuous casting process, realizing constant-temperature pouring is an effective way to improve product homogeneity. Plasma heating can compensate for the temperature drop during casting with a [...] Read more.
Steel products have experienced long-standing problems such as unstable product quality and low product homogeneity. In the continuous casting process, realizing constant-temperature pouring is an effective way to improve product homogeneity. Plasma heating can compensate for the temperature drop during casting with a tundish and maintain a stable degree of superheating of the molten steel in the tundish. Plasma heating has a certain impact on the cleanliness of the molten steel and on the tundish covering flux in the tundish while compensating for the temperature drop. This paper uses SEM-EDS, XRD and FactSage to analyze the cleanliness of molten steel and the characteristics of the tundish covering flux before and after plasma heating. The results show that the number density of inclusions in the tundish is significantly lower after heating, improving the floating removal of small-sized inclusions; after heating, the surface morphology of the tundish covering flux sample appears transparent and glassy, with uniform morphology. XRD results show that the tundish covering flux after plasma heating exhibits no crystal precipitation and is amorphous and that there is a certain regularity before and after heating; there are no obvious changes in the composition of the tundish covering flux in the liquid phase area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production and Refining of Metals)
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16 pages, 8171 KiB  
Article
Solidified Structure Refinement of H13 Tool Steel under a Multi-Rotational Speed Super Gravity Field
by Shao-Ying Li, Shu-Yang Qin, Xiao-Jun Xi, Guan-Yong Sun, Wen-Sheng Yang, Jing Guo and Han-Jie Guo
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111428 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1713
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of a super-gravity field with multi-rotational speeds on the grain refinement and tensile properties of as-cast H13 steel were investigated systematically. The experimental results showed that compared to the single-rotational speed (conventional) super-gravity field, the as-cast grains of [...] Read more.
In this paper, the effects of a super-gravity field with multi-rotational speeds on the grain refinement and tensile properties of as-cast H13 steel were investigated systematically. The experimental results showed that compared to the single-rotational speed (conventional) super-gravity field, the as-cast grains of H13 steel can be significantly refined in a multi-rotational speed (speed increased in stages) super-gravity field. In the conventional super-gravity field, with the decrease in rotational radius, the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and the prior austenite grain size (PAGS) increase, and the maximum values of SDAS and PAGS are 90 and 55 µm, respectively, while in multi-speed super-gravity fields, at the range of increasing rotational speeds, SDAS and PAGS decrease as the rotational radius decreases. In the three-rotational speed super-gravity field, the maximum values of SDAS and PAGS are 80 µm and 50 µm. In the five-rotational speed super-gravity field, the maximum values of SDAS and PAGS are reduced to 58 µm and 34 µm. Accordingly, both the tensile strength and the plasticity are enhanced when increasing the number of rotational speeds in the super-gravity field, especially for the inner position of the super-gravity sample. The ultimate tensile strengths at outer, middle, and inner positions of H13 steel solidified in the conventional super-gravity field are 1445 MPa, 1378 MPa, and 1023 MPa, corresponding to elongations of 2%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, respectively, while in the five-rotational speed super-gravity field, they are 1408, 1443, and 1453 MPa, corresponding to elongations of 1.8%, 3.9%, and 2.2%, respectively. The mechanism for the grain refinement is that multi-speed super-gravity can reduce the critical nucleation work of austenite and the tangential force produced by increasing the rotational speed break dendrites at the solidification front, refining the solidified structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production and Refining of Metals)
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