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Metals
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Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments
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Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 11615

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luis Cáceres

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
Interests: electrochemistry and corrosion; water treatment; circular economy and renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon steels are iron–carbon alloys containing up to 2% carbon with manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus as main impurities, and are usually soft and have low strength. However, because of their low cost and high ductility, which imparts excellent machining and welding properties, they are the most common metallic materials used in structures and metallic parts exposed to a wide variety of conditions. A specific range of mechanical properties and corrosion responses to given conditions can be obtained by manipulating the carbon content, impurities, and thermal regimes. In this context, standardized carbon steel categories exist, each one adapted to specific industrial applications.

Carbon steel degradation upon exposure to natural environments—either water bodies or atmospheric—is the mayor issue concerning the cost of metallic corrosion in all sectors of engineering. The corrosion of steel is a very complex issue affected by many factors, and consequently no general solution exists for this problem. It is imperative to maintain a continuous development of this area for specific conditions where steel corrosion takes place. This Special Issue titled “Corrosion Behavior of Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments” addresses all relevant aspects of carbon steel corrosion including basic corrosion mechanisms in atmospheric conditions (natural or contaminated) or aqueous media (fresh, seawater, or saline waters), kinetic studies under quiescent and hydrodynamic conditions, different forms of corrosion, instrumental analysis for corrosion product characterization, surface morphology and corrosion rate, and biocorrosion. Issues of corrosion prevention are also welcome, particularly corrosion inhibition by natural products as well as results from long-lasting corrosion experience and corrosion prevention and control for carbon steel structures in rural areas and pilot experiments.

Prof. Dr. Luis Cáceres
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Carbon steel 
  • Atmospheric corrosion
  • Corrosion rate
  • Corrosion kinetics 
  • Electrochemical methods
  • Corrosion inhibitors
  • Corrosion prevention
  • Cathodic protection

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4570 KiB  
Article
Effect of Flow Rate on the Corrosion Behavior of P110 Steel in High-Ca2+ and High-Cl− Environment
by Ya-Ni Zhang, Shao-Gang Zhang, Jin-Heng Luo, Yan Long, Nan Ji, Bing Fan and Si-Min Wang
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071183 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
With the exploitation of oil and gas resources, the water environment of high-Ca2+ and high-Cl− stratum puts forward high safety requirements for tubular columns. This paper simulates the underground environment by using high-temperature and high-pressure autoclaves, combines electrochemical research results, and [...] Read more.
With the exploitation of oil and gas resources, the water environment of high-Ca2+ and high-Cl− stratum puts forward high safety requirements for tubular columns. This paper simulates the underground environment by using high-temperature and high-pressure autoclaves, combines electrochemical research results, and analyzes the effect of flow rate on the corrosion behavior of P110 steel in a water environment of 7.5 g/L Ca2+ + 128 g/L Cl− simulated stratum. The research results show that the presence of Ca2+ promotes the acidification of the solution and accelerates the dissolution of P110 steel. With the increased flow rate of the fluid, the corrosion rate of P110 steel increases, but the increasing trend slows down gradually. At the same time, the flow rate decreases the probability of corrosive pitting on P110 steel. The decreasing is closely related the peeling of earlier CaCO3 precipitation by the fluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments)
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23 pages, 4704 KiB  
Article
Aqueous Dried Extract of Skytanthus acutus Meyen as Corrosion Inhibitor of Carbon Steel in Neutral Chloride Solutions
by Luis Cáceres, Yohana Frez, Felipe Galleguillos, Alvaro Soliz, Benito Gómez-Silva and Jorge Borquez
Metals 2021, 11(12), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121992 - 9 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2742
Abstract
The implementation of corrosion engineering control methods and techniques is crucial to extend the life of urban and industrial infrastructure assets and industrial equipment affected by natural corrosion. Then, the search of stable and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors is an important pending task. [...] Read more.
The implementation of corrosion engineering control methods and techniques is crucial to extend the life of urban and industrial infrastructure assets and industrial equipment affected by natural corrosion. Then, the search of stable and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors is an important pending task. Here, we provide experimental evidence on the corrosion inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of Skytanthus acutus Meyen leaf, a native plant from the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Skytanthus extracts as a powder should be prepared at 55 °C to avoid thermal decomposition and loss of corrosion inhibitory activity. Corrosion of carbon steel AISI1020 immersed in 0.5 M NaCl was evaluated in the presence of different doses of Skytanthus extract by complementary and simultaneous linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight-loss technique under high hydrodynamic conditions. Mixed Potential Theory was applied to confirm the electrochemical activity of the extract inhibitory capabilities. The Skytanthus extracts reached a 90% corrosion inhibitory efficiency when tested at 100 to 1200 ppm in a time span of 48 h, through an electrochemical interaction between the extract inhibitor component and the carbon steel surface. The corrosion inhibition activity observed in Skytanthus dry extracts involves a protective film formation by a mechanism that includes an iron dissolution at the expense of either oxygen reduction and/or hydrogen evolution, followed by a ferrous-ferric iron cycling, the formation of an iron complex and adsorption to the metal surface, and, finally, desorption or degradation of the protecting film. The water-soluble plant extract was subjected to HPLC-MS analyses that rendered 14 major signals, with quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid isomers, vanillic acid hexoside, and patuletin 3-methoxy-7-glucoside as the most abundant components. Then, we propose that a phenolic derivative is responsible for the corrosion inhibitory activity found in Skytanthus extracts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments)
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20 pages, 10007 KiB  
Article
Effect of DC Currents and Strain on Corrosion of X80 Steel in a Near-Neutral Environment
by Zeyu Ma, Wei Wu, Pengxiong Zhao and Yong Dan
Metals 2021, 11(10), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101601 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2248
Abstract
The corrosion behavior of X80 steel in a near-neutral soil-simulated solution under various DC stray currents and applied strains was investigated using electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential, linear polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface analysis techniques. Our results show that a DC [...] Read more.
The corrosion behavior of X80 steel in a near-neutral soil-simulated solution under various DC stray currents and applied strains was investigated using electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential, linear polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface analysis techniques. Our results show that a DC stray current has a substantially greater effect on steel corrosion compared to applied strain. However, strain could slow down the corrosion rate in specific conditions by affecting the composition of corrosion products and the structure of the corrosion scale on the surface of the steel. Although the porosity of the corrosion scale of steel without an applied strain will increase with increasing DC currents, once strain is applied, the corrosion scale will become denser. Furthermore, both DC currents and strain can promote steel pitting, and the number and size of pitting holes will increase significantly with an increase in current densities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments)
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Review

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24 pages, 11701 KiB  
Review
A Review of Factors Affecting SCC Initiation and Propagation in Pipeline Carbon Steels
by Shamsuddeen Ashurah Abubakar, Stefano Mori and Joy Sumner
Metals 2022, 12(8), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081397 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3818
Abstract
Pipelines have been installed and operated around the globe to transport oil and gas for decades. They are considered to be an effective, economic and safe means of transportation. The major concern in their operation is corrosion. Among the different forms of corrosion, [...] Read more.
Pipelines have been installed and operated around the globe to transport oil and gas for decades. They are considered to be an effective, economic and safe means of transportation. The major concern in their operation is corrosion. Among the different forms of corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is caused by stresses induced by internal fluid flow or other external forces during the pipeline’s operation, in combined action with the presence of a corrosive medium, can lead to pipeline failure. In this paper, an extensive review of different factors affecting SCC of pipeline steels in various environmental conditions is carried out to understand their impact. Several factors such as temperature, presence of oxidizers (O2, CO2, H2S, etc.), composition and concentration of medium, pH, applied stress, and microstructure of the metal/alloy have been established to affect the SCC of pipeline steels. SCC susceptibility of a steel at a particular temperature strongly depends on the type and composition of the corrosive medium and microstructure. It was observed that pipeline steels with water quenched and quenched and tempered heat treatments, such as those that consist of acicular ferrite or bainitic ferrite grains, are more susceptible to SCC irrespective of solution type and composition. Applied stress, stress concentration and fluctuating stress facilitates SCC initiation and propagation. In general, the mechanisms for crack initiation and propagation in near-neutral solutions are anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels in Natural and Industrial Environments)
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