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Metals
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Low Temperature Treatment of Stainless Steel
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Low Temperature Treatment of Stainless Steel

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 5049

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Francesca Borgioli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), Università di Firenze, via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Interests: surface modification of metals and alloys; low-temperature nitriding of stainless steels; oxynitriding of titanium alloys; material characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Stainless steels are an important class of iron-based alloys which are employed in different industrial fields owing to their very good corrosion resistance in many environments. The performance of stainless steel components can be further improved upon by means of surface engineering techniques. Low temperature treatments are known as an effective mean of surface modification of stainless steels and they have been applied to all the classes of these alloys. By using environments containing nitrogen and/or carbon at temperatures able to inhibit the formation of chromium compounds, the increase in surface hardness, and thus in wear and fatigue resistance, can be obtained, maintaining or even increasing corrosion resistance. With these treatments, metastable phases, known as expanded austenite or S phase and expanded martensite, form, and their peculiar characteristics have been the subject of much research over recent years.

This Special Issue aims to stimulate researchers worldwide to share their studies on the various aspects of low temperature treatments of stainless steels, from the employed treatment processes to the models of the formation of modified layers, the characteristics of metastable phases and the changes in the surface properties of different classes of stainless steels. For this purpose, original research articles, review articles and significant preliminary communications are invited.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Low temperature treatment processes;
  • Kinetics and models regarding the formation of the modified layers;
  • Characteristics of the modified layers;
  • Expanded austenite – S phase;
  • Expanded martensite;
  • Corrosion resistance;
  • Wear resistance;
  • Fatigue resistance;
  • Magnetic and electric properties;
  • Wetting behavior;
  • Biocompatibility.

Prof. Dr. Francesca Borgioli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Stainless steels
  • Low temperature treatments
  • Surface modification
  • Expanded austenite
  • S phase
  • Expanded martensite
  • Corrosion resistance
  • Wear resistance
  • Fatigue resistance
  • Magnetic properties

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5909 KiB  
Article
Surface Modification of a Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel by Low-Temperature Nitriding
by Francesca Borgioli, Emanuele Galvanetto and Tiberio Bacci
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111845 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1901
Abstract
Low-temperature nitriding allows to improve surface hardening of austenitic stainless steels, maintaining or even increasing their corrosion resistance. The treatment conditions to be used in order to avoid the precipitation of large amounts of nitrides are strictly related to alloy composition. When nickel [...] Read more.
Low-temperature nitriding allows to improve surface hardening of austenitic stainless steels, maintaining or even increasing their corrosion resistance. The treatment conditions to be used in order to avoid the precipitation of large amounts of nitrides are strictly related to alloy composition. When nickel is substituted by manganese as an austenite forming element, the production of nitride-free modified surface layers becomes a challenge, since manganese is a nitride forming element while nickel is not. In this study, the effects of nitriding conditions on the characteristics of the modified surface layers obtained on an austenitic stainless steel having a high manganese content and a negligible nickel one, a so-called nickel-free austenitic stainless steel, were investigated. Microstructure, phase composition, surface microhardness, and corrosion behavior in 5% NaCl were evaluated. The obtained results suggest that the precipitation of a large volume fraction of nitrides can be avoided using treatment temperatures lower than those usually employed for nickel-containing austenitic stainless steels. Nitriding at 360 and 380 °C for duration up to 5 h allows to produce modified surface layers, consisting mainly of the so-called expanded austenite or γN, which increase surface hardness in comparison with the untreated steel. Using selected conditions, corrosion resistance can also be significantly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Treatment of Stainless Steel)
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13 pages, 3298 KiB  
Article
The Anisotropic Stress-Induced Diffusion and Trapping of Nitrogen in Austenitic Stainless Steel during Nitriding
by Arvaidas Galdikas and Teresa Moskalioviene
Metals 2020, 10(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101319 - 1 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
Plasma nitriding of austenitic stainless steels at moderate temperatures is considered in the presented work. The anisotropic aspects of stress-induced diffusion and influence of nitrogen traps are investigated by kinetic modeling based on rate equations. The model involves diffusion of nitrogen in the [...] Read more.
Plasma nitriding of austenitic stainless steels at moderate temperatures is considered in the presented work. The anisotropic aspects of stress-induced diffusion and influence of nitrogen traps are investigated by kinetic modeling based on rate equations. The model involves diffusion of nitrogen in the presence of internal stress gradients induced by penetrating nitrogen as the next driving force of diffusion after the concentration gradient. The diffusion equation takes into account the fact that nitrogen atoms reside in interstitial sites and in trapping sites. Stress-induced diffusion has an anisotropic nature and depends on the crystalline orientation while trapping–detrapping is isotropic. The simulations are done considering the synergetic effects of both mechanisms and analyzing the properties of both processes separately. Theoretical curves are compared with experimental results taken from the literature. Good agreement between simulated and experimental results is observed, and gives the possibility to find real values of parameters needed for calculations. The nitrogen depth profile shapes, the dependences of nitrogen penetration on nitriding time and on diffusivity, are analyzed considering crystalline orientation of steel single crystal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Treatment of Stainless Steel)
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