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Metals
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Processing Impact on Functional Metals
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Processing Impact on Functional Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metallic Functional Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 9829

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jannis N. Lemke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
SAES Getters S.p.A. Lainate-20020, Italy
Interests: shape memory alloys; steel; biodegradable metals; thin film deposition; selective laser melting; biomaterials; elastocaloric effect
Dr. Alberto Coda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
SAES Getters S.p.A., 20020 Lainate, Italy
Interests: biomedical alloys; shape memory and superelastic alloys; biodegradable alloys; functional metals and alloys; high entropy alloys; advanced metallurgy; getter alloys; hydrogen storage alloys; nanomaterials; melting technologies; plastic deformation technologies; powder metallurgy; thin films; microstructural, mechanical, and functional characterization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Functional metals and alloys are smart materials which excel in characteristics that go beyond exhibiting a distinct structural performance. Their peculiar features can consist, among others, of superelasticity or a shape memory effect, particular magnetic behavior, biodegradability, heat or electrical conductivity, damping behavior, hydrogen storage capacity, and many more. In order to exploit their exceptional functional properties efficiently in novel applications, it is necessary to optimize their synthetization and processing approaches. Using conventional preparation techniques, designing alloys often requires a trade-off between guaranteeing sufficient integrity and excellent performance concerning their physical features of interest. In this regard, new processing routes are explored for the preparation of functional metals, such as powder metallurgy routes, additive manufacturing, thin film deposition, and customized casting and lamination techniques. The selection of the fabrication technique does not solely concern productivity, but the preparation and processing impact also on the material properties in terms of homogeneity, impurity content, grain size and distribution, anisotropy, presence of secondary phases, and residual stresses. Therein might also lie new opportunities to customize and optimize alloy performance by means of tailoring the microstructure, as distinct properties can be reinforced or suppressed. This Special Issue looks for articles on functional metals and alloys that consider the effects of the synthetization and processing method on the final material or device properties. Appreciated are scientific articles based on experimental and simulation works. Additionally, review papers that highlight the process–material property relationship will be considered.

Dr. Jannis N. Lemke
Dr. Alberto Coda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • processing
  • additive manufacturing
  • thin film deposition
  • powder metallurgy
  • functional alloys
  • shape memory alloys
  • superelastic alloys
  • biodegradable metals
  • ferroics
  • magnetic alloys

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2478 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Deposition of CoP and CoNiP as Hard Magnetic Scales in a Position Measurement System
by Martin Theis, Tobias Bill, Heiko Knoll, Peter Starke and Monika Saumer
Metals 2022, 12(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020235 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2980
Abstract
The fabrication and design of hard magnetic materials for micro-electro-mechanical system applications by electrochemical deposition has to consider not only the intrinsic material properties but also the shape anisotropy of the micro-devices. Within the scope of the present work, an as-plated process for [...] Read more.
The fabrication and design of hard magnetic materials for micro-electro-mechanical system applications by electrochemical deposition has to consider not only the intrinsic material properties but also the shape anisotropy of the micro-devices. Within the scope of the present work, an as-plated process for hard magnetic Co-based materials was developed, with the products intended to be used as magnetic scales in a positioning system with a resolution within the nanometer range. First, the process–material correlations are investigated in a laboratory-scale process. The CoP and CoNiP show a maximum coercivity of HC = 28 and 45 kA/m, respectively, as well as maximum remanence polarizations of JR = 0.65 and 0.40 T, respectively. The CoP process is transferred to a specially developed 20 L plating cell with paddle convection capabilities and a passive bezel to deposit 50 µm wide scales with different thicknesses of up to 55 µm in an integrated process. The in-plane magnetization of the scale bars shows higher remanence polarization than for the out-of-plane direction. Magnetic field-assisted electrochemical deposition promotes the vertical magnetization component resulting in a remanence polarization of 205 mT (out-of-plane) for a scale thickness of 25 µm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing Impact on Functional Metals)
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18 pages, 4484 KiB  
Article
Low-Hysteresis Shape Memory Alloy Scale-Up: DSC, XRD and Microstructure Analysis on Heat-Treated Vacuum Induction Melted Ni-Ti-Cu-Pd Alloys
by Jannis Nicolas Lemke, Federico Gallino, Matteo Cresci, Stefano Zilio and Alberto Coda
Metals 2021, 11(9), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091387 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3925
Abstract
Quaternary Ni-Ti-Cu-Pd formulations were cast by vacuum induction melting (VIM) with the aim of preparing low-hysteresis shape memory alloys and verifying the applicability of the Co-Factor theory in conventional industrial manufacturing processes. The cast alloys showed lower transformation hysteresis width in DSC measurements [...] Read more.
Quaternary Ni-Ti-Cu-Pd formulations were cast by vacuum induction melting (VIM) with the aim of preparing low-hysteresis shape memory alloys and verifying the applicability of the Co-Factor theory in conventional industrial manufacturing processes. The cast alloys showed lower transformation hysteresis width in DSC measurements than binary Ni-Ti, but struggled to achieve a near zero hysteresis, as predicted by the theoretical framework, despite being close to satisfy the first Co-Factor condition (CC I) that foresees minimum hysteresis for formulations in which the middle eigenvalue of the martensitic transformation matrix λ2 approaches one. The microstructure of the annealed Ni-Ti-Cu-Pd alloys exhibited a considerable amount of mostly sub-micron-sized secondary phases, which distort the matrix composition and prevent it from reaching the optimum stoichiometry for satisfying the CC I. In addition, this class of materials is prone to aging effects, leading to the formation of semi-coherent tetragonal precipitates, which tend to also form at the grain boundaries after low-temperature annealing, further affecting the transformation hysteresis in DSC experiments depending on the thermal history. This work reveals the importance of considering typical casting effects that alter the theoretical λ2 of ideal materials in the compositional design for the development of high-performance low-hysteresis alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing Impact on Functional Metals)
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Review

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16 pages, 3032 KiB  
Review
A Review of Laser Peening Methods for Single Crystal Ni-Based Superalloys
by Noah Holtham and Keivan Davami
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091414 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2189
Abstract
Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are often used to create gas turbine engine blades for their high strength under intense thermo-mechanical loading. Though they are remarkably capable under these conditions, a particular class of premature failure mechanisms known as surface-initiated damage mechanisms can lead [...] Read more.
Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are often used to create gas turbine engine blades for their high strength under intense thermo-mechanical loading. Though they are remarkably capable under these conditions, a particular class of premature failure mechanisms known as surface-initiated damage mechanisms can lead to the early fracture of an otherwise healthy blade. This review paper discusses the current progress of post-processing techniques that can greatly mitigate the potency of surface-initiated damage mechanisms. In particular, laser peening (LP) is of significant interest due to the relatively low amount of cold work it induces, greater depth of compressive residual stresses than other cold working methods, ability to accommodate complex part geometries, and the minuscule effect it has on surface roughness. The residual stresses imparted by LP can greatly hinder crack growth and consequently allow for enhanced fatigue life. Given that turbine blades (constructed with single crystal Ni-based superalloys) are prone to fail by these mechanisms, LP could be a worthy choice for increasing their service lives. For this reason, initiative has been taken to better understand the mechanical and microstructural modifications imparted by LP on single crystal Ni-based superalloys and a summary of these investigations are presented in this review. Results from several works show that this class of alloy responds well to LP treatment with improvements such as ~30–50% increase in microhardness, 72% increase in low cycle fatigue life, and elevated resistance to hot corrosion. The primary objective of this review is to provide insight into current state-of-the-art LP techniques and summarize the findings of numerous works which have utilized LP for increasing the service lives of single crystal Ni-based superalloy components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing Impact on Functional Metals)
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