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Micromachines
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Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology
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Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B：Biology and Biomedicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 37019

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Francesco Gentile

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University Federico II of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy
2. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: engineering the biointerface; biosensors; superhydrophobic surfaces; organic electronics; mathematical modeling
Prof. Dr. Gobind Das

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Khalifa University, PO Box- 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Interests: plasmonics; surface-enhanced spectroscopy; biosensors; diagnosis and photothermal therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Many biological systems present features over different length scales ranging down to the low nanometer range. Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at this length scale. As such, it can be used to intervene on the evolution of those systems with unprecedented precision. The blend of nanotechnology and biology, biomedical nanotechnology, has long been used to tackle problems in fields related to life sciences. The aim of this Special Issue is to collect high-quality invited articles on biomedical nanotechnology, biotechnology, and nanomaterials with possible applications in medical science. The papers can either present experimental results or expose a theoretical model or framework, or be an exhaustive, far-reaching review paper on one of the many interesting subject areas of biomedical nanotechnology. As for some examples of topics that are considered within the scope for publication in this Special Issue, it is worth listing:

  1. Engineering of new platforms and nanomaterials to study cell material interactions at the biointerface.
  2. The conception and development of functional nanomaterials or biomimetic materials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, or the creation of in vitro models for testing the efficacy of therapeutics and treatments.
  3. Innovative approaches to tailoring disease prevention and treatment that takes into account differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles (precision medicine).
  4. The rational design and fabrication of drug delivery systems.
  5. The development of new approaches for the detection of targeted biomarkers at the picomole level. The design and fabrication of biomedical sensors.
  6. The development of new sensing devices and techniques, including optical imaging, spectroscopy, and spectrometry.
  7. Artificial intelligence for life science.

We invite skilled, motivated scientists with a background in biomedical nanotechnology to submit to their work. Publication of this work in this Special Issue will contribute to increasing the visibility of this research, advancing the field of biomedical nanotechnology, and creating and consolidating a community of scientists that can be hailed as renowned experts in the field.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Gentile
Prof. Dr. Gobind Das
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomedical nanotechnology
  • cell surface interaction
  • tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
  • precision medicine
  • drug delivery systems
  • biosensors
  • miniaturized systems for healthcare
  • spectroscopy

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 1886 KiB  
Article
Nanoribbon Biosensor in the Detection of miRNAs Associated with Colorectal Cancer
by Yuri D. Ivanov, Kristina V. Goldaeva, Kristina A. Malsagova, Tatyana O. Pleshakova, Rafael A. Galiullin, Vladimir P. Popov, Nikolay E. Kushlinskii, Alexander A. Alferov, Dmitry V. Enikeev, Natalia V. Potoldykova and Alexander I. Archakov
Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121581 - 18 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
A nanoribbon biosensor (NRBS) was developed to register synthetic DNAs that simulate and are analogous to miRNA-17-3p associated with colorectal cancer. Using this nanoribbon biosensor, the ability to detect miRNA-17-3p in the blood plasma of a patient diagnosed with colorectal cancer has been [...] Read more.
A nanoribbon biosensor (NRBS) was developed to register synthetic DNAs that simulate and are analogous to miRNA-17-3p associated with colorectal cancer. Using this nanoribbon biosensor, the ability to detect miRNA-17-3p in the blood plasma of a patient diagnosed with colorectal cancer has been demonstrated. The sensing element of the NRBS was a nanochip based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanostructure. The nanochip included an array of 10 nanoribbons and was designed with the implementation of top-down technology. For biospecific recognition of miRNA-17-3p, the nanochip was modified with DNA probes specific for miRNA-17-3p. The performance of the nanochip was preliminarily tested on model DNA oligonucleotides, which are synthetic analogues of miRNA-17-3p, and a detection limit of ~10−17 M was achieved. The results of this work can be used in the development of serological diagnostic systems for early detection of colorectal cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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12 pages, 2411 KiB  
Article
Construction of Photoelectrochemical DNA Biosensors Based on TiO2@Carbon Dots@Black Phosphorous Quantum Dots
by Kai Song, Jianwei Lin, Yafeng Zhuang, Zhizhong Han and Jinghua Chen
Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121523 - 8 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
In this work, carbon dots (CDs) and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) were used to decorate titanium dioxide to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the nanocomposites (TiO2@CDs@BPQDs), and the modified nanocomposites were used to sensitively detect DNA. We used the [...] Read more.
In this work, carbon dots (CDs) and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) were used to decorate titanium dioxide to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the nanocomposites (TiO2@CDs@BPQDs), and the modified nanocomposites were used to sensitively detect DNA. We used the hydrothermal method and citric acid as a raw material to prepare CDs with good dispersion and strong fluorescence properties. BPQDs with a uniform particle size were prepared from black phosphorus crystals. The nanocomposites were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The preparation method of the working electrode was explored, the detection conditions were optimized, and the sensitive detection of target DNA was achieved. The results demonstrate that CDs and BPQDs with good optical properties were successfully prepared, and they were successfully combined with TiO2 to improve the PEC performance of TiO2@CDs@BPQDs. The TiO2-based PEC DNA detection method was constructed with a detection limit of 8.39 nM. The constructed detection method has many advantages, including good sensitivity, a wide detection range, and good specificity. This work provides a promising PEC strategy for the detection of other biomolecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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10 pages, 2062 KiB  
Communication
An Effective SARS-CoV-2 Electrochemical Biosensor with Modifiable Dual Probes Using a Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode
by Sow-Neng Pang, Yu-Lun Lin, Kai-Jie Yu, Yueh-Er Chiou, Wai-Hung Leung and Wen-Hui Weng
Micromachines 2021, 12(10), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12101171 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2147
Abstract
Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)) pandemic starting in early 2020, all social activities ceased in order to combat its high transmission rate. Since vaccination combats one aspect for halting the spread of the [...] Read more.
Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)) pandemic starting in early 2020, all social activities ceased in order to combat its high transmission rate. Since vaccination combats one aspect for halting the spread of the virus, the biosensor community has looked at another aspect of reducing the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on society by developing biosensors that incorporate point-of-care (POC) testing and the rapid identification of those affected in order to deploy appropriate measures. In this study, we aim first to propose a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE)-based electrochemical biosensor that meets the ASSURED criteria (i.e., affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, equipment-free, and deliverable) for POC testing, but more importantly, we describe the novelty of our biosensor’s modifiability that uses custom dual probes made from target nucleic acid sequences. Additionally, regarding the sensitivity of the biosensor, the lowest sample concentration was 10 pM (p = 0.0257) without amplification, which might challenge the traditional technique of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The purpose of this study is to develop a means of diagnostics for the current pandemic as well as to provide an established POC platform for future epidemics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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12 pages, 3261 KiB  
Article
Remote Temperature-Responsive Parafilm Dermal Patch for On-Demand Topical Drug Delivery
by Shahrukh Zaman Akash, Farjana Yesmin Lucky, Murad Hossain, Asim Kumar Bepari, G. M. Sayedur Rahman, Hasan Mahmud Reza and Shazid Md. Sharker
Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12080975 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
The development of externally controlled drug delivery systems that can rapidly trigger drug release is widely expected to change the landscape of future drug carriers. In this study, a drug delivery system was developed for on-demand therapeutic effects. The thermoresponsive paraffin film can [...] Read more.
The development of externally controlled drug delivery systems that can rapidly trigger drug release is widely expected to change the landscape of future drug carriers. In this study, a drug delivery system was developed for on-demand therapeutic effects. The thermoresponsive paraffin film can be loaded on the basis of therapeutic need, including local anesthetic (lidocaine) or topical antibiotic (neomycin), controlled remotely by a portable mini-heater. The application of mild temperature (45 °C) to the drug-loaded paraffin film allowed a rapid stimulus response within a short time (5 min). This system exploits regular drug release and the rapid generation of mild heat to trigger a burst release of 80% within 6 h of any locally administered drug. The in vitro drug release studies and in vivo therapeutic activity were observed for local anesthesia and wound healing using a neomycin-loaded film. The studies demonstrated on-demand drug release with minimized inflammation and microbial infection. This temperature-responsive drug-loaded film can be triggered remotely to provide flexible control of dose magnitude and timing. Our preclinical studies on these remotely adjustable drug delivery systems can significantly improve patient compliance and medical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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14 pages, 17159 KiB  
Article
The Measurement and Analysis of Impedance Response of HeLa Cells to Distinct Chemotherapy Drugs
by Xiangbin Du, Jinlong Kong, Yang Liu, Qianmin Xu, Kaiqun Wang, Di Huang, Yan Wei, Weiyi Chen and Haiyang Mao
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020202 - 16 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2636
Abstract
Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing exhibits a real-time and label-free feature to monitor the response of cells stimulated by various biochemical and mechanical signals. Alterations in the currents passing through the cell–electrode system characterize the impedance variations of cells. The impedance responses of HeLa [...] Read more.
Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing exhibits a real-time and label-free feature to monitor the response of cells stimulated by various biochemical and mechanical signals. Alterations in the currents passing through the cell–electrode system characterize the impedance variations of cells. The impedance responses of HeLa cells under distinct chemotherapy drugs combine the effects of cell proliferation and cell–substrate adhesion. Optimal interdigitated electrodes were selected to explore the impedance responses of HeLa cells. Measurements of impedance of cells in response to three widely used chemotherapy drugs in clinical practice, namely cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, were performed. The results demonstrated that distinct impedance responses of HeLa cells to drugs were exhibited and a decrease in measured impedance was observed after drug treatment, accompanied by alterations in the distribution and intensity of the adhesion-related protein vinculin and the rate of cell proliferation. The link between the impedance profiles of HeLa cells and their biological functions was developed based on the circuit model. This study demonstrated the weights of cell proliferation and adhesion of HeLa cells under the treatments of DDP, DOX, and 5-FU, resulted in distinct impedance responses of cells, providing an impedance-based evaluation methodology for cervical cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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16 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Size-Exclusion Particle Separation Driven by Micro-Flows in a Quasi-Spherical Droplet: Modelling and Experimental Results
by Giovanni Marinaro, Christian Riekel and Francesco Gentile
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020185 - 12 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
Aqueous solution droplets are supported quasi contact-free by superhydrophobic surfaces. The convective flow in evaporating droplets allows the manipulation and control of biological molecules in solution. In previous works, super-hydrophobic drops on nano-patterned substrates have been used to analyze otherwise undetectable species in [...] Read more.
Aqueous solution droplets are supported quasi contact-free by superhydrophobic surfaces. The convective flow in evaporating droplets allows the manipulation and control of biological molecules in solution. In previous works, super-hydrophobic drops on nano-patterned substrates have been used to analyze otherwise undetectable species in extremely low concentration ranges. Here, we used particle image velocimetry (PIV) for studying the flow field in water droplets containing polystyrene particles on a pillared silicon super-hydrophobic chip. The particles describe vortex-like motions around the droplet center as long as the evaporating droplet maintains a spherical shape. Simulations by a Finite Element Method (FEM) suggest that the recirculating flow is due to the temperature gradient along the droplet rim, generating a shear stress. Notably, the characteristics of the internal flow can be modulated by varying the intensity of the temperature gradient along the drop. We then used the flow-field determined by experiments and an approximate form of the Langevin equation to examine how particles are transported in the drop as a function of particle size. We found that larger particles with an average size of μ36 μm are preferentially transported toward the center of the substrate, differently from smaller particles with a 10-fold lower size that are distributed more uniformly in the drop. Results suggest that solutions of spherical particles on a super-hydrophobic chip can be used to separate soft matter and biological molecules based on their size, similarly to the working principle of a time-of-flight (ToF) mass analyzer, except that the separation takes place in a micro-sphere, with less space, less time, and less solution required for the separation compared to conventional ToF systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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13 pages, 3843 KiB  
Article
Experimental Analysis of Laser Micromachining of Microchannels in Common Microfluidic Substrates
by Prashanth Reddy Konari, Yung-Dai Clayton, Melville B. Vaughan, Morshed Khandaker and Mohammad Robiul Hossan
Micromachines 2021, 12(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12020138 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3436
Abstract
Laser micromachining technique offers a promising alternative method for rapid production of microfluidic devices. However, the effect of process parameters on the channel geometry and quality of channels on common microfluidic substrates has not been fully understood yet. In this research, we studied [...] Read more.
Laser micromachining technique offers a promising alternative method for rapid production of microfluidic devices. However, the effect of process parameters on the channel geometry and quality of channels on common microfluidic substrates has not been fully understood yet. In this research, we studied the effect of laser system parameters on the microchannel characteristics of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and microscope glass substrate—three most widely used materials for microchannels. We also conducted a cell adhesion experiment using normal human dermal fibroblasts on laser-machined microchannels on these substrates. A commercial CO2 laser system consisting of a 45W laser tube, circulating water loop within the laser tube and air cooling of the substrate was used for machining microchannels in PDMS, PMMA and glass. Four laser system parameters—speed, power, focal distance, and number of passes were varied to fabricate straight microchannels. The channel characteristics such as depth, width, and shape were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a 3D profilometer. The results show that higher speed produces lower depth while higher laser power produces deeper channels regardless of the substrate materials. Unfocused laser machining produces wider but shallower channels. For the same speed and power, PDMS channels were the widest while PMMA channels were the deepest. Results also showed that the profiles of microchannels can be controlled by increasing the number of passes. With an increased number of passes, both glass and PDMS produced uniform, wider, and more circular channels; in contrast, PMMA channels were sharper at the bottom and skewed. In rapid cell adhesion experiments, PDMS and glass microchannels performed better than PMMA microchannels. This study can serve as a quick reference in material-specific laser-based microchannel fabrications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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Review

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19 pages, 2746 KiB  
Review
Recent Insights and Multifactorial Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
by Muthu Thiruvengadam, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Venkata Swetha, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Saad Alghamdi, Mazen Almehmadi, Mustafa Halawi, Lakshmanan Kungumadevi, Vaishnavi Raja, Sulthana Sabura Sarbudeen, Saranya Madhavan, Maksim Rebezov, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Alexandr Sviderskiy and Konstantin Bogonosov
Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121502 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3758
Abstract
Nanotechnology has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly in the fabrication of sensors with a wide range of applications. The backbone of nanotechnology is nanostructures, which are determined on a nanoscale. Nanoparticles are abundant throughout the universe and are thought to be [...] Read more.
Nanotechnology has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly in the fabrication of sensors with a wide range of applications. The backbone of nanotechnology is nanostructures, which are determined on a nanoscale. Nanoparticles are abundant throughout the universe and are thought to be essential building components in the process of planet creation. Nanotechnology is generally concerned with structures that are between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension and involves the production of materials or electronics that are that small. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that have the structure of tubes. Carbon nanotubes are often referred to as the kings of nanomaterials. The diameter of carbon is determined in nanometers. They are formed from graphite sheets and are available in a variety of colors. Carbon nanotubes have a number of characteristics, including high flexibility, good thermal conductivity, low density, and chemical stability. Carbon nanotubes have played an important part in nanotechnology, semiconductors, optical and other branches of materials engineering owing to their remarkable features. Several of the applications addressed in this review have already been developed and used to benefit people worldwide. CNTs have been discussed in several domains, including industry, construction, adsorption, sensors, silicon chips, water purifiers, and biomedical uses, to show many treatments such as injecting CNTs into kidney cancers in rats, drug delivery, and directing a near-infrared laser at the cancers. With the orderly development of research in this field, additional therapeutic modalities will be identified, mainly for dispersion and densification techniques and targeted drug delivery systems for managing and curing posterior cortical atrophy. This review discusses the characteristics of carbon nanotubes as well as therapeutic applications such as medical diagnostics and drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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24 pages, 1679 KiB  
Review
DNA Studies: Latest Spectroscopic and Structural Approaches
by Monica Marini, Francesca Legittimo, Bruno Torre, Marco Allione, Tania Limongi, Luciano Scaltrito, Candido Fabrizio Pirri and Enzo di Fabrizio
Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091094 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3120
Abstract
This review looks at the different approaches, techniques, and materials devoted to DNA studies. In the past few decades, DNA nanotechnology, micro-fabrication, imaging, and spectroscopies have been tailored and combined for a broad range of medical-oriented applications. The continuous advancements in miniaturization of [...] Read more.
This review looks at the different approaches, techniques, and materials devoted to DNA studies. In the past few decades, DNA nanotechnology, micro-fabrication, imaging, and spectroscopies have been tailored and combined for a broad range of medical-oriented applications. The continuous advancements in miniaturization of the devices, as well as the continuous need to study biological material structures and interactions, down to single molecules, have increase the interdisciplinarity of emerging technologies. In the following paragraphs, we will focus on recent sensing approaches, with a particular effort attributed to cutting-edge techniques for structural and mechanical studies of nucleic acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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17 pages, 3541 KiB  
Review
Functionalized Mesoporous Thin Films for Biotechnology
by Barbara Sartori, Heinz Amenitsch and Benedetta Marmiroli
Micromachines 2021, 12(7), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070740 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3285
Abstract
Mesoporous materials bear great potential for biotechnological applications due to their biocompatibility and versatility. Their high surface area and pore interconnection allow the immobilization of molecules and their subsequent controlled delivery. Modifications of the mesoporous material with the addition of different chemical species, [...] Read more.
Mesoporous materials bear great potential for biotechnological applications due to their biocompatibility and versatility. Their high surface area and pore interconnection allow the immobilization of molecules and their subsequent controlled delivery. Modifications of the mesoporous material with the addition of different chemical species, make them particularly suitable for the production of bioactive coatings. Functionalized thin films of mesoporous silica and titania can be used as scaffolds with properties as diverse as promotion of cell growth, inhibition of biofilms formation, or development of sensors based on immobilized enzymes. The possibility to pattern them increase their appeal as they can be incorporated into devices and can be tailored both with respect to architecture and functionalization. In fact, selective surface manipulation is the ground for the fabrication of advanced micro devices that combine standard micro/nanofluids with functional materials. In this review, we will present the advantages of the functionalization of silica and titania mesoporous materials deposited in thin film. Different functional groups used to modify their properties will be summarized, as well as functionalization methods and some examples of applications of modified materials, thus giving an overview of the essential role of functionalization to improve the performance of such innovative materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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22 pages, 14527 KiB  
Review
Single-Molecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurement on Structures and Interactions of Biomolecules
by Yi Qiao, Yuhan Luo, Naiyun Long, Yi Xing and Jing Tu
Micromachines 2021, 12(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12050492 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6082
Abstract
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) inherits the strategy of measurement from the effective “spectroscopic ruler” FRET and can be utilized to observe molecular behaviors with relatively high throughput at nanometer scale. The simplicity in principle and configuration of smFRET make it easy [...] Read more.
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) inherits the strategy of measurement from the effective “spectroscopic ruler” FRET and can be utilized to observe molecular behaviors with relatively high throughput at nanometer scale. The simplicity in principle and configuration of smFRET make it easy to apply and couple with other technologies to comprehensively understand single-molecule dynamics in various application scenarios. Despite its widespread application, smFRET is continuously developing and novel studies based on the advanced platforms have been done. Here, we summarize some representative examples of smFRET research of recent years to exhibit the versatility and note typical strategies to further improve the performance of smFRET measurement on different biomolecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Nanotechnology)
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