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19 pages, 5312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Native Australian Plant Endophytes against Wound-Infecting Bacteria

by Meysam Firoozbahr, Enzo A. Palombo, Peter Kingshott and Bita Zaferanloo

Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081710 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1300

Abstract

The wound management field faces significant challenges due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the complexity of chronic wound care. Effective wound treatment requires antimicrobial dressings to prevent bacterial infections. However, the rise of AMR necessitates new antimicrobial agents for wound dressings, particularly for [...] Read more.

The wound management field faces significant challenges due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the complexity of chronic wound care. Effective wound treatment requires antimicrobial dressings to prevent bacterial infections. However, the rise of AMR necessitates new antimicrobial agents for wound dressings, particularly for addressing bacterial pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Endophytic fungi, known for producing diverse bioactive compounds, represent a promising source of such new agents. This study tested thirty-two endophytic fungi from thirteen distinct Australian native plants for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts from fungal culture filtrates exhibited inhibitory effects against both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC = 78.1 µg/mL) and MRSA M180920 (MIC = 78.1 µg/mL). DNA sequence analysis was employed for fungal identification. The most active sample, EL 19 (Chaetomium globosum), was selected for further analysis, revealing that its EtOAc extracts reduced S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilm formation by 55% and cell viability by 57% to 68% at

\frac{1}{2}

× MIC. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies using the brine shrimp lethality test demonstrated low cytotoxicity up to 6 × MIC (25% mortality rate) with an LC50 value of 639.1 µg/mL. Finally, the most active sample was incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber mats via electrospinning, with resultant inhibition of S. aureus species. This research underscores the potential of endophytic fungi from Australian plants as sources of substances effective against common wound pathogens. Further exploration of the responsible compounds and their mechanisms could facilitate the development of wound dressings effective against MRSA and innovative biofilm-resistant electrospun fibers, contributing to the global efforts to combat AMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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14 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Chlorine in the Formation and Development of Tap Water Biofilms under Different Flow Regimes

by Erifyli Tsagkari and William Sloan

Microorganisms 2023, 11(11), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112680 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

Water companies make efforts to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in drinking water. A widely used strategy is to introduce chlorine into the drinking water distribution system (DWDS). A subtle potential risk is that non-lethal chlorine residuals may select for chlorine resistant [...] Read more.

Water companies make efforts to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in drinking water. A widely used strategy is to introduce chlorine into the drinking water distribution system (DWDS). A subtle potential risk is that non-lethal chlorine residuals may select for chlorine resistant species in the biofilms that reside in DWDS. Here, we quantify the thickness, density, and coverage of naturally occurring multi-species biofilms grown on slides in tap water with and without chlorine, using fluorescence microscopy. We then place the slides in an annular rotating reactor and expose them to fluid-wall shears, which are redolent of those on pipe walls in DWDS. We found that biofilms in chlorine experiment were thicker, denser and with higher coverage than in non-chlorine conditions under all flow regimes and during incubation. This suggests that the formation and development of biofilms was promoted by chlorine. Surprisingly, for both chlorinated and non-chlorinated conditions, biofilm thickness, density and coverage were all positively correlated with shear stress. More differences were detected in biofilms under the different flow regimes in non-chlorine than in chlorine experiments. This suggests a more robust biofilm under chlorine conditions. While this might imply less mobilization of biofilms in high shear events in pipe networks, it might also provide refuge from chlorine residuals for pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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12 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upregulation of ica Operon Governs Biofilm Formation by a Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus caprae

by Hilla Oknin, Yulia Kroupitski, Moshe Shemesh and Shlomo Blum

Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061533 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1921

Abstract

Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which appears as commensal in the skin, as well as a prevalent mastitis pathogen of goats. Occasionally, it is also associated with infections in humans. Biofilm formation has been identified as a putative virulence factor [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus caprae is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which appears as commensal in the skin, as well as a prevalent mastitis pathogen of goats. Occasionally, it is also associated with infections in humans. Biofilm formation has been identified as a putative virulence factor in S. caprae. Biofilms are multicellular communities protected by a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM), which facilitates the resistance of bacterial cells to antimicrobial treatments. The ECM is constructed by exopolysaccharides, including the major exopolysaccharide—polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), regulated by the ica operon in Staphylococcus species. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the ica operon in relation to biofilm formation in S. caprae. Results showed that within a few hours of growth, S. caprae could adhere to polystyrene surfaces, start to accumulate, and form biofilm. Peak biofilm biomass and maturation were reached after 48 h, followed by a reduction in biomass after 72 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the expression of matrix-associated proteins and polysaccharides at various time points. The expression dynamics of the ica operon were investigated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT)-qPCR, which showed elevated expression during the early stages of biofilm formation and subsequent downregulation throughout the biofilm aging process. In conclusion, our results show that the ica operon is essential in regulating biofilm formation in S. caprae, similar to other Staphylococcus species. Furthermore, the robustness of the observed biofilm phenotype could account for the successful intramammary colonization and may explain disease persistence caused by this pathogenic bacterium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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20 pages, 3659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using SMART Magnetic Fluids and Gels for Prevention and Destruction of Bacterial Biofilms

by Jarosƚaw E. Król and Garth D. Ehrlich

Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061515 - 7 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1871

Abstract

Biofouling is a major problem in all natural and artificial settings where solid surfaces meet liquids in the presence of living microorganisms. Microbes attach to the surface and form a multidimensional slime that protects them from unfavorable environments. These structures, known as biofilms, [...] Read more.

Biofouling is a major problem in all natural and artificial settings where solid surfaces meet liquids in the presence of living microorganisms. Microbes attach to the surface and form a multidimensional slime that protects them from unfavorable environments. These structures, known as biofilms, are detrimental and very hard to remove. Here, we used SMART magnetic fluids [ferrofluids (FFs), magnetorheological fluids (MRFs), and ferrogels (FGs) containing iron oxide nano/microparticles] and magnetic fields to remove bacterial biofilms from culture tubes, glass slides, multiwell plates, flow cells, and catheters. We compared the ability of different SMART fluids to remove biofilms and found that commercially available, as well as homemade, FFs, MRFs, and FGs can successfully remove biofilm more efficiently than traditional mechanical methods, especially from textured surfaces. In tested conditions, SMARTFs reduced bacterial biofilms by five orders of magnitude. The ability to remove biofilm increased with the amount of magnetic particles; therefore, MRFs, FG, and homemade FFs with high amounts of iron oxide were the most efficient. We showed also that SMART fluid deposition can protect a surface from bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Possible applications of these technologies are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

32 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment

by Satish Sharma, James Mohler, Supriya D. Mahajan, Stanley A. Schwartz, Liana Bruggemann and Ravikumar Aalinkeel

Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061614 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 185 | Viewed by 41466 | Correction

Abstract

Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, [...] Read more.

Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, using antibiotics alone to treat infections brought on by biofilm is ineffective. This review provides a succinct summary of the theories behind the composition of, formation of, and drug-resistant infections attributed to biofilm and cutting-edge curative approaches to counteract and treat biofilm. The high frequency of medical device-induced infections due to biofilm warrants the application of innovative technologies to manage the complexities presented by biofilm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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34 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of Antifouling Strategies for Marine Applications

by Maria João Romeu and Filipe Mergulhão

Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061568 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8443

Abstract

Marine biofouling is an undeniable challenge for aquatic systems since it is responsible for several environmental and ecological problems and economic losses. Several strategies have been developed to mitigate fouling-related issues in marine environments, including developing marine coatings using nanotechnology and biomimetic models, [...] Read more.

Marine biofouling is an undeniable challenge for aquatic systems since it is responsible for several environmental and ecological problems and economic losses. Several strategies have been developed to mitigate fouling-related issues in marine environments, including developing marine coatings using nanotechnology and biomimetic models, and incorporating natural compounds, peptides, bacteriophages, or specific enzymes on surfaces. The advantages and limitations of these strategies are discussed in this review, and the development of novel surfaces and coatings is highlighted. The performance of these novel antibiofilm coatings is currently tested by in vitro experiments, which should try to mimic real conditions in the best way, and/or by in situ tests through the immersion of surfaces in marine environments. Both forms present their advantages and limitations, and these factors should be considered when the performance of a novel marine coating requires evaluation and validation. Despite all the advances and improvements against marine biofouling, progress toward an ideal operational strategy has been slow given the increasingly demanding regulatory requirements. Recent developments in self-polishing copolymers and fouling-release coatings have yielded promising results which set the basis for the development of more efficient and eco-friendly antifouling strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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15 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pernicious Attitude of Microbial Biofilms in Agri-Farm Industries: Acquisitions and Challenges of Existing Antibiofilm Approaches

by Sazzad Hossen Toushik, Anamika Roy, Mohaimanul Alam, Umma Habiba Rahman, Nikash Kanti Nath, Shamsun Nahar, Bidyut Matubber, Md Jamal Uddin and Pantu Kumar Roy

Microorganisms 2022, 10(12), 2348; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122348 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3027

Abstract

Biofilm is a complex matrix made up of extracellular polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins that protect bacteria against physical, chemical, and biological stresses and allow them to survive in harsh environments. Safe and healthy foods are mandatory for saving lives. However, foods can be [...] Read more.

Biofilm is a complex matrix made up of extracellular polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins that protect bacteria against physical, chemical, and biological stresses and allow them to survive in harsh environments. Safe and healthy foods are mandatory for saving lives. However, foods can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms at any stage from farm to fork. The contaminated foods allow pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilms and convert the foods into stigmatized poison for consumers. Biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms in agri-farm industries is still poorly understood and intricate to control. In biofilms, pathogenic bacteria are dwelling in a complex manner and share their genetic and physicochemical properties making them resistant to common antimicrobial agents. Therefore, finding the appropriate antibiofilm approaches is necessary to inhibit and eradicate the mature biofilms from foods and food processing surfaces. Advanced studies have already established several emerging antibiofilm approaches including plant- and microbe-derived biological agents, and they proved their efficacy against a broad-spectrum of foodborne pathogens. This review investigates the pathogenic biofilm-associated problems in agri-farm industries, potential remedies, and finding the solution to overcome the current challenges of antibiofilm approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Sharma et al. Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1614

by Satish Sharma, James Mohler, Supriya D. Mahajan, Stanley A. Schwartz, Liana Bruggemann and Ravikumar Aalinkeel

Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101961 - 27 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 654

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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20 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

TiO₂ Nanocomposite Coatings and Inactivation of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Biofilm—Opportunities and Challenges

by Alina-Simona Bereanu, Bogdan Ioan Vintilă, Rareș Bereanu, Ioana Roxana Codru, Adrian Hașegan, Ciprian Olteanu, Vicențiu Săceleanu and Mihai Sava

Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040684 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

The worldwide increase of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a global threat. The emergence and global spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- (KPC-) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a particular concern. This pathogen has increased resistance and abilities to persist in human reservoirs, in hospital environments, [...] Read more.

The worldwide increase of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a global threat. The emergence and global spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase- (KPC-) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a particular concern. This pathogen has increased resistance and abilities to persist in human reservoirs, in hospital environments, on medical devices, and to generate biofilms. Mortality related to this microorganism is high among immunosuppressed oncological patients and those with multiple hospitalizations and an extended stay in intensive care. There is a severe threat posed by the ability of biofilms to grow and resist antibiotics. Various nanotechnology-based strategies have been studied and developed to prevent and combat serious health problems caused by biofilm infections. The aim of this review was to evaluate the implications of nanotechnology in eradicating biofilms with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the bacteria most frequently associated with nosocomial infections in intensive care units, including in our department, and to highlight studies presenting the potential applicability of TiO₂ nanocomposite materials in hospital practice. We also described the frequency of the presence of bacterial biofilms on medical surfaces, devices, and equipment. TiO₂ nanocomposite coatings are one of the best long-term options for antimicrobial efficacy due to their biocompatibility, stability, corrosion resistance, and low cost; they find their applicability in hospital practice due to their critical antimicrobial role for surfaces and orthopedic and dental implants. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) as possibly carcinogenic. Currently, there is an interest in the ecological, non-toxic synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles via biological methods. Biogenic, non-toxic nanoparticles have remarkable properties due to their biocompatibility, stability, and size. Few studies have mentioned the use of nanoparticle-coated surfaces as antibiofilm agents. A literature review was performed to identify publications related to KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms and antimicrobial TiO₂ photocatalytic nanocomposite coatings. There are few reviews on the antibacterial and antibiofilm applications of TiO₂ photocatalytic nanocomposite coatings. TiO₂ nanoparticles demonstrated marked antibiofilm activity, but being nano in size, these nanoparticles can penetrate cell membranes and may initiate cellular toxicity and genotoxicity. Biogenic TiO₂ nanoparticles obtained via green, ecological technology have less applicability but are actively investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Eradication)

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