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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Immune Responses in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection
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Immune Responses in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2023) | Viewed by 3515

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. A. Clinton White

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UT Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
Interests: cryptosporidiosis; human immune response; clinical tropical diseases
Dr. Sara M. Dann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UT Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
Interests: intestinal immunity; intestinal inflammation; enteric pathogens; host-microbiome interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cryptosporidiosis was initially recognized in compromised hosts, including patients with AIDS. Cryptosporidium species that infect humans are increasing recognized as major contributors to childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. In most people, the host response limits cryptosporidiosis to a self-limited or asymptomatic infection, and repeated infections gradually lead to resistance to reinfection. Initial studies on the host response to cryptosporidiosis focused on the CD4 T-cell memory and production of interferon gamma. Subsequent studies are increasingly revealing a complex network of innate and acquired immune responses to the parasite, with roles for innate and adapted lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and innate cells such as dendritic cells. This Special Issue of Microorganisms will focus on the host response to human cryptosporidiosis and the role of different aspects of the host response in controlling cryptosporidiosis.

Prof. Dr. A. Clinton White
Dr. Sara M. Dann
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • cryptosporidiosis
  • interferon gamma
  • interferon lambda
  • dendritic cell
  • innate immunity
  • CD4 T cell
  • defensin
  • malnutrition
  • Cryptosporidium hominis
  • Cryptosporidium parvum

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana
by Fred Stephen Sarfo, Hagen Frickmann, Albert Dompreh, Shadrack Osei Asibey, Richard Boateng, Felix Weinreich, Edmund Osei Kuffour, Betty Roberta Norman, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Torsten Feldt and Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112151 - 26 Oct 2024
Viewed by 764
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool [...] Read more.
There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medication intake, and immunological parameters were assessed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.8% (n = 73) in HIV-positive and 1.2% (n = 1) in HIV-negative participants (p < 0.001). Within the group of HIV-positive participants, the prevalence reached 26.0% in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/µL and 46.2% in the subgroup with CD4+ T cell counts below 50 cells/µL. The frequencies of the clinical manifestation of weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in patients with Cryptosporidium spp. compared to those without co-infection (45.8% vs. 21.4%, p < 0.001 and 22.2% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.031, respectively). In the modern post-cART era, the acquisition of Cryptosporidium spp. among PLWH in Ghana is driven largely by the degree of immunosuppression. Access to cART and screening for Cryptosporidium spp. as part of routine care might help control and reduce the burden of the infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection)
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Review

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12 pages, 676 KiB  
Review
Dendritic Cells and Cryptosporidium: From Recognition to Restriction
by Iti Saraav and L. David Sibley
Microorganisms 2023, 11(4), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041056 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2225
Abstract
Host immune responses are required for the efficient control of cryptosporidiosis. Immunity against Cryptosporidium infection has been best studied in mice, where it is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the key link between innate and adaptive immunity [...] Read more.
Host immune responses are required for the efficient control of cryptosporidiosis. Immunity against Cryptosporidium infection has been best studied in mice, where it is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the key link between innate and adaptive immunity and participate in the defense against Cryptosporidium infection. While the effector mechanism varies, both humans and mice rely on dendritic cells for sensing parasites and restricting infection. Recently, the use of mouse-adapted strains C. parvum and mouse-specific strain C. tyzzeri have provided tractable systems to study the role of dendritic cells in mice against this parasite. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in innate immunity acting during infection with Cryptosporidium with a major focus on the role of dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa. Further work is required to understand the role of dendritic cells in the activation of T cells and to explore associated molecular mechanisms. The identification of Cryptosporidium antigen involved in the activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in dendritic cells during infection is also a matter of future study. The in-depth knowledge of immune responses in cryptosporidiosis will help develop targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection)
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