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Microorganisms
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Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach
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Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Public Health Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 84108

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonio Rivero-Juárez

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cordoba, Spain
Interests: hepatitis; zoonoses; One Health; clinical virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ignacio García-Bocanegra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Sanidad Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Interests: infectious diseases epidemiology; public health; emerging infectious diseases; wild life health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging zoonoses present a major global health challenge. The best approach to combat and prevent the emergence or re-emergence of zoonotic diseases consists of a multidisciplinary effort that recognises human health, animal health and environmental health as three parts of a whole. This strategy, known as One Health, requires the integration of researchers with different areas of expertise to enable them to work together holistically. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide One Health researchers with a platform for presenting information about emerging and re-emerging zoonoses related to animal health, food safety, environmental exposure, and human health.

We cordially invite you to submit a research article, review article, or short communication related to one or more of the various aspects of zoonotic pathogens: pathogen–host interactions, epidemiology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention.

Dr. Antonio Rivero-Juárez
Dr. Ignacio García-Bocanegra
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • zoonotic bacterial
  • zoonotic viral
  • zoonotic fungal
  • zoonotic protozoan
  • zoonotic parasites
  • epidemiology
  • clinical
  • pathogenesis
  • treatment
  • prevention

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 18480 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Two Insulinlike Proteases in Cryptosporidium parvum
by Wei He, Cong Lai, Fuxian Yang, Yu Li, Na Li, Yaqiong Guo, Ziding Zhang, Lihua Xiao and Yaoyu Feng
Microorganisms 2021, 9(4), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040861 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2096
Abstract
Cryptosporidiumparvum is a common protozoan pathogen responsible for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in humans and animals. The small genome of C. parvum has 22 genes encoding insulinlike proteases (INS) with diverse sequences, suggesting that members of the protein family may have different biological functions [...] Read more.
Cryptosporidiumparvum is a common protozoan pathogen responsible for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in humans and animals. The small genome of C. parvum has 22 genes encoding insulinlike proteases (INS) with diverse sequences, suggesting that members of the protein family may have different biological functions in the life cycle. In this study, two members of the INS family, CpINS-4 and CpINS-6 with the Zn2+-binding motif “HXXEH” but different numbers of function domains, were expressed in Escherichia coli and used in the generation of polyclonal antibodies. In both recombinant and native proteins, CpINS-4 and CpINS-6 were spliced into multiple fragments. The antibodies generated recognized their respective recombinant and native proteins and the spliced products, but had minimum cross-reactivity with each other. Anti-CpINS-4 antibodies reacted with the middle region of sporozoites and merozoites, while CpINS-6 had the highest reactivity to the apical region. Polyclonal anti-CpINS-4 antibodies produced 36% reduction in parasite load in HCT-8 cultures at 24 h, while those against CpINS-6, which has one of the function domains missing, failed in doing so. The genes encoding both CpINS-4 and CpINS-6 had the highest expression in the invasion phase of in vitro C. parvum culture. These data suggest that CpINS-4 and CpINS-6 might be expressed in different organelles and play different biological functions in the life cycle of C. parvum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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10 pages, 975 KiB  
Article
Modelling Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Attraction to Host Odour: Synthetic Sex-Aggregation Pheromone Dominates the Response
by Renata Retkute, Erin Dilger, James G. C. Hamilton, Matt J. Keeling and Orin Courtenay
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030602 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
Zoontic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) due to Leishmania infantum is a potentially fatal protozoan parasitic disease of humans and dogs. In the Americas, dogs are the reservoir and the sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal vector. A synthetic version of the male sand fly [...] Read more.
Zoontic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) due to Leishmania infantum is a potentially fatal protozoan parasitic disease of humans and dogs. In the Americas, dogs are the reservoir and the sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal vector. A synthetic version of the male sand fly produced sex-aggregation pheromone attracts both female and male conspecifics to co-located insecticide, reducing both reservoir infection and vector abundance. However the effect of the synthetic pheromone on the vector’s “choice“ of host (human, animal reservoir, or dead-end host) for blood feeding in the presence of the pheromone is less well understood. In this study, we developed a modelling framework to allow us to predict the relative attractiveness of the synthetic pheromone and potential alterations in host choice. Our analysis indicates that the synthetic pheromone can attract 53% (95% CIs: 39%–86%) of host-seeking female Lu. longipalpis and thus it out-competes competing host odours. Importantly, the results suggest that the synthetic pheromone can lure vectors away from humans and dogs, such that when co-located with insecticide, it provides protection against transmission leading to human and canine ZVL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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10 pages, 1018 KiB  
Article
Role of Leishmania infantum in Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin in Dogs from a Canine Leishmaniosis Endemic Area
by Miriam Portero, Guadalupe Miró, Rocío Checa, Elena Martínez de Merlo, Cristina Fragío, Miguel Benito, Ángel Sainz and Carmen Pérez
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030571 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
The main hypothesis for the aetiology of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) in dogs is an autoimmune or genetic cause that is associated with a triggering event (environmental factors/infectious agents). The aim of this ambispective cohort study was to test for Leishmania infantum [...] Read more.
The main hypothesis for the aetiology of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) in dogs is an autoimmune or genetic cause that is associated with a triggering event (environmental factors/infectious agents). The aim of this ambispective cohort study was to test for Leishmania infantum infection in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with MUO in an endemic area of canine leishmaniosis. Dogs with MUO were selected amongst all dogs undergoing blood anti-L. infantum antibody testing (control group). The blood plasma or serum samples from all dogs were analysed for anti- L. infantum antibodies by a quantitative indirect fluorescent assay (IFAT). In dogs with MUO, CSF samples were obtained for analysed by PCR detection of L. infantum DNA. Forty-four percent and 22% of the dogs in the MUO group featured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and CSF cytology respectively, consistent with L. infantum infection. IFAT, PCR, and histological findings were negative for L. infantum. A significant difference in L. infantum infection prevalence was found between the control and MUO group (p = 0.0022). While it seems unlikely that L. infantum plays a role in the aetiology of MUO, in endemic areas, this pathogen should be included in the differential diagnosis of this neurological disorder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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16 pages, 2980 KiB  
Article
Hedgehogs, Squirrels, and Blackbirds as Sentinel Hosts for Active Surveillance of Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi Complex in Urban and Rural Environments
by Karolina Majerová, Václav Hönig, Michal Houda, Petr Papežík, Manoj Fonville, Hein Sprong, Natalie Rudenko, Maryna Golovchenko, Barbora Černá Bolfíková, Pavel Hulva, Daniel Růžek, Lada Hofmannová, Jan Votýpka and David Modrý
Microorganisms 2020, 8(12), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121908 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4922
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, is one of the most common vector-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe. Knowledge about the enzootic circulation of Borrelia pathogens between ticks and their vertebrate hosts is epidemiologically important and [...] Read more.
Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, is one of the most common vector-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe. Knowledge about the enzootic circulation of Borrelia pathogens between ticks and their vertebrate hosts is epidemiologically important and enables assessment of the health risk for the human population. In our project, we focused on the following vertebrate species: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), and Common blackbird (Turdus merula). The cadavers of accidentally killed animals used in this study constitute an available source of biological material, and we have confirmed its potential for wide monitoring of B. burgdorferi s.l. presence and genospecies diversity in the urban environment. High infection rates (90% for E. erinaceus, 73% for E. roumanicus, 91% for S. vulgaris, and 68% for T. merula) were observed in all four target host species; mixed infections by several genospecies were detected on the level of individuals, as well as in particular tissue samples. These findings show the usefulness of multiple tissue sampling as tool for revealing the occurrence of several genospecies within one animal and the risk of missing particular B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies when looking in one organ alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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Review

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13 pages, 2327 KiB  
Review
Emerging Human Babesiosis with “Ground Zero” in North America
by Yi Yang, Jevan Christie, Liza Köster, Aifang Du and Chaoqun Yao
Microorganisms 2021, 9(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020440 - 20 Feb 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6428
Abstract
The first case of human babesiosis was reported in the literature in 1957. The clinical disease has sporadically occurred as rare case reports in North America and Europe in the subsequent decades. Since the new millennium, especially in the last decade, many more [...] Read more.
The first case of human babesiosis was reported in the literature in 1957. The clinical disease has sporadically occurred as rare case reports in North America and Europe in the subsequent decades. Since the new millennium, especially in the last decade, many more cases have apparently appeared not only in these regions but also in Asia, South America, and Africa. More than 20,000 cases of human babesiosis have been reported in North America alone. In several cross-sectional surveys, exposure to Babesia spp. has been demonstrated within urban and rural human populations with clinical babesiosis reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. This review serves to highlight the widespread distribution of these tick-borne pathogens in humans, their tick vectors in readily accessible environments such as parks and recreational areas, and their phylogenetic relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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34 pages, 1423 KiB  
Review
Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control
by Md. Tanvir Rahman, Md. Abdus Sobur, Md. Saiful Islam, Samina Ievy, Md. Jannat Hossain, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, AMM Taufiquer Rahman and Hossam M. Ashour
Microorganisms 2020, 8(9), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091405 - 12 Sep 2020
Cited by 281 | Viewed by 64523
Abstract
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are [...] Read more.
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Pathogens: A One Health Approach)
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