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Microorganisms
Special Issues
HIV Infection: A Chronic Disease
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HIV Infection: A Chronic Disease

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 5470

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Vania Giacomet

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
Interests: HIV; SARS-CoV-2; vertically acquired HIV

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

HIV infection today still causes thousands of deaths worldwide. Due to critical socio-cultural conditions in many countries we still encounter vertically acquired HIV, giving a lifelong burden to our children HIV infected.

ART therapies guarantee a normal life to these children, with some side effects that we need to study deeply. Moreover, vertically acquired HIV produces cultural and social stigma and worries that we are still not able to manage efficiently. I make every day my clinical efforts in treat at 360° my patients, from birth to adults life; for this is very important the collaboration of the pediatrician with the infectious disease specialists, as well as with gynecologists to address the problem of maternity in young HIV- infected women. In this panorama of HIV infection there are still many problems and some topic are yet to be defined:

  • HIV and coinfection: clinical and therapeutics interference
  • HIV and COVID-19: have we learnt something new about immunodeficiency? Did COVID-19 infection aggravate the acquired immunodeficiency status?
  • HIV and parenthood: which possibility can we guarantee to our patients?
  • HIV and ART therapies: what's new on drug resistance
  • HIV and drug adverse effect
  • HIV and social behavior

Prof. Vania Giacomet
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • HIV
  • COVID-19
  • ART therapies
  • vertically acquired HIV

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 656 KiB  
Article
Antiretroviral Therapy Dampens Mucosal CD4+ T Lamina Propria Lymphocytes Immune Activation in Long-Term Treated People Living with HIV-1
by Alessandro Lazzaro, Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti, Letizia Santinelli, Claudia Pinacchio, Gabriella De Girolamo, Paolo Vassalini, Gianfranco Fanello, Claudio Maria Mastroianni, Giancarlo Ceccarelli and Gabriella d’Ettorre
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081624 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1996
Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by a severe deterioration of an immune cell-mediated response due to a progressive loss of CD4+ T cells from gastrointestinal tract, with a preferential loss of IL-17 producing Th cells (Th17), a specific CD4+ T cells subset [...] Read more.
HIV infection is characterized by a severe deterioration of an immune cell-mediated response due to a progressive loss of CD4+ T cells from gastrointestinal tract, with a preferential loss of IL-17 producing Th cells (Th17), a specific CD4+ T cells subset specialized in maintaining mucosal integrity and antimicrobial inflammatory responses. To address the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing chronic immunological dysfunction and immune activation of intestinal mucosa, we conducted a cross-sectional observational study comparing total IFN-γ-expressing (Th1) and IL-17-expressing (Th17) frequencies of CD4+ T lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) and their immune activation status between 11 male ART-naïve and 11 male long-term ART-treated people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who underwent colonoscopy and retrograde ileoscopy for biopsies collection. Flow cytometry for surface and intracellular staining was performed. Long-term ART-treated PLWH showed lower levels of CD38+ and/or HLA-DR+ LPLs compared to ART-naïve PLWH. Frequencies of Th1 and Th17 LPLs did not differ between the two groups. Despite ART failing to restore the Th1 and Th17 levels within the gut mucosa, it is effective in increasing overall CD4+ T LPLs frequencies and reducing mucosal immune activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection: A Chronic Disease)
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Review

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15 pages, 4377 KiB  
Review
Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV
by Francesca Wanda Basile, Maria Cristina Fedele and Andrea Lo Vecchio
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081572 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2868
Abstract
Thanks to the advances in antiretroviral therapies (ART) and early diagnosis, pediatric HIV has turned into a chronic infection that requires the collaboration of all pediatric subspecialists for holistic patient management. Gastrointestinal complaints are a frequent reason for seeking access to medical care [...] Read more.
Thanks to the advances in antiretroviral therapies (ART) and early diagnosis, pediatric HIV has turned into a chronic infection that requires the collaboration of all pediatric subspecialists for holistic patient management. Gastrointestinal complaints are a frequent reason for seeking access to medical care in all pediatric patients worldwide. Intestinal involvement is present in virtually all children with HIV infections. In high-prevalence settings, up to 25% of children accessing the hospital for diarrhea are diagnosed with HIV. More than half of patients with advanced disease present with gastrointestinal symptoms, from mild infectious diarrhea to severe gastrointestinal impairment, malabsorption and failure to thrive. Gastrointestinal disorders do not spare children on ART, particularly in the initial months of therapy. ART-associated pancreatitis and hepatitis are rare but potentially severe adverse events, whereas lower abdominal symptoms have been reported in more than a third of patients. The latter are usually mild and transient, but may limit ART adherence; a correct framing of the problem is necessary to minimize therapy switches while optimizing the quality of life of children on ART. This review aims to provide state-of-the-art guidance for the initial approach to gastrointestinal diseases in children living with HIV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection: A Chronic Disease)
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