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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection
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Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 12150

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Cristina Mussini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Interests: infectious diseases; HIV; AIDS

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

HIV infection has become a chronic disease and there is a presumption that most of the problems related to this disease have already been solved. In reality, too many subjects are still diagnosed late and many knowledge gaps remain to be filled in prevention, diagnosis, the cascade of care, drug-related side effects, and co-morbidities. This Special Issue will give a platform for practitioners and researchers operating in the HIV field to exchange original data and innovative viewpoints.

For this purpose, we cordially invite you to submit research articles, articles, and short communications related to the various aspects of HIV infection on the basis of your expertise.

Prof. Dr. Cristina Mussini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Infectious diseases
  • HIV
  • AIDS
  • Late presentation
  • retention in care
  • drug-related toxicities
  • co-morbidities
  • cancer

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1556 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infections in HIV-Patients during a 13-Year Period
by E. Franceschini, Antonella Santoro, Marianna Menozzi, Erica Bacca, Claudia Venturelli, Stefano Zona, Andrea Bedini, Margherita Digaetano, Cinzia Puzzolante, Marianna Meschiari, Gianluca Cuomo, Gabriella Orlando, Mario Sarti, Giovanni Guaraldi, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri and Cristina Mussini
Microorganisms 2020, 8(8), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081210 - 8 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2341
Abstract
No data on antibiotic resistance in bloodstream infection (BSI) in people living with HIV (PLWH) exist. The objective of this study was to describe BSI epidemiology in PLWH focusing on multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. A retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted including all [...] Read more.
No data on antibiotic resistance in bloodstream infection (BSI) in people living with HIV (PLWH) exist. The objective of this study was to describe BSI epidemiology in PLWH focusing on multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. A retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted including all positive blood isolates in PLWH from 2004 to 2017. Univariable and multivariable GEE models using binomial distribution family were created to evaluate the association between MDR and mortality risk. In total, 263 episodes (299 isolates) from 164 patients were analyzed; 126 (48%) BSI were community-acquired, 137 (52%) hospital-acquired. At diagnosis, 34.7% of the patients had virological failure, median CD4 count was 207/μL. Thirty- and 90-day mortality rates were 24.2% and 32.4%, respectively. Thirty- and 90-day mortality rates for MDR isolates were 33.3% and 46.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae were the most prevalent microorganisms (29.8%), followed by Coagulase-negative staphylococci (21.4%), and S. aureus (12.7%). In BSI due to MDR organisms, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were associated with mortality after adjustment for age, although this correlation was not confirmed after further adjustment for CD4 < 200/μL. In conclusion, BSI in PLWH is still a major problem in the combination antiretroviral treatment era and it is related to a poor viro-immunological status, posing the question of whether it should be considered as an AIDS-defining event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection)
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17 pages, 1117 KiB  
Article
How to RESPOND to Modern Challenges for People Living with HIV: A Profile for a New Cohort Consortium
by The RESPOND Study Group
Microorganisms 2020, 8(8), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081164 - 31 Jul 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3599
Abstract
Background: the International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Disease (RESPOND) is a collaboration dedicated to research on HIV and other infectious diseases. Methods: RESPOND is a flexible organization, with several independent substudies operating under one shared governance. HIV-related variables, including full antiretroviral therapy (ART) [...] Read more.
Background: the International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Disease (RESPOND) is a collaboration dedicated to research on HIV and other infectious diseases. Methods: RESPOND is a flexible organization, with several independent substudies operating under one shared governance. HIV-related variables, including full antiretroviral therapy (ART) history, are collected annually for all participants and merged with substudy specific data into a shared data pool. Incident clinical events are reported using standardized forms. Prospective follow-up started 1/10/17 (enrolment) with retrospective data collected back to 01/01/12. Results: Overall, 17 cohorts from Europe and Australia provided data on 26,258 people living with HIV (PLWH). The majority (43.3%) of the population were white, with men-sex-with-men accounting for 43.3% of the risk for HIV acquisition. The median age was 48 years (IQR 40–56) and 5.2% and 25.5% were known to be co-infected with hepatitis B or C. While 5.3% were ART-naïve, the median duration on ART was 10.1 years (4.8–17.6), with 89.5% having a VL &lt;200 copies/mL and the median CD4 count being 621 cells/µL (438–830). Malignancies (n = 361) and cardiovascular disease (n = 168) were the predominant reported clinical events. Conclusion: RESPOND’s large, diverse study population and standardized clinical endpoints puts the consortium in a unique position to respond to the diverse modern challenges for PLWH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection)
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9 pages, 1152 KiB  
Article
Switching to Integrase Inhibitors Unlinked to Weight Increase in Perinatally HIV-Infected Young Adults and Adolescents: A 10-Year Observational Study
by Lucia Taramasso, Antonio Di Biagio, Francesca Bovis, Federica Forlanini, Elena Albani, Rebecka Papaioannu and Vania Giacomet
Microorganisms 2020, 8(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060864 - 8 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
An unexpected increase in weight gain has recently been reported in the course of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) treatment. The possibility of this effect in people who are perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV) and thus exposed to lifelong therapy needs to be [...] Read more.
An unexpected increase in weight gain has recently been reported in the course of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) treatment. The possibility of this effect in people who are perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV) and thus exposed to lifelong therapy needs to be explored. This is a retrospective multicenter case-control study. Adults with PHIV followed between 2010 and 2019 in two outpatient services in Northern Italy were included if they had at least two weight measures in two successive years of observation. Patients were considered as cases if they were switched to INSTI (INSTI group), or controls if they were never exposed to INSTI (non-INSTI group). The date of the switch in cases was considered to be the baseline (T0), while it was randomly selected in controls. Mixed effect models were used to assess the weight changes in INSTI and non-INSTI groups. A total of 66 participants, 50.0% women, 92.4% Caucasian, were included. Median follow-up was 9 years (range 2–10): 4 years (range 1–8) before and 3 (range 1–9) after-T0. Mean age at the last study visit was 27.3 (±4.8) years, and mean CD4+ T-cells were 820.8 (±323.6) cells/mm3. Forty-five patients were switched to INSTI during the study, while 21 remained in the non-INSTI group. The INSTI group experienced a mean increase (pre-post T0) in bodyweight of 0.28 kg/year (95% CI − 0.29; 0.85, p = 0.338), while in the non-INSTI group, the mean increase was 0.36 kg/year (95% CI − 0.47; 1.20, p = 0.391), without a significant difference between groups (p for interaction between time and treatment regimen = 0.868). Among patients on INSTI, the weight gain after T0 was higher than pre-T0, amounting to +0.28 kg/year (95% CI − 0.29; 0.85), although this difference did not reach significance (p = 0.337). PHIV switched to an INSTI-based regimen did not experience an excessive weight gain compared to those who were treated with a non-INSTI based regimen in our cohort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection)
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17 pages, 1825 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of A Phylogenetic Pipeline to Examine Transmission Networks in A Canadian HIV Cohort
by Lauren Mak, Deshan Perera, Raynell Lang, Pathum Kossinna, Jingni He, M. John Gill, Quan Long and Guido van Marle
Microorganisms 2020, 8(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020196 - 31 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3541
Abstract
Modern computational methods using patient Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic sequences can model population-wide viral transmission dynamics. Accurate transmission inferences can play a critical role in the characterization of high-risk transmission clusters important for enhanced epidemiological control. We evaluated a phylogenetics-based [...] Read more.
Modern computational methods using patient Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic sequences can model population-wide viral transmission dynamics. Accurate transmission inferences can play a critical role in the characterization of high-risk transmission clusters important for enhanced epidemiological control. We evaluated a phylogenetics-based analysis pipeline to infer person-to-person (P2P) infection dates and transmission relationships using 139 patient HIV-1 polymerase Sanger sequences curated by the Southern Alberta HIV Clinic. Parameter combinations tailored to HIV-1 transmissions were tuned with respect to inference accuracy. Inference accuracy was assessed using clinically confirmed P2P transmission patient data. The most accurate parameter settings correctly inferred 48.56% of the P2P relationships (95% confidence interval 63.89–33.33%), slightly lower than next-generation-sequencing methods. The infection date was correctly inferred 43.02% (95% confidence interval 49.89–35.63%). Several novel unsuspected transmission clusters of up to twelve patients were identified. An accuracy trade-off between inferring transmission relationships and infection dates was observed. Using clinically confirmed P2P transmission data as benchmark, our phylogenetic methods identified sufficient P2P transmission relationships using readily available low-resolution Sanger sequences. These approaches may give valuable information about HIV infection dynamics within a population and may be easily deployed to guide public health interventions, without a need for next generation sequencing technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future Challenges of HIV Infection)
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