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Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution

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A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 11605

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Prof. Dr. Ignez de Pinho Guimarães

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Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Geociências, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
Interests: petrological aspects of igneous rocks, including whole rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, geochronology and isotope geochemistry

Prof. Dr. Jefferson Valdemiro De Lima

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Department of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
Interests: geochemistry and petrology of igneous rocks

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Dear Colleagues,

Mineral chemistry is an important tool for estimating crystallization parameters (temperature, pressure and oxygen fugacity) during the petrological evolution of granitic magmas, since the chemistry and redox conditions of parental magma play an important role in the composition of granitoid minerals. In addition to information about the physicochemical conditions of the magma, the chemical signature of the primary ferromagnesian phases can provide information about the magma’s nature and its affinity with the different magmatic series. Recent work has used trace element signatures in accessory minerals to estimate the source and petrological evolution of granitic magmas. This approach provides a powerful tool for the chemical study of granitoids, since it works with the chemical signatures of less mobile elements to corroborate information provided by conventional mineral chemistry.

This Special Issue aims to address the importance of the mineral chemistry of granitoids in understanding the geological history of the regions in which they are located. The study of granitoids is fundamental to understanding the crustal evolution of a region, since granitic magmatism is the main factor involved in the geochemical differentiation of the continental crust.

Prof. Dr. Ignez de Pinho Guimarães
Prof. Dr. Jefferson Valdemiro De Lima
Guest Editors

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Keywords

mineral chemistry
crystallization parameters
geobarometry
geothermometry
accessory mineral trace elements

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23 pages, 5679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mineralogical and Geochemical Response to Fluid Infiltration into Cambrian Orthopyroxene-Bearing Granitoids and Gneisses, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

by Ane K. Engvik, Fernando Corfu, Ilka C. Kleinhanns, Heinrich Taubald and Synnøve Elvevold

Minerals 2024, 14(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080772 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 703

Abstract

Fluid infiltration into Proterozoic and Early Palaeozoic dry, orthopyroxene-bearing granitoids and gneisses in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, has caused changes to rock appearance, mineralogy, and rock chemistry. The main mineralogical changes are the replacement of orthopyroxene by hornblende and biotite, ilmenite by titanite, and various changes in feldspar structure and composition. Geochemically, these processes resulted in general gains of Si, mostly of Al, and marginally of K and Na but losses of Fe, Mg, Ti, Ca, and P. The isotopic oxygen composition (δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 6.0‰–9.9‰) is in accordance with that of the magmatic precursor, both for the host rock and infiltrating fluid. U-Pb isotopes in zircon of the altered and unaltered syenite to quartz-monzonite indicate a primary crystallization age of 520.2 ± 1.0 Ma, while titanite defines alteration at 485.5 ± 1.4 Ma. Two sets of gneiss samples yield a Rb-Sr age of 517 ± 6 Ma and a Sm-Nd age of 536 ± 23 Ma. The initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios suggest derivation of the gneisses from a relatively juvenile source but with a very strong metasomatic effect that introduced radiogenic Sr into the system. The granitoid data indicate instead a derivation from Mid-Proterozoic crust, probably with additions of mantle components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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14 pages, 3745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discrimination of Muscovitisation Processes Using a Modified Quartz–Feldspar Diagram: Application to Beauvoir Greisens

by Michel Cathelineau and Zia Steven Kahou

Minerals 2024, 14(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080746 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 766

Abstract

Alteration in greisen-type granites develops through the progressive replacement of feldspars by potassic micas. Under the name ‘greisen’, quartz–muscovite assemblages display differences and include a variety of facies with variable relative proportions of quartz and muscovite. In principle, feldspar conversion to muscovite is written usually considering constant aluminium, and should result in a modal proportion of six quartz plus one muscovite. In Beauvoir greisens, which result from albite-rich granite, the relative proportion of quartz–muscovite is in favour of muscovite. Such a balance results from a reaction that implies imputs of potassium and aluminium, thus different from the classic one. The Q’-F’ diagram provides a graphical solution for discriminating between reaction paths. A representative series of greisen data from the literature is compared in this diagram: Beauvoir B1 unit, Cligga Head, Cinovec, Panasqueira, Zhengchong, and Hoggar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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19 pages, 5698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.3 Ga) A-Type Granites on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Response to Break-Up of the Columbia Supercontinent

by Bo Liu, Shengkai Jin, Guanghao Tian, Liyang Li, Yueqiang Qin, Zhiyuan Xie, Ming Ma and Jiale Yin

Minerals 2024, 14(6), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060622 - 18 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.3 Ga) magmatism in the North China Craton (NCC) was dominated by mafic intrusions (dolerite sills) with lesser amounts of granitic magmatism, but our lack of knowledge of this magmatism hinders our understanding of the evolution of the NCC during this period. This study investigated porphyritic granites from the Huade–Kangbao area on the northern margin of the NCC. Zircon dating indicates the porphyritic granites were intruded during the Mesoproterozoic between 1285.4 ± 2.6 and 1278.6 ± 6.1 Ma. The granites have high silica contents (SiO₂ = 63.10–73.73 wt.%), exhibit alkali enrichment (total alkalis = 7.71–8.79 wt.%), are peraluminous, and can be classified as weakly peraluminous A2-type granites. The granites have negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.14–0.44), enrichments in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., K, Rb, Th, and U), and depletions in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). ε_Hf(t) values range from –6.43 to +2.41, with t_DM2 ages of 1905–2462 Ma, suggesting the magmas were derived by partial melting of ancient crustal material. The geochronological and geochemical data, and regional geological features, indicate the Mesoproterozoic porphyritic granites from the northern margin of the NCC formed in an intraplate tectonic setting during continental extension and rifting, which represents the response of the NCC to the break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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24 pages, 12991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Evolution of A-Type Granite Bearing Rare Metals Mineralization in Egypt: Insights from Geochemistry and Mineral Chemistry

by Mohamed M. Ghoneim, Ahmed E. Abdel Gawad, Hanaa A. El-Dokouny, Maher Dawoud, Elena G. Panova, Mai A. El-Lithy and Abdelhalim S. Mahmoud

Minerals 2024, 14(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060583 - 31 May 2024

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Abstract

During the Late Precambrian, the North Eastern Desert of Egypt underwent significant crustal evolution in a tectonic environment characterized by strong extension. The Neoproterozoic alkali feldspar granite found in the Homret El Gergab area is a part of the Arabian Nubian Shield and hosts significant rare metal mineralization, including thorite, uranothorite, columbite, zircon, monazite, and xenotime, as well as pyrite, rutile, and ilmenite. The geochemical characteristics of the investigated granite reveal highly fractionated peraluminous, calc–alkaline affinity, A-type granite, and post-collision geochemical signatures, which are emplaced under an extensional regime of within-plate environments. It has elevated concentrations of Rb, Zr, Ba, Y, Nb, Th, and U. The zircon saturation temperature ranges from 753 °C to 766 °C. The formation of alkali feldspar rare metal granite was affected by extreme fractionation and fluid interactions at shallow crustal levels. The continental crust underwent extension, causing the mantle and crust to rise, stretch, and become thinner. This process allows basaltic magma from the mantle to be injected into the continental crust. Heat and volatiles were transferred from these basaltic bodies to the lower continental crust. This process enriched and partially melted the materials in the lower crust. The intrusion of basaltic magma from the mantle into the lower crust led to the formation of A-type granite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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20 pages, 9159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Petrogenesis of the Newly Discovered Neoproterozoic Adakitic Rock in Bure Area, Western Ethiopia Shield: Implication for the Pan-African Tectonic Evolution

by Junsheng Jiang, Wenshuai Xiang, Peng Hu, Yulin Li, Fafu Wu, Guoping Zeng, Xinran Guo, Zicheng Zhang and Yang Bai

Minerals 2024, 14(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040408 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

The Neoproterozoic Bure adakitic rock in the western Ethiopia shield is a newly discovered magmatic rock type. However, the physicochemical conditions during its formation, and its source characteristics are still not clear, restricting a full understanding of its petrogenesis and geodynamic evolution. In this study, in order to shed light on the physicochemical conditions during rock formation and provide further constraints on the petrogenesis of the Bure adakitic rock, we conduct electron microprobe analysis on K-feldspar, plagioclase, and biotite. Additionally, we investigate the trace elements and Hf isotopes of zircon, and the Sr-Nd isotopes of the whole rock. The results show that the K-feldspar is orthoclase (Or = 89.08~96.37), the plagioclase is oligoclase (Ab = 74.63~85.99), and the biotite is magnesio-biotite. Based on the biotite analysis results, we calculate that the pressure during rock formation was 1.75~2.81 kbar (average value of 2.09 kbar), representing a depth of approximately 6.39~10.2 km (average value of 7.60 km). The zircon thermometer yields a crystallization temperature of 659~814 °C. Most of the (Ce/Ce*)_D values in the zircons plotted above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer pair, and the calculated magmatic oxygen fugacity (logfO₂) values vary from −18.5 to −4.9, revealing a relatively high magma oxygen fugacity. The uniform contents of FeO, MgO, and K₂O in the biotite suggest a crustal magma source for the Bure adakitic rock. The relatively low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i values of 0.70088 to 0.70275, positive ε_Nd(t) values of 3.26 to 7.28, together with the positive ε_Hf(t) values of 7.64~12.99, suggest that the magma was sourced from a Neoproterozoic juvenile crust, with no discernable involvement of a pre-Neoproterozoic continental crust, which is coeval with early magmatic stages in the Arabian Nubian Shield elsewhere. Additionally, the mean Nd model ages demonstrate an increasing trend from the northern parts (Egypt, Sudan, Afif terrane of Arabia, and Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; 0.87 Ga) to the central parts (Western Ethiopia shield; 1.03 Ga) and southern parts (Southern Ethiopia Shield, 1.13 Ga; Kenya, 1.2 Ga) of the East African Orogen, which indicate an increasing contribution of pre-Pan-African crust towards the southern part of the East African Orogen. Based on the negative correlation between MgO and Al₂O₃ in the biotite, together with the Lu/Hf-Y and Yb-Y results of the zircon, we infer that the Bure adakitic rock was formed in an arc–arc collision orogenic environment. Combining this inference with the whole rock geochemistry and U-Pb age of the Bure adakitic rock, we further propose that the rock is the product of thickened juvenile crust melting triggered by the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogeny. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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27 pages, 11292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithium-, Phosphorus-, and Fluorine-Rich Intrusions and the Phosphate Sequence at Segura (Portugal): A Comparison with Other Hyper-Differentiated Magmas

by Michel Cathelineau, Marie-Christine Boiron, Andreï Lecomte, Ivo Martins, Ícaro Dias da Silva and Antonio Mateus

Minerals 2024, 14(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030287 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Near the Segura pluton, hyper-differentiated magmas enriched in F, P, and Li migrated through shallowly dipping fractures, which were sub-perpendicular to the schistosity of the host Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian metasedimentary series, to form two swarms of low-plunging aplite–pegmatite dykes. The high enrichment factors for the fluxing elements (F, P, and Li) compared with peraluminous granites are of the order of 1.5 to 5 and are a consequence of the extraction of low-viscosity magma from the crystallising melt. With magmatic differentiation, increased P and Li activity yielded the crystallisation of the primary amblygonite–montebrasite series and Fe-Mn phosphates. The high activity of sodium during the formation of the albite–topaz assemblage in pegmatites led to the replacement of the primary phosphates by lacroixite. The influx of external, post-magmatic, and Ca-Sr-rich hydrothermal fluids replaced the initial Li-Na phosphates with phosphates of the goyazite–crandallite series and was followed by apatite formation. Dyke emplacement in metasediments took place nearby the main injection site of the muscovite granite, which plausibly occurred during a late major compression event. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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17 pages, 5319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zircon U-Pb and Whole-Rock Geochemistry of the Aolunhua Mo-Associated Granitoid Intrusion, Inner Mongolia, NE China

by Hao Li, Xuguang Li, Jiang Xin and Yongqiang Yang

Minerals 2024, 14(3), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030226 - 23 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1053

Abstract

The Aolunhua Mo deposit is a typical porphyry deposit, which is located in the middle southern section of the Da Hinggan Range metallogenic belt. Here, we report LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age data from the Mo-associated granitoid, together with the element geochemistry of the zircons, discussing the source material of the ore-forming rock of the deposit. The zircon data constrain the crystallization age of the granite porphyry as 135.0 ± 1.0 Ma, correlating it with the widespread Yanshanian intermediate–felsic magmatic activity. The Th/U ratio of the zircon is greater than 0.1, with a significant positive Ce anomaly (Ce* = 1.72–188.71) and a negative Eu anomaly (Eu* = 0.05–0.57). The zircons show depleted LREE and enriched HREE patterns, as well as low La and Pr contents, suggesting crystallization from crust-derived magmas. Based on the geology of the ore deposit and the age data, in combination with the regional geodynamic evolution, we infer that the Aolunhua Mo deposit was formed near the peak stage of Sn poly-metallic metallogenesis in the Da Hinggan Range region at around 140 Ma, associated with a tectonic setting, characterized by the transition from compression to extension. Based on a comparison with the newly found Mo deposits along the banks of the Xilamulun River, we propose that the Tianshan–Linxi is an important Mo-metallogenic belt. It also suggests an increased likelihood for the occurrence of Mo along the north bank of the Xilamulun River. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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20 pages, 9627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

U-Pb Geochronology, Geochemistry and Geological Significance of the Yongfeng Composite Granitic Pluton in Southern Jiangxi Province

by Yunbiao Zhao, Fan Huang, Denghong Wang, Na Wei, Chenhui Zhao and Ze Liu

Minerals 2023, 13(11), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111457 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

The Yongfeng composite granitic pluton, located in the southern section of the Nanling area, is composed of the Yongfeng and Longshi biotite monzonitic granites. In order to reveal the genesis of this composite granitic pluton and its relationship with mineralization, this study conducted zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock major and trace element analysis, and biotite electron probe analysis. The results show that the Yongfeng composite granitic pluton is rich in silicon and alkali, weakly peraluminous, and poor in calcium and iron. It shows the enrichment of light rare earth elements and a significant fractionation of light and heavy rare earth elements. It also shows the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and depletion of Ba, K, P, Eu, and Ti relative to the primitive mantle. The contents of TFe₂O₃, MgO, CaO, TiO₂, and P₂O₅ are low and decrease with increasing SiO₂ content. The Yongfeng composite granitic pluton does not contain alkaline dark minerals. Its average zircon saturation temperature is 776 °C, average TFe₂O₃/MgO is 4.81, and average Zr + Nb + Ce + Y is 280.6 ppm, which correspond to a highly fractionated I-type granite. The Yongfeng and Longshi granites were respectively formed at 152.0 ± 1.0 Ma–151.3 ± 1.1 Ma and 148.9 ± 1.2 Ma. They were formed in the extensional tectonic setting during the post-orogenic stage, under the control of the breakup or retreat of the backplate after the subduction of the Pacific Plate into the Nanling hinterland. The magmatic system of the Yongfeng composite granitic pluton is characterized by high fractionation, high content of F, high temperature, and low oxygen fugacity, which is conducive to mineralization of Sn, Mo, and fluorite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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29 pages, 13985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Mineral Chemistry Data for the Petrogenesis of A-Type Ring Complex from Gebel El Bakriyah Area, Egypt

by Ahmed A. Abd El-Fatah, Adel A. Surour, Mokhles K. Azer and Ahmed A. Madani

Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101273 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

El Bakriyah Ring Complex (BRC) is a prominent Neoproterozoic post-collisional granite suite in the southern part of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The BRC bears critical materials (F, B, Nb, and Ta) in appreciable amounts either in the form of rare-metals dissemination or in the form of fluorite and barite vein mineralization. The complex consists of inner syenogranite and outer alkali feldspar granite that have been emplaced in a Pan-African assemblage made up of granitic country rocks (granodiorite and monzogranite), in addition to post-collisional fresh gabbro as a part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) in northeast Africa. Granites of the BRC are characterized by enrichment in silica, alkalis, Rb, Y, Ga, Nb, Ta, Th, and U and depletion in Sr, Ba, and Ti. Geochemical characterization of the BRC indicates that the magma is a crustal melt, which originated from the partial melting of metasedimentary sources. Concentrations of rare-earth elements (REEs) differ in magnitude from the ring complex and its granitic country rocks but they have similar patterns, which are sub-parallel and show LREEs enrichment compared to HREEs. The presence of a negative Eu anomaly in these rocks is related to plagioclase fractionation. The abundance of fluorine (F) in the different granite varieties plays an important role in the existence of a tetrad influence on the behavior of REEs (TE1, 3 = up to 1.15). Geochemical parameters suggest the crystallization of the BRC granite varieties by fractional crystallization and limited assimilation. Mn-columbite and Mn-tantalite are the most abundant rare-metals dissemination in the BRC granite varieties. We present combined field, mineralogical and geochemical data that are in favor of magma originating from a metasedimentary source for the BRC with typical characteristics of A-type granites. Our geodynamic model suggests that the Gebel El Bakriyah area witnessed the Neoproterozoic post-collisional stage of the ANS during its late phase of formation. This stage was characterized by the emplacement of fresh gabbros followed by the syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite of the BRC into an arc-related assemblage (granodiorite and monzogranite). It is believed that the mantle-derived magma was interplated and then moved upward in the extensional environment to a shallower level in the crust owing to events of lithospheric delamination. This presumably accelerated the processes of partial melting and differentiation of the metasedimentary dominated source (Tonian-Cryogenian) to produce the A-type granites building up the BRC (Ediacaran). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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28 pages, 12399 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Mineral Chemistry and Crystallization Conditions of Ediacaran–Cambrian A-Type Granites in the Central Subprovince of the Borborema Province, Northeastern Brazil

by Jefferson Valdemiro de Lima, Ignez de Pinho Guimarães, José Victor Antunes de Amorim, Caio Cezar Garnier Brainer, Lucilene dos Santos and Adejardo Francisco da Silva Filho

Minerals 2024, 14(10), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14101022 - 11 Oct 2024

Viewed by 563

Abstract

Ediacaran–Cambrian magmatism in the Central Subprovince (Borborema Province, NE Brazil) generated abundant A-type granites. This study reviews published whole-rock and mineral chemistry data from thirteen Ediacaran–Cambrian A-type intrusions and a related dike swarm. It also presents new mineral chemistry and whole-rock data for one of these intrusions, along with zircon trace element data for five of the intrusions. Geochronological data from the literature indicate the formation of these A-type intrusions during a 55 Myr interval (580–525 Ma), succeeding the post-collisional high-K magmatism in the region at c. 590–580 Ma. The studied plutons intruded Paleoproterozoic basement gneisses or Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks. They are ferroan, metaluminous to peraluminous and mostly alkalic–calcic. The crystallization parameters show pressure estimates mainly from 4 to 7 kbar, corresponding to crustal depths of 12 to 21 km, and temperatures ranging from 1160 to 650 °C in granitoids containing mafic enclaves, and from 990 to 680 °C in those lacking or containing only rare mafic enclaves. The presence of Fe-rich mineral assemblages including ilmenite indicates that the A-type granites crystallized under low ƒO₂ conditions. Zircon trace element analyses suggest post-magmatic hydrothermal processes, interpreted to be associated with shear zone reactivation. Whole-rock geochemical characteristics, the chemistry of the Fe-rich mafic mineral assemblages, and zircon trace elements in the studied granitoids share important similarities with A₂-type granites worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Chemistry of Granitoids: Constraints on Crystallization Conditions and Petrological Evolution)

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