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Minerals
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High Gradient Magnetic Separation
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High Gradient Magnetic Separation

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 16619

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Luzheng Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Interests: high-gradient magnetic separation; matrix; gravity concentration; fine particle processing; process modelling and simulation
Dr. Dongfang Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: magnetic separation; dry magnetic separation; preconcentration; numerical simulation; multi-physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jianwu Zeng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Interests: magnetic separation; matrix; particle capture; simulation; multi-physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern high-gradient magnetic separation was initially triggered in the early 1930s. In the recent several decades, it has become one of the key technologies in the exploration of weakly magnetic ores, such as oxide irons, ilmenite, wolframite, and manganese, and in the removal of magnetic impurities form non-metallic ores, such as kaolin, quartz, and feldspar. During this period, several high-gradient magnetic separation technologies have significantly evolved from theoretical ideas to successful industrial applications. Mainly due to its benefits of high efficiency and availability, environmental friendliness, and low cost, high-gradient magnetic separation has been attracting worldwide interests from academia to industry, and in most cases, it would be a preferential consideration for use in the field of mineral processing. With the increasing decline in ore quality and the increasing demand for high-quality raw materials, such high-gradient magnetic separation technologies with higher separation performance are inevitably required by industry, and they include the scaling-up of current high-gradient magnetic separators to meet the larger-scale and lower-cost exploitation of low-grade ores, the higher magnetic induction for recovery of finer magnetic minerals and for more effective purification of non-metallic ores, the innovative fundamentals for development of new high-gradient magnetic separators, and the extended applications in various processing flowsheets and for minerals previously thought impossible to be magnetically separated, etc.

This Special Issue is intended to collect the latest findings in the aspects of high-gradient magnetic separation as discussed above; however, other related papers in the area of magnetic separation will also be covered.

Prof. Dr. Luzheng Chen
Dr. Dongfang Lu
Dr. Jianwu Zeng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high gradient magnetic separation
  • magnetic separation
  • magnetic treatment of metallic ores
  • purification of non-metallic ores
  • magnetic separation for non-ferrous metal ores
  • capture dynamics of matrix
  • process modelling and simulation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4835 KiB  
Article
Influence of Separation Angle on the Dry Pneumatic Magnetic Separation
by Xudong Li, Yuhua Wang, Dongfang Lu and Xiayu Zheng
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101192 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1688
Abstract
To enhance dry magnetic separation of fine-grained materials, our research team developed the pneumatic drum magnetic separator (PDMS), an airflow-aided magnetic separator. Different positions at the separation surface of PDMS have varied separation angles, so particles at different positions may be subjected to [...] Read more.
To enhance dry magnetic separation of fine-grained materials, our research team developed the pneumatic drum magnetic separator (PDMS), an airflow-aided magnetic separator. Different positions at the separation surface of PDMS have varied separation angles, so particles at different positions may be subjected to varying composite forces, resulting in a mismatch between airflow velocity and magnetic field intensity. However, because the separation process of PDMS is continuous and the separation of particles at a certain position is instantaneous, the separation performance of PDMS at a specific separation angle cannot be investigated. To evaluate optimal operating features at different separation angles, a laboratory dry pneumatic flat magnetic separator (DPFMS) was manufactured, which also makes the airflow pass through the separation plane in the opposite direction to the magnetic force. The separation performance of PDMS was revealed by separation tests for −0.15 + 0.074 mm artificial mixed ore with 0–0.6 m/s airflow on DPFMS at various separation angles. At separation angles of 70° and 90°, the separation efficiency increases with an increase in airflow velocity from 16.68% and 33.09% to 77.72% and 76.54%, respectively; at separation angles of 110°, the separation efficiency increases initially from 89.53% to 90.69%, then decreases to 88.22% and keeps decreasing. The synergistic relationship between airflow drag, magnetic force and gravity were investigated by analyzing the composite force and the motion trajectory of a single particle. The results show that the proper airflow velocity aids in enhancing the distinctions between magnetite and quartz particles in resultant force and movement. However, throughout a wide range of air velocity, while the airflow can improve magnetite and quartz separation efficiency of at small separation angles, it may diminish the separation efficiency at large separation angles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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12 pages, 2973 KiB  
Article
Separation of Copper-Molybdenum Flotation Concentrate by Superconducting High-Gradient Magnetic Separation
by Zekai Wang, Xindong Li, Zhaolian Wang, Wanfu Huang, Guanfa Liu, Chaocong Zeng and Lijinhong Huang
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101191 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
Separation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite is currently mainly carried out by flotation, but this process is costly because of the extensive use of inhibitors. This study briefly describes a 7.0T/100CGC low-temperature superconducting magnetic separator and discusses its separation principle as well as the [...] Read more.
Separation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite is currently mainly carried out by flotation, but this process is costly because of the extensive use of inhibitors. This study briefly describes a 7.0T/100CGC low-temperature superconducting magnetic separator and discusses its separation principle as well as the effect of magnetic induction on chalcopyrite separation from molybdenite. A molybdenum (Mo) concentrate assaying 6.00% copper (Cu) and 19.01% Mo was magnetically sorted using a diamond-shaped steel rod medium mesh at a feed concentration of 20% and a pulp flow rate of 5 L/min from a Cu-Mo flotation concentrate with 88% of particles smaller than 23 μm using the separator. A Mo concentrate assaying 0.46% Cu and 16.28% Mo was finally obtained with a roughing (1.3 T)-cleaning (5 T) superconducting magnetic separation process. Similarly, the superconducting magnetic separator was performed to separate a Cu-Mo bulk flotation concentrate, and produced Cu concentrate assaying 19.64% Cu and 0.03% Mo from the bulk concentrate assaying 18.52% Cu and 0.39% Mo with a particle size of less than 0.074 mm. At a magnetic induction of 7 T, a pulp concentration of 20% and a feed velocity of 5 L/min, the grade and recovery of Cu in the magnetic product were 19.64% and 81.59%, respectively, whereas the grade and recovery of Mo in the non-magnetic product were 1.52% and 90.07%, respectively. Superconducting magnetic separation has potential applications for removing Cu from Mo concentrates, and separating Cu and Mo from Cu-Mo bulk flotation concentrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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14 pages, 1131 KiB  
Article
Separation Analysis of New Magnetic Separator for Pre-Concentration of Ilmenite Particles
by Liren Han, Zhiyong Cheng and Dongfang Lu
Minerals 2022, 12(7), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070837 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1967
Abstract
To achieve the utilization of fine ilmenite (especially −0.075 mm) produced in the titanium-magnetite processing plant in Panzhihua, a radial turbulent outer-cylinder magnetic separator (RTOCMS), was developed in this study. After optimizing the conditions of rotation speed and water flow, an RTOCMS concentrate [...] Read more.
To achieve the utilization of fine ilmenite (especially −0.075 mm) produced in the titanium-magnetite processing plant in Panzhihua, a radial turbulent outer-cylinder magnetic separator (RTOCMS), was developed in this study. After optimizing the conditions of rotation speed and water flow, an RTOCMS concentrate with TiO2 grade of 22.84% and TiO2 recovery of 66.93% was obtained through one-stage roughing pre-concentration flowsheet. Magnetic force and competing forces were calculated and analyzed to illustrate the pre-concentration mechanism, and the results revealed that the combination of high water flow and high rotation speed resulted in the most effective for pre-concentration of the fine ilmenite in the RTOCMS process. In addition, particle size analysis of the concentrate product indicated that the RTOCMS was effective for the recovery of medium particle sizes (−0.075 + 0.038 mm), with a continued enhancement for the recovery of fine-grained products (−0.038 mm). Hence, the RTOCMS provides an effective way to pre-concentrate fine ilmenite ore. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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10 pages, 4206 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Model of Ilmenite Separation Efficiency Using a High Gradient Plate Magnetic Separator
by Fangping Ye, Weijie Jiang, Xiangjun Ren, Jinyue Xu, Zhiqiang Guo and Chenyu Li
Minerals 2022, 12(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070833 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
High gradient magnetic separation is widely used in magnetic minerals upgrading, and its separation performance is significant depending on the parameters. In this investigation, the Mathematical model of the plate high gradient magnetic separator is established, the magnetic induction and the flow field [...] Read more.
High gradient magnetic separation is widely used in magnetic minerals upgrading, and its separation performance is significant depending on the parameters. In this investigation, the Mathematical model of the plate high gradient magnetic separator is established, the magnetic induction and the flow field distribution are investigated based on the COMSOL multi-physical simulation, and then the separation efficiency and TiO2 grade are analyzed using the plate high gradient magnetic separator. Additionally, the key factors affecting the efficiency of mineral separation are detailed in the experimental separation, the separation efficiency is demonstrated and its feasibility is verified by experiments. It is founded that the mathematical model and simulation results are basically validated by the experimental separation process, and the TiO2 grade can be effectively upgraded from 5.2% to 11.5% with the rinsing water consumption 9.5 L/min and the belt rotating speed 2 r/min. It is thus concluded that plate high gradient magnetic separator has provided an effective way in upgrading ilmenite quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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13 pages, 2203 KiB  
Article
Deep Insight on the Occurrence Feature of Iron Minerals in a Cyanide Leaching Residue and Its Effective Recovery with Magnetic Separation
by Yaxiong Jiang, Luzheng Chen, Shenghong Duan, Qifang Gao, Fan Yi and Yongjun Xian
Minerals 2022, 12(5), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050524 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1574
Abstract
The occurrence features of ultrafine iron minerals in a cyanide leaching residue produced from a superlarge gold mining company in Yunnan Province were determined with chemical composition analysis, iron phase analysis, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). The results show that the residue contains [...] Read more.
The occurrence features of ultrafine iron minerals in a cyanide leaching residue produced from a superlarge gold mining company in Yunnan Province were determined with chemical composition analysis, iron phase analysis, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). The results show that the residue contains 26.74% iron, mainly occurring in the form of magnetite (26.33%) and limonite (69.41%), in which 67.40% magnetite and 73.00% limonite particles are fully liberated with particle sizes ranging from 9.6 µm to 75.0 µm. The rest are adjacent and wrapped intergrowths. Low-intensity magnetic separation and pulsating high-gradient magnetic separation were, respectively, proposed to recover magnetite and limonite from the residue, and under the optimized conditions, a high-grade magnetite concentrate assaying 64.05% Fe with 85.59% magnetite recovery and a qualified limonite concentrate assaying 50.94% Fe with 54.33% limonite recovery were, respectively, produced. The iron recovery for −30 µm fraction in the magnetite and limonite concentrates reached as high as 51.46%. It was found that the iron recovery for −30µm ultrafine fraction is lower than those of coarser fractions, as a result of the relatively enhanced hydrodynamic drag acting onto the particles, compared with the magnetic force. Entrainment occurs between the ultrafine iron minerals and gangues, thereby reducing the iron grade for the ultrafine fraction. This research outcome would provide a valuable reference for the economic and effective utilization of iron resources from such residues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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Review

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19 pages, 4315 KiB  
Review
Dry Permanent Magnetic Separator: Present Status and Future Prospects
by Shunping Xie, Zhicheng Hu, Dongfang Lu and Yan Zhao
Minerals 2022, 12(10), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101251 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6504
Abstract
Dry permanent magnetic separators have been widely used in the mineral and coal processing industries due to their simple operation and high separation efficiency. These tools not only discard some amount of bulk gangue from the raw ore, thereby reducing the volume of [...] Read more.
Dry permanent magnetic separators have been widely used in the mineral and coal processing industries due to their simple operation and high separation efficiency. These tools not only discard some amount of bulk gangue from the raw ore, thereby reducing the volume of the grinding operation and cutting energy consumption, but also do not require water in the sorting process, thereby expanding their applicability to arid and cold areas. With the depletion of global iron ore resources, a dry, low-cost processing or pre-sorting prior to the wet separation has received the attention of industrial practitioners as a potential alternative. The performance of dry magnetic separators plays a critical role in dry processing This paper reviews the dry magnetic separators available in the literature and describes their operating principles, separation performance, and applications. A detailed comparison of different separators is also conducted to evaluate the differences in their sorting performance and mechanisms and to provide a reference for the optimization of dry magnetic separators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Gradient Magnetic Separation)
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