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Metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
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Metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 1941

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiaoyong Yang

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Interests: mineral deposits; application of high-purity quartz
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Wenhua Ji

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710119, China
Interests: regional geology; structural geology; tectonics; metallogeny; orogenic belts

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the world's largest accretionary orogenic belts in the Phanerozoic era, spanning Eurasia from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It is bordered by the Siberian Craton in the north and the Solon suture zone in the east, and extends through the North Mountains of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to join the Ural suture zone in western China. A long and complex accretionary orogenic process, influenced by multiple geodynamic processes, has given rise to several large-scale metallogenic systems in the CAOB, resulting in multi-stage and multi-type mineralization. As one of the world's three major metallogenic regions, the CAOB is a focus of recent research on the petrogenesis, geochemistry, and geochronology of different geological tectonic units and mineral deposits. This Special Issue aims to understand and provide an overview on the regional tectonic evolution, the formation of igneous rocks, and their role in the formation of mineral deposits (especially the igneous system).

Prof. Dr. Xiaoyong Yang
Dr. Wenhua Ji
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • magma mixing
  • petrogenesis and geochronology
  • differentiation of rare earth elements
  • Precambrian
  • Phanerozoic
  • western Kunlun Mountains
  • Chinese Altay

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6614 KiB  
Article
The Genesis of Ultramafic Rock Mass on the Northern Slope of Lüliang Mountain in North Qaidam, China
by Haiming Guo, Yanguang Li, Bo Chen, Huishan Zhang, Xiaoyong Yang, Li He, Yongjiu Ma, Yunping Li, Jincheng Luo and Haichao Zhao
Minerals 2024, 14(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090871 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 283
Abstract
The ultramafic rock located on the northern slope of Lüliang Mountain in the northwestern region of North Qaidam Orogen is altered to serpentinite. The occurrence of disseminated chromite within the serpentinite holds significant implications for understanding the petrogenesis of the protolith. This work [...] Read more.
The ultramafic rock located on the northern slope of Lüliang Mountain in the northwestern region of North Qaidam Orogen is altered to serpentinite. The occurrence of disseminated chromite within the serpentinite holds significant implications for understanding the petrogenesis of the protolith. This work provides strong evidence of a distinct zonal texture in the chromite found in the ultramafic rock, using petrographic microstructure and electron probe composition analysis. The core of the chromite is characterized by high contents of Cr#, with enrichment in Fe3+# (Fe3+/(Cr + Al + Fe3+)) and depletion in Al2O3 and TiO2. The Cr2O3 content ranges from 51.64% to 53.72%, while the Cr# values range from 0.80 to 0.84. The FeO content varies from 24.9% to 27.8%, while the Fe2O3 content ranges from 5.19% to 8.74%. The Al2O3 content ranges from 6.70% to 9.20%, and the TiO2 content is below the detection limit (<0.1%). Furthermore, the rocks exhibit Mg# values ranging from 0.13 to 0.25 and Fe3+# values ranging from 0.07 to 0.12. The mineral chemistry of the chromite core in the ultramafic rock suggests it to be from an ophiolite. This ophiolite originated from the fore-arc deficit asthenosphere in a supra-subduction zone. The estimated average crystallization temperature and pressure of the chromite are 1306.02 °C and 3.41 GPa, respectively. These values suggest that the chromite formed at a depth of approximately 110 km, which is comparable to that of the asthenosphere. The chromite grains are surrounded by thick rims composed of Cr-rich magnetite characterized by enrichment in Fe3+# contents and depletions in Cr2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, and Cr#. The FeO content ranges from 28.25% to 31.15%, while the Fe2O3 content ranges from 44.94% to 68.92%. The Cr2O3 content ranges from 0.18% to 23.59%, and the Al2O3 and TiO2 contents are below the detection limit (<0.1%). Moreover, the rim of the Cr-rich magnetite exhibits Cr# values ranging from 0.90 to 1.00, Mg# values ranging from 0.01 to 0.06, and Fe3+# values ranging from 0.64 to 1.00, indicating late-stage alteration processes. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the ultramafic rock yielded an age of 480.6 ± 2.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.46, n = 18), representing the crystallization age of the ultramafic rock. This evidence suggests that the host rock of chromite is an ultramafic cumulate, which is part of the ophiolite suite. It originated from the fore-arc deficit asthenosphere in a supra-subduction zone during the northward subduction of the North Qaidam Ocean in the Ordovician period. Furthermore, clear evidence of Fe-hydrothermal alteration during the post-uplift-denudation stage is observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt)
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27 pages, 9251 KiB  
Article
Petrogenesis of Carboniferous-Permian Granitoids in the Kumishi Area of Tianshan, China: Insights into the Geodynamic Evolution Triggered by Subduction and Closure of the South Tianshan Ocean
by Wenbin Kang, Kai Weng, Kai Cao, Xiaojian Zhao and Yongwei Gao
Minerals 2024, 14(8), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080811 - 11 Aug 2024
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Abstract
Late Carboniferous–Early Permian granitoids are widespread in the Tianshan area and their tectonic setting is controversially discussed. Our research presents fresh whole-rock geochemical and Pb isotopic data, along with zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic data for representative monzonitic and granitic intrusions in [...] Read more.
Late Carboniferous–Early Permian granitoids are widespread in the Tianshan area and their tectonic setting is controversially discussed. Our research presents fresh whole-rock geochemical and Pb isotopic data, along with zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic data for representative monzonitic and granitic intrusions in the Kumishi area. The aim is to decipher their magma sources and illuminate their geodynamic evolution. Zircon U-Pb dating results reveal that biotite monzonites in the Central Tianshan Belt were emplaced at 312.7 ± 2.9 Ma, while the quartz-monzonites and syenogranites in the South Tianshan Belt were formed at 284.5 ± 2.4 Ma and 283.4 ± 3.9 Ma, respectively. The biotite monzonites generally exhibit metaluminous and high-K calc-alkaline characteristics. They have a positive εHf(t) value (+4.9–+14.1), and are enriched in LREEs and LILEs but depleted in HREEs and HFSEs. These characteristics indicate that they were derived from a mixed magma source of the lower crust and the input of components derived from the mantle wedge above the subduction zone. The quartz-monzonites and syenogranites are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic I-type granites, with εHf(t) values of +14.9–+15.5 and +6.6–+14.9, respectively. They are enriched in LREEs but depleted in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), displaying relatively flat HREE patterns and negative Eu anomalies. The genesis of these rocks is attributed to a partial melting of the lower crust in which mantle-derived magmas participated, which was triggered by an upwelling asthenosphere in a post-collisional extensional geodynamic setting. These granitoids, together with regional analysis of other magmatism in the study area, suggest that the Kumishi area has experienced an evolution from subduction to post-collision from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, which constrains the local closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt)
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18 pages, 15133 KiB  
Article
Rb–Sr Pyrite Dating and S–Pb Isotopes in the Fang’an Gold Deposit, Wuhe Area, Eastern Anhui Province
by Ying Wang, Ke Shi, Ze Zhong, Shenglian Ren, Juan Wang, Yan Zhang, Chuanzhong Song, Gang Zhang and Fangyu Ren
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040398 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 762
Abstract
The Fang’an gold deposit in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, is located in the area adjacent to the Bengbu Uplift and Wuhe Platform Depression in the southeastern part of North China. This study aimed to determine the deposit’s mineralization age and the source [...] Read more.
The Fang’an gold deposit in the Wuhe area, Anhui Province, is located in the area adjacent to the Bengbu Uplift and Wuhe Platform Depression in the southeastern part of North China. This study aimed to determine the deposit’s mineralization age and the source of its metallogenic materials and mineralization processes through investigations into its geological characteristics, Rb–Sr isotopes, and S–Pb isotopes. The orebodies of the Fang’an gold deposit in the Neoarchean Xigudui Formation primarily exhibit a vein-type structure. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: (i) the quartz stage (Py1); (ii) the quartz–pyrite stage (Py2); (iii) the polymetallic sulfide stage (Py3); and (iv) the carbonate stage. Of these, the main mineralization stage is also the main period in which gold mineralization occurs. In situ sulfur isotope results of pyrite (Py1 to Py3) in the first three mineralization stages, suggesting a contribution of sulfur from crust–mantle magmatic fluids. The δ34S values for Py2 (average 5.51‰) are higher than Py1 (average 4.45‰) and showed that the magmatic fluids mixed with meteoric waters. The δ34S values for Py3 (average 5.18‰) are lower than Py2 (average 5.51‰), revealing that it related fluid immiscibility. The lead isotopic compositions of sulfides within the ores possessed 206Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 16.759 to 16.93, 207Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 15.311 to 15.402, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 37.158 to 37.548. These lead data were plotted close to the Xigudui Formation, relatively distant from the Mesozoic granites, indicating that the Xigudui Formation was the source of lead for the Late Mesozoic ores of the deposit. Taken together, due to the degassing of mantle-derived magma in the shallow parts of the crust, it can be determined that the sources of ore-forming sulfur and lead were crust–mantle magmatic activities in the Wuhe area. Rb–Sr dating of pyrite from Fang’an gold deposit reveals that the mineralization occurred at 126.89 ± 0.58 Ma. Considering the previous research into the dating of magmatic rocks in the Wuhe area, we propose that the genesis of the Fang’an gold deposit is closely associated with magmatic activities in the area at around 130 Ma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt)
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