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16 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Desulfation of the Hemolytic Saponins Extracted from Holothuria scabra Viscera

by Philippe Savarino, Emmanuel Colson, Guillaume Caulier, Igor Eeckhaut, Patrick Flammang and Pascal Gerbaux

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020537 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Saponins are plant and marine animal specific metabolites that are commonly considered as molecular vectors for chemical defenses against unicellular and pluricellular organisms. Their toxicity is attributed to their membranolytic properties. Modifying the molecular structures of saponins by quantitative and selective chemical reactions [...] Read more.

Saponins are plant and marine animal specific metabolites that are commonly considered as molecular vectors for chemical defenses against unicellular and pluricellular organisms. Their toxicity is attributed to their membranolytic properties. Modifying the molecular structures of saponins by quantitative and selective chemical reactions is increasingly considered to tune the biological properties of these molecules (i) to prepare congeners with specific activities for biomedical applications and (ii) to afford experimental data related to their structure–activity relationship. In the present study, we focused on the sulfated saponins contained in the viscera of Holothuria scabra, a sea cucumber present in the Indian Ocean and abundantly consumed on the Asian food market. Using mass spectrometry, we first qualitatively and quantitatively assessed the saponin content within the viscera of H. scabra. We detected 26 sulfated saponins presenting 5 different elemental compositions. Microwave activation under alkaline conditions in aqueous solutions was developed and optimized to quantitatively and specifically induce the desulfation of the natural saponins, by a specific loss of H₂SO₄. By comparing the hemolytic activities of the natural and desulfated extracts, we clearly identified the sulfate function as highly responsible for the saponin toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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14 pages, 3891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Bacterial Recognition over a Wide pH Range by Boronic Acid-Based Ditopic Dendrimer Probes for Gram-Positive Bacteria

by Ayame Mikagi, Koichi Manita, Asuka Yoyasu, Yuji Tsuchido, Nobuyuki Kanzawa, Takeshi Hashimoto and Takashi Hayashita

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010256 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

We have developed a convenient and selective method for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria using a ditopic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer probe. The dendrimer that was modified with dipicolylamine (dpa) and phenylboronic acid groups showed selectivity toward Staphylococcus aureus. The ditopic dendrimer system [...] Read more.

We have developed a convenient and selective method for the detection of Gram-positive bacteria using a ditopic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer probe. The dendrimer that was modified with dipicolylamine (dpa) and phenylboronic acid groups showed selectivity toward Staphylococcus aureus. The ditopic dendrimer system had higher sensitivity and better pH tolerance than the monotopic PAMAM dendrimer probe. We also investigated the mechanisms of various ditopic PAMAM dendrimer probes and found that the selectivity toward Gram-positive bacteria was dependent on a variety of interactions. Supramolecular interactions, such as electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction, per se, did not contribute to the bacterial recognition ability, nor did they improve the selectivity of the ditopic dendrimer system. In contrast, the ditopic PAMAM dendrimer probe that had a phosphate-sensing dpa group and formed a chelate with metal ions showed improved selectivity toward S. aureus. The results suggested that the targeted ditopic PAMAM dendrimer probe showed selectivity toward Gram-positive bacteria. This study is expected to contribute to the elucidation of the interaction between synthetic molecules and bacterial surface. Moreover, our novel method showed potential for the rapid and species-specific recognition of various bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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14 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Benzophenones in Water and Cosmetics Samples: A Comparison of Solid-Phase Extraction and Microextraction by Packed Sorbent Methods

by Grażyna Wejnerowska and Izabela Narloch

Molecules 2021, 26(22), 6896; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226896 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2233

Abstract

Benzophenones (BPs) are extensively used in a wide variety of cosmetic products and other materials (e.g., textiles or plastics) to avoid damaging effects of UV radiation. In the present work, we compared two extraction methods for the determination of BPs, namely, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), [...] Read more.

Benzophenones (BPs) are extensively used in a wide variety of cosmetic products and other materials (e.g., textiles or plastics) to avoid damaging effects of UV radiation. In the present work, we compared two extraction methods for the determination of BPs, namely, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) and 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), in water and cosmetics samples. The following extraction methods were used for the research: solid-phase extraction (SPE) and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), whereas analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. A comparison between the methods indicates that the MEPS technique(s) can be reliably used for analysis of BPs (sunscreen residue) in water samples and cosmetic samples with satisfactory results. This microextraction technique is cheap, easy, quick to implement, and consumes small amounts of solvents. On the other hand, the main advantage of the SPE method are low detection limits for the determination of BPs in water samples, i.e., from 0.034 to 0.067 µg L⁻¹, while, for the MEPS method, LODs were at the level of 1.8–3.2 µg L⁻¹. For both methods, the recoveries of BPs were 96–107% and 44–70% for water and cosmetics samples, respectively. The presented methods are suitable for use in cosmetics quality control and environmental pollution assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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12 pages, 1138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of UHPLC Fingerprints Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis in the Differentiation of Six Rhodiola Species

by Didi Ma, Lijun Wang, Yibao Jin, Lifei Gu, Xiean Yu, Xueqing Xie, Guo Yin, Jue Wang, Kaishun Bi, Yi Lu and Tiejie Wang

Molecules 2021, 26(22), 6855; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226855 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Rhodiola, especially Rhodiola crenulate and Rhodiola rosea, is an increasingly widely used traditional medicine or dietary supplement in Asian and western countries. Because of the phytochemical diversity and difference of therapeutic efficacy among Rhodiola species, it is crucial to accurately identify [...] Read more.

Rhodiola, especially Rhodiola crenulate and Rhodiola rosea, is an increasingly widely used traditional medicine or dietary supplement in Asian and western countries. Because of the phytochemical diversity and difference of therapeutic efficacy among Rhodiola species, it is crucial to accurately identify them. In this study, a simple and efficient method of the classification of Rhodiola crenulate, Rhodiola rosea, and their confusable species (Rhodiola serrata, Rhodiola yunnanensis, Rhodiola kirilowii and Rhodiola fastigiate) was established by UHPLC fingerprints combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis. The results showed that similarity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) could not achieve accurate classification among the six Rhodiola species. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with stepwise feature selection exhibited effective discrimination. Seven characteristic peaks that are responsible for accurate classification were selected, and their distinguishing ability was successfully verified by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), respectively. Finally, the components of these seven characteristic peaks were identified as 1-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate) β-D-glucopyranose, 4-O-glucosyl-p-coumaric acid, salidroside, epigallocatechin, 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyglucose, epigallocatechin gallate, and (+)-isolarisiresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside or (+)-isolarisiresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. The results obtained in our study provided useful information for authenticity identification and classification of Rhodiola species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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12 pages, 10396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Colorimetric Membrane-Based Sensor with Improved Selectivity towards Amphetamine

by Neus Jornet-Martínez, Pilar Campíns-Falcó and Rosa Herráez-Hernández

Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6713; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216713 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3140

Abstract

Due to their simplicity, speed and low cost, chemical spot tests are increasingly demanded for the presumptive identification of illicit drugs in a variety of contexts such as point-of-care assistance or prosecution of drug trafficking. However, most of the colorimetric reactions used in [...] Read more.

Due to their simplicity, speed and low cost, chemical spot tests are increasingly demanded for the presumptive identification of illicit drugs in a variety of contexts such as point-of-care assistance or prosecution of drug trafficking. However, most of the colorimetric reactions used in these tests are, at best, drug class selective. Therefore, the development of tests based on chemical reactions with improved discrimination power is of great interest. In this work, we propose a new colorimetric assay for amphetamine (AMP) based on its reaction with solutions of alkaline gold bromide to form an insoluble yellow–orange derivative. The resulting suspensions are then filtered onto nylon membranes and the precipitate collected is used for the visual identification of AMP. The measurement of the absorbance of the membranes by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy also allows the quantification of AMP in a simple and rapid way, as demonstrated for different synthetic and drug street samples. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the proposed procedure is highly selective towards AMP, as this compound could be easily differentiated from other common drugs such as methamphetamine (MET), ephedrine (EPH), scopolamine (SCP) and cocaine (COC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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12 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of Corn Adulteration in Wet and Dry-Processed Peaberry Ground Roasted Coffees by UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

by Meinilwita Yulia and Diding Suhandy

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6091; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206091 - 9 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

In this present research, a spectroscopic method based on UV–Vis spectroscopy is utilized to quantify the level of corn adulteration in peaberry ground roasted coffee by chemometrics. Peaberry coffee with two types of bean processing of wet and dry-processed methods was used and [...] Read more.

In this present research, a spectroscopic method based on UV–Vis spectroscopy is utilized to quantify the level of corn adulteration in peaberry ground roasted coffee by chemometrics. Peaberry coffee with two types of bean processing of wet and dry-processed methods was used and intentionally adulterated by corn with a 10–50% level of adulteration. UV–Vis spectral data are obtained for aqueous samples in the range between 250 and 400 nm with a 1 nm interval. Three multivariate regression methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and principal component regression (PCR), are used to predict the level of corn adulteration. The result shows that all individual regression models using individual wet and dry samples are better than that of global regression models using combined wet and dry samples. The best calibration model for individual wet and dry and combined samples is obtained for the PLSR model with a coefficient of determination in the range of 0.83–0.93 and RMSE below 6% (w/w) for calibration and validation. However, the error prediction in terms of RMSEP and bias were highly increased when the individual regression model was used to predict the level of corn adulteration with differences in the bean processing method. The obtained results demonstrate that the use of the global PLSR model is better in predicting the level of corn adulteration. The error prediction for this global model is acceptable with low RMSEP and bias for both individual and combined prediction samples. The obtained RPD_p and RER_p in prediction for the global PLSR model are more than two and five for individual and combined samples, respectively. The proposed method using UV–Vis spectroscopy with a global PLSR model can be applied to quantify the level of corn adulteration in peaberry ground roasted coffee with different bean processing methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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20 pages, 5962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Rock Varnish from the Mojave Desert by Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

by Russell S. Harmon, Daria Khashchevskaya, Michelle Morency, Lewis A. Owen, Morgan Jennings, Jeffrey R. Knott and Jason M. Dortch

Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5200; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175200 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a form of optical emission spectroscopy that can be used for the rapid analysis of geological materials in the field under ambient environmental conditions. We describe here the innovative use of handheld LIBS for the in situ analysis [...] Read more.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a form of optical emission spectroscopy that can be used for the rapid analysis of geological materials in the field under ambient environmental conditions. We describe here the innovative use of handheld LIBS for the in situ analysis of rock varnish. This thinly laminated and compositionally complex veneer forms slowly over time on rock surfaces in dryland regions and is particularly abundant across the Mojave Desert climatic region of east-central California (USA). Following the depth profiling examination of a varnished clast from colluvial gravel in Death Valley in the laboratory, our in situ analysis of rock varnish and visually similar coatings on rock surfaces was undertaken in the Owens and Deep Spring valleys in two contexts, element detection/identification and microchemical mapping. Emission peaks were recognized in the LIBS spectra for the nine elements most abundant in rock varnish—Mn, Fe, Si, Al, Na, Mg, K, Ca and Ba, as well as for H, Li, C, O, Ti, V, Sr and Rb. Focused follow-up laboratory and field studies will help understand rock varnish formation and its utility for weathering and chronological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Analytical Approaches for the Study of Bioavailability and Metabolism of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

by Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, Patricia Fernández-Moreno, Alejandro Rojas-García, David Arráez-Román and Antonio Segura-Carretero

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030777 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3027

Abstract

The study of the bioavailability of bioactive compounds is a fundamental step for the development of applications based on them, such as nutraceuticals, functional foods or cosmeceuticals. It is well-known that these compounds can undergo metabolic reactions before reaching therapeutic targets, which may [...] Read more.

The study of the bioavailability of bioactive compounds is a fundamental step for the development of applications based on them, such as nutraceuticals, functional foods or cosmeceuticals. It is well-known that these compounds can undergo metabolic reactions before reaching therapeutic targets, which may also affect their bioactivity and possible applications. All recent studies that have focused on bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic and terpenoid compounds have been developed because of the advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics approaches. The purpose of this review is to show the role of analytical chemistry and metabolomics in this field of knowledge. In this context, the different steps of the analytical chemistry workflow (design study, sample treatment, analytical techniques and data processing) applied in bioavailability and metabolism in vivo studies are detailed, as well as the most relevant results obtained from them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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49 pages, 4162 KiB

Open AccessReview

On the Origins of Some Spectroscopic Properties of “Purple Iron” (the Tetraoxoferrate(VI) Ion) and Its Pourbaix Safe-Space

by Philip C.W. Cheung, Daryl R. Williams, Jack Barrett, James Barker and Donald W. Kirk

Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5266; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175266 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3421

Abstract

In this work, the authors attempt to interpret the visible, infrared and Raman spectra of ferrate(VI) by means of theoretical physical-inorganic chemistry and historical highlights in this field of interest. In addition, the sacrificial decomposition of ferrate(VI) during water treatment will also be [...] Read more.

In this work, the authors attempt to interpret the visible, infrared and Raman spectra of ferrate(VI) by means of theoretical physical-inorganic chemistry and historical highlights in this field of interest. In addition, the sacrificial decomposition of ferrate(VI) during water treatment will also be discussed together with a brief mention of how Rayleigh scattering caused by the decomposition of Fe^VIO₄²⁻ may render absorbance readings erroneous. This work is not a compendium of all the instrumental methods of analysis which have been deployed to identify ferrate(VI) or to study its plethora of reactions, but mention will be made of the relevant techniques (e.g., Mössbauer Spectroscopy amongst others) which support and advance this overall discourse at appropriate junctures, without undue elaboration on the foundational physics of these techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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38 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessReview

Subcritical Water Extraction of Natural Products

by Yan Cheng, Fumin Xue, Shuai Yu, Shichao Du and Yu Yang

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134004 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 117 | Viewed by 10155

Abstract

Subcritical water refers to high-temperature and high-pressure water. A unique and useful characteristic of subcritical water is that its polarity can be dramatically decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore, subcritical water can behave similar to methanol or ethanol. This makes subcritical water a green [...] Read more.

Subcritical water refers to high-temperature and high-pressure water. A unique and useful characteristic of subcritical water is that its polarity can be dramatically decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore, subcritical water can behave similar to methanol or ethanol. This makes subcritical water a green extraction fluid used for a variety of organic species. This review focuses on the subcritical water extraction (SBWE) of natural products. The extracted materials include medicinal and seasoning herbs, vegetables, fruits, food by-products, algae, shrubs, tea leaves, grains, and seeds. A wide range of natural products such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, essential oil, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, organic acids, polyphenolics, quinones, steroids, and terpenes have been extracted using subcritical water. Various SBWE systems and their advantages and drawbacks have also been discussed in this review. In addition, we have reviewed co-solvents including ethanol, methanol, salts, and ionic liquids used to assist SBWE. Other extraction techniques such as microwave and sonication combined with SBWE are also covered in this review. It is very clear that temperature has the most significant effect on SBWE efficiency, and thus, it can be optimized. The optimal temperature ranges from 130 to 240 °C for extracting the natural products mentioned above. This review can help readers learn more about the SBWE technology, especially for readers with an interest in the field of green extraction of natural products. The major advantage of SBWE of natural products is that water is nontoxic, and therefore, it is more suitable for the extraction of herbs, vegetables, and fruits. Another advantage is that no liquid waste disposal is required after SBWE. Compared with organic solvents, subcritical water not only has advantages in ecology, economy, and safety, but also its density, ion product, and dielectric constant can be adjusted by temperature. These tunable properties allow subcritical water to carry out class selective extractions such as extracting polar compounds at lower temperatures and less polar ingredients at higher temperatures. SBWE can mimic the traditional herbal decoction for preparing herbal medication and with higher extraction efficiency. Since SBWE employs high-temperature and high-pressure, great caution is needed for safe operation. Another challenge for application of SBWE is potential organic degradation under high temperature conditions. We highly recommend conducting analyte stability checks when carrying out SBWE. For analytes with poor SBWE efficiency, a small number of organic modifiers such as ethanol, surfactants, or ionic liquids may be added. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Analytical Chemistry Section—Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry)

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