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12 pages, 1507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Penisimplicins A and B: Novel Polyketide–Peptide Hybrid Alkaloids from the Fungus Penicillium simplicissimum JXCC5

by Qing-Yuan Wang, Yang Gao, Jian-Neng Yao, Li Zhou, He-Ping Chen and Ji-Kai Liu

Molecules 2024, 29(3), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030613 - 27 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1247

Abstract

In this study, two previously undescribed nitrogen-containing compounds, penisimplicins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum JXCC5. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and [...] Read more.

In this study, two previously undescribed nitrogen-containing compounds, penisimplicins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum JXCC5. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configuration of 2 was determined by Marfey’s method, ECD calculation, and DP4+ analysis. Both structures of 1 and 2 feature an unprecedented manner of amino acid-derivatives attaching to a polyketide moiety by C-C bond. The postulated biosynthetic pathways for 1 and 2 were discussed. Additionally, compound 1 exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 6.35 μM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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1 pages, 3919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Preparative Isolation of C-Glycosylflavones Derived from Dianthus superbus on In Vitro Glucose Metabolism

by Zikai Lin, Xiaowei Zhou, Chen Yuan, Yan Fang, Haozheng Zhou, Zhenhua Wang, Jun Dang and Gang Li

Molecules 2024, 29(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020339 - 9 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Dianthus superbus L. has been extensively studied for its potential medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine and is often consumed as a tea by traditional folk. It has the potential to be exploited in the treatment of inflammation, immunological disorders, and diabetic nephropathy. [...] Read more.

Dianthus superbus L. has been extensively studied for its potential medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine and is often consumed as a tea by traditional folk. It has the potential to be exploited in the treatment of inflammation, immunological disorders, and diabetic nephropathy. Based on previous studies, this study continued the separation of another subfraction of Dianthus superbus and established reversed-phase/reversed-phase and reversed-phase/hydrophilic (RPLC) two-dimensional (2D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) modes, quickly separating two C-glycosylflavones, among which 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin was a new compound and isomer with 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin. This is the first study to investigate the effects of 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin on cellular glucose metabolism in vitro. First, molecular docking was used to examine the effects of 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin on AKT and AMPK; these two compounds exhibited relatively high activity. Following this, based on the HepG2 cell model of insulin resistance, it was proved that both of the 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin demonstrated substantial efficacy in ameliorating insulin resistance and were found to be non-toxic. Simultaneously, it is expected that the methods developed in this study will provide a basis for future studies concerning the separation and pharmacological effects of C-glycosyl flavonoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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11 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spinetoram-Induced Potential Neurotoxicity through Autophagy Mediated by Mitochondrial Damage

by Fan Chen, Jin Lu, Meng Li, Junwu Yang, Wenping Xu, Xufeng Jiang and Yang Zhang

Molecules 2024, 29(1), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010253 - 3 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

Spinetoram is an important semi-synthetic insecticide extensively applied in agriculture. It is neurotoxic to insects, primarily by acting on acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, few studies have examined the neurotoxicity of spinetoram in human beings. In this study, various concentrations (5, 10, 15, and [...] Read more.

Spinetoram is an important semi-synthetic insecticide extensively applied in agriculture. It is neurotoxic to insects, primarily by acting on acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, few studies have examined the neurotoxicity of spinetoram in human beings. In this study, various concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 μM) of spinetoram were employed to expose SH-SY5Y cells in order to study the neurotoxic effects of spinetoram. The results showed that spinetoram exposure markedly inhibited cell viability and induced oxidative stress. It also induced mitochondrial membrane potential collapse (ΔΨm), and then caused a massive opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and Ca²⁺ overloading. Furthermore, spinetoram exposure induced cellular autophagy, as evidenced by the formation of autophagosomes, the conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II, down-regulation of p62, and up-regulation of beclin-1. In addition, we observed that p-mTOR expression decreased, while p-AMPK expression increased when exposed to spinetoram, indicating spinetoram triggered AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Complementarily, the effect of spinetoram on neurobehavior was studied using the zebrafish model. After being exposed to different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg/mL) of spinetoram, zebrafish showed neurobehavioral irregularities, such as reduced frequency of tail swings and spontaneous movements. Similarly, autophagy was also observed in zebrafish. In conclusion, spinetoram exposure produced potential neurotoxicity through autophagy mediated by mitochondrial damage. The experimental data and results of the neurotoxicity study of spinetoram provided above are intended to serve as reference for its safety assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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12 pages, 5411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Activity and Its Mechanisms of Two Polysaccharides from Poria cocos

by Wuxia Zhang, Jiaqi He, Danping Zheng, Panpan Zhao, Yingdong Wang, Jinzhong Zhao and Peng Li

Molecules 2024, 29(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010050 - 20 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Polyporaceae is an important fungal family that has been a source of natural products with a range of pharmaceutical activities in China. In our previous study, two polysaccharides, PCWPW and PCWPS, with significant antioxidant and antidepressant activity were obtained from Poria cocos. [...] Read more.

Polyporaceae is an important fungal family that has been a source of natural products with a range of pharmaceutical activities in China. In our previous study, two polysaccharides, PCWPW and PCWPS, with significant antioxidant and antidepressant activity were obtained from Poria cocos. In this study, we evaluated their potential molecular mechanisms in the immunomodulation of macrophages. PCWPW and PCWPS were characterized by GC–MS analysis to contain 1,3-linked Glcp. ELISA assays results demonstrated that the secretion of TNF-α was significantly enhanced by PCWPW/PCWPS. RNA-seq data demonstrated that PCWPS treatment modulated the expression of immune-related genes in macrophages, which was further confirmed by RT-qPCR assays. The activation of TNF-α secretion was found to be mannose receptor (MR) dependent and suppressed by MR inhibitor pretreatment. Moreover, the amount of TNF-α cytokine secretion in PCWPW/PCWPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was decreased when pretreated with NF-κB or MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors. Collectively, our results suggested that PCWPW and PCWPS possessed immunomodulatory activity that regulates TNF-α expression through the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway by binding to mannose receptors. Therefore, PCWPW and PCWPS isolated from Poria cocos have potential as drug candidates for immune-related disease treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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15 pages, 4491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Optimization of Ultrasonic–Microwave Synergistic Extraction of Taxanes from Taxus cuspidata Needles

by Zirui Zhao, Yajing Zhang, Wenlong Li, Yuanhu Tang and Shujie Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(23), 7746; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237746 - 24 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1187

Abstract

Taxanes are the best-known compounds in Taxus cuspidata owing to their strong anticancer effects. However, the traditional taxanes extraction method is the solid–liquid extraction method, which is limited by a large energy consumption and low yield. Therefore, it is urgent to find an [...] Read more.

Taxanes are the best-known compounds in Taxus cuspidata owing to their strong anticancer effects. However, the traditional taxanes extraction method is the solid–liquid extraction method, which is limited by a large energy consumption and low yield. Therefore, it is urgent to find an efficient method for taxanes extraction. The ultrasonic microwave synergistic extraction (UME) method integrates the cavitation effect of ultrasound and the intensifying heat transfer (ionic conduction and dipole rotation of molecules) effect of microwave to accelerate the release of intracellular compounds and is used in active ingredient extractions. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of UME in extracting taxanes from T. cuspidata needles (dichloromethane-ethanol as extractant). A single-factor experiment, Plackett–Burman design, and the response surface method showed that the optimal UME parameters for taxanes extraction were an ultrasonic power of 300 W, a microwave power of 215 W, and 130 sieve meshes. Under these conditions, the taxanes yield was 570.32 μg/g, which increased by 13.41% and 41.63% compared with the ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) treatments, respectively. The reasons for the differences in the taxanes yield were revealed by comparing the physicochemical properties of T. cuspidata residues after the UME, US, and MW treatments. The cell structures were significantly damaged after the UME treatment, and numerous tiny holes were observed on the surface. The absorption peaks of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin increased significantly in intensity, and the lowest peak temperature (307.40 °C), with a melting enthalpy of −5.19 J/g, was found after the UME treatment compared with the US and MW treatments. These results demonstrate that UME is an effective method (570.32 μg/g) to extract taxanes from T. cuspidata needles by destroying cellular structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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12 pages, 5200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asperulosidic Acid Ameliorates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Removing Indoxyl Sulfate by Up-Regulating Organic Anion Transporters in a Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Mice Model

by Jing Wang, Birui Shi, Yueqing Pan, Zhuan Yang, Wei Zou and Menghua Liu

Molecules 2023, 28(23), 7690; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237690 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1329

Abstract

Asperulosidic acid is a bioactive iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. with anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects. However, its mechanism on renal interstitial fibrosis has not been elucidated yet. The present study aims to explore whether asperulosidic acid could retard renal fibrosis by [...] Read more.

Asperulosidic acid is a bioactive iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. with anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects. However, its mechanism on renal interstitial fibrosis has not been elucidated yet. The present study aims to explore whether asperulosidic acid could retard renal fibrosis by reducing the circulating indoxyl sulfate (IS), which is a uremic toxin and accelerates chronic kidney disease progression by inducing renal fibrosis. In this paper, a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of Balb/C mice was established. After the mice were orally administered with asperulosidic acid (14 and 28 mg/kg) for two weeks, blood, liver and kidney were collected for biochemical, histological, qPCR and Western blot analyses. Asperulosidic acid administration markedly reduced the serum IS level and significantly alleviated the histological changes in glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis. It is noteworthy that the mRNA and protein levels of the organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) in the kidney were significantly increased, while the mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450 2e1 (Cyp2e1) and sulfotransferase 1a1 (Sult1a1) in the liver were not altered after asperulosidic acid administration. These results reveal that asperulosidic acid could accelerate the renal excretion of IS by up-regulating OATs via HNF1α in UUO mice, thereby alleviating renal fibrosis, but did not significantly affect its production in the liver, which might provide important information for the development of asperulosidic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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16 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Transformation of Gentiopicrin, a Liver Protective Active Ingredient, Based on Intestinal Bacteria

by Jie Fu, Hang Yu, Qinglan Guo, Yanan Wang, Hui Xu, Jinyue Lu, Jiachun Hu and Yan Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(22), 7575; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227575 - 14 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Gentiopicrin, the main component of the famous Chinese patent medicine Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, has the characteristics of fast absorption in vivo and low bioavailability. Intestinal bacteria play an important role in the absorption and pharmacokinetics of oral drugs. In this study, [...] Read more.

Gentiopicrin, the main component of the famous Chinese patent medicine Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, has the characteristics of fast absorption in vivo and low bioavailability. Intestinal bacteria play an important role in the absorption and pharmacokinetics of oral drugs. In this study, the metabolic transformation of gentiopicrin by intestinal bacteria was examined. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MSⁿ-IT-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used, and six metabolites were identified, including reduction products (G-M1, G-M2, G-M4, and G-M6), a hydrolytic product (G-M3), and a dehydration product (G-M5) of gentiopicrin aglycone after hydrolysis, reduction, and dehydration reactions were performed by the intestinal flora. This is the first time that chiral metabolites of gentiopicrin (G-M1 and G-M2) were found in this study. In addition, the precursors of glucuronic acid conjugates previously reported in vivo may have come from the intestinal bacterial metabolites G-M1, G-M2, and G-M3. In addition, the metabolic transformation of gentiopicrin in liver microsomes was studied in vitro, and it was found that gentiopicrin did not undergo metabolic transformation under the action of liver microsomes. It is suggested that gentiopicroside may be metabolized in the intestine. This study provides both new insight regarding the investigation of effective substances and an exploration of the pharmacodynamic and toxicological properties of gentiopicrin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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17 pages, 3609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenylboronic Acid and Amino Bifunctional Modified Adsorbent for Quickly Separating Phenolic Acids from Crude Extract of Clerodendranthus spicatus and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities

by Mengqi Cheng, Qianyi Song, Xiaoyu Zhang, Pingyi Zheng, Ran Zhao, Youxin Li and Haixia Chen

Molecules 2023, 28(22), 7539; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227539 - 11 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

A novel phenylboronic acid and amino bifunctional modified silica gel (SiO₂-NH₂-FPBA) was prepared, which was 30–80 μm, had a pore size of 8.69 nm, a specific surface area of 206.89 m²/g, was stable at low temperature, and [...] Read more.

A novel phenylboronic acid and amino bifunctional modified silica gel (SiO₂-NH₂-FPBA) was prepared, which was 30–80 μm, had a pore size of 8.69 nm, a specific surface area of 206.89 m²/g, was stable at low temperature, and contained 0.4793 mmol/g of the phenylboronic acid group and 1.6377 mmol/g of the amino group. It was used to develop a rapid separation method for phenolic acids. The results showed that it could adsorb 93.64 mg/g caffeic acid, 89.35 mg/g protocatechuic acid and 79.66 mg/g gallic acid. The adsorption process was consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), and fitted the Langmuir isotherm model well (R² > 0.99). CH₃COOH could effectively desorb phenolic acids (>90%) and did not destroy their structures. When SiO₂-NH₂-FPBA was added to crude extract of Clerodendranthus spicatus, 93.24% of the phenolic acids could be captured, and twenty-two kinds of phenolic acids were identified by Q Exactive HF LC-MS. Furthermore, the isolated phenolic acids from Clerodendranthus spicatus possessed great DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities and ferric reducing power. They also demonstrated effective inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities (IC₅₀ = 110.63 ± 3.67 μg/mL and 64.76 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively). The findings indicate that SiO₂-NH₂-FPBA has significant potential in practical applications of separating active constituents from natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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16 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Purification, Identification and Antioxidant of Flavonoids Extracted from Perilla leaves

by Hui Li, Jiayu Lin, Baoqing Bai, Tao Bo, Yufei He, Shanhong Fan and Jinhua Zhang

Molecules 2023, 28(21), 7273; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217273 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

The flavonoids from Perilla leaves were extracted using flash extraction assisted by ultrasonic extraction with ethanol. Subsequently, macroporous resin was employed for the isolation and purification of these flavonoids, followed by an investigation into their antioxidant activity. The process conditions for the extraction [...] Read more.

The flavonoids from Perilla leaves were extracted using flash extraction assisted by ultrasonic extraction with ethanol. Subsequently, macroporous resin was employed for the isolation and purification of these flavonoids, followed by an investigation into their antioxidant activity. The process conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from Perilla leaves were designed and optimized using a one-way experiment combined with a response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: the liquid–solid ratio was 20:1, ethanol volume fraction of 60%, ultrasound temperature of 60 °C, ultrasound time of 10 min and flash evaporation time of 60 s. The optimal extraction rate of flavonoids is 9.8 mg/g. In terms of separation and purification, a high-performance macroporous resin (HPD450 resin) with high purification efficiency was selected through static analysis and adsorption experiments. The optimal enrichment conditions were as follows: loading concentration of 0.06 mg/mL, optimal loading concentration of 20 mL, elution concentration of 70% and 76 mL, providing a reference for the further development and utilization of Perilla leaf flavonoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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12 pages, 3740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorahololide D, a Lindenane-Type Sesquiterpenoid Dimer from Chloranthus holostegius Suppressing Breast Cancer Progression

by Ying Li, Wenhui Liu, Jing Xu and Yuanqiang Guo

Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7070; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207070 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

Aimed at discovering small molecules as anticancer drugs or lead compounds from plants, a lindenane-type sesquiterpene dimer, chlorahololide D, was isolated from Chloranthus holostegius. The literature review showed that there were few reports on the antitumor effects and mechanisms of chlorahololide D. [...] Read more.

Aimed at discovering small molecules as anticancer drugs or lead compounds from plants, a lindenane-type sesquiterpene dimer, chlorahololide D, was isolated from Chloranthus holostegius. The literature review showed that there were few reports on the antitumor effects and mechanisms of chlorahololide D. Our biological assay suggested that chlorahololide D blocked the growth and triggered apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by stimulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and arresting the cell cycle at the G2 stage. Further mechanism exploration suggested that chlorahololide D regulated apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. Moreover, chlorahololide D inhibited cell migration by regulating the FAK signaling pathway. In the zebrafish xenograft model, chlorahololide D was observed to suppress tumor proliferation and migration significantly. Considering the crucial function of angiogenesis in tumor development, the anti-angiogenesis of chlorahololide D was also investigated. All of the research preliminarily revealed that chlorahololide D could become an anti-breast cancer drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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13 pages, 2806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Triterpenoids from Munronia pinnata and Their Anti-Proliferative Effects

by Xuerong Yang, Peiyuan Liu, Yulu Wei, Jingru Song, Xiaojie Yan, Xiaohua Jiang, Jianxing Li, Xiangqin Li, Dianpeng Li and Fenglai Lu

Molecules 2023, 28(19), 6839; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196839 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1234

Abstract

Six new tirucallane-type triterpenoids, named munropenes A–F (1–6), were extracted from the whole plants of Munronia pinnata using a water extraction method. Their chemical structures were determined based on detailed spectroscopic data. The relative configurations of the acyclic structures [...] Read more.

Six new tirucallane-type triterpenoids, named munropenes A–F (1–6), were extracted from the whole plants of Munronia pinnata using a water extraction method. Their chemical structures were determined based on detailed spectroscopic data. The relative configurations of the acyclic structures at C-17 of munropenes A–F (1–6) were established using carbon–proton spin-coupling constants (^2,3J_C,H) and inter-proton spin-coupling constants (³J_H,H). Furthermore, the absolute configurations of munropenes A–F (1–6) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. The antiproliferative effects of munropenes A–F were evaluated in five tumor cell lines: HCT116, A549, HepG2, MCF7, and MDAMB. Munropenes A, B, D, and F (1, 2, 4, and 6) inhibited proliferation in the HCT116 cell line with IC₅₀ values of 40.90, 19.13, 17.66, and 32.62 µM, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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14 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endophytic Microbes from Medicinal Plants in Fenghuang Mountain as a Source of Antibiotics

by Aiping Yang, Yu Hong, Fengjuan Zhou, Ling Zhang, Youjuan Zhu, Chang Wang, Yang Hu, Li Yu, Lihong Chen and Xiachang Wang

Molecules 2023, 28(17), 6301; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176301 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

One of the largest concerns with world health today is still antibiotic resistance, which is making it imperative to find efficient alternatives as soon as possible. It has been demonstrated that microbes are reliable sources for the creation of therapeutic antibiotics. This research [...] Read more.

One of the largest concerns with world health today is still antibiotic resistance, which is making it imperative to find efficient alternatives as soon as possible. It has been demonstrated that microbes are reliable sources for the creation of therapeutic antibiotics. This research intends to investigate the endophytic microorganisms from several medicinal plants in Fenghuang Mountain (Jiangsu Province, China) and to discover new antibiotics from their secondary metabolites. A total of 269 endophytic strains were isolated from nine distinct medicinal plants. Taxonomic analysis revealed that there were 20 distinct species among these endophytes, with Streptomyces being the most common genus. Three of the target strains were chosen for scale-up fermentation after preliminary screening of antibacterial activities and the metabolomics investigation using LC-MS. These strains were Penicillium sp. NX-S-6, Streptomyces sp. YHLB-L-2 and Streptomyces sp. ZLBB-S-6. Twenty-three secondary metabolites (1–23), including a new sorbicillin analogue (1), were produced as a result of antibacterial activity-guided isolation. Through spectroscopic analysis using MS and NMR, the structures of yield compounds were clarified. According to antibacterial data, S. aureus or B. subtilis were inhibited to varying degrees by sorrentanone (3), emodic acid (8), GKK1032 B (10), linoleic acid (14), toyocamycin (17) and quinomycin A (21). The most effective antimicrobial agent against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and A. baumannii was quinomycin A (21). In addition, quinomycin A showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and two clinical isolated strains Aspergillus fumigatus #176 and #339, with MIC as 16, 4, 16 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. This is the first time that bioprospecting of actinobacteria and their secondary metabolites from medicinal plants in Fenghuang Mountain was reported. The finding demonstrates the potential of endophytic microbes in medical plants to produce a variety of natural products. Endophytic microbes will be an important source for new antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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15 pages, 3931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Identification and Antioxidant Activity of Loach Protein Enzymatic Hydrolysates

by Jinrong Mao, Shunqin Li, Liyuan Yun and Min Zhang

Molecules 2023, 28(11), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114391 - 28 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1755

Abstract

Loach, rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, and mineral elements, is being gradually favored by consumers. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant activity and structural characteristics of loach peptides were comprehensively analyzed. The loach protein (LAP) with a molecular weight between [...] Read more.

Loach, rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, and mineral elements, is being gradually favored by consumers. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant activity and structural characteristics of loach peptides were comprehensively analyzed. The loach protein (LAP) with a molecular weight between 150 and 3000 Da was graded by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration processes, which exhibited excellent scavenging activity against DPPH radical (IC50 2.91 ± 0.02 mg/mL), hydroxyl radical (IC50 9.95 ± 0.03 mg/mL), and superoxide anion radical (IC50 13.67 ± 0.33 mg/mL). Additionally, LAP was purified by gel filtration chromatography, and two principal components (named as LAP-I and LAP-II) were isolated. A total of 582 and 672 peptides were identified in LAP-I and LAP-II, respectively, through structural analysis. The XRD results revealed that LAP-I and LAP-II had an irregular amorphous structure. The 2D-NMR spectroscopy results suggested that LAP-I had a compact stretch conformation in the D₂O solution, while LAP-II had a folded conformation. Overall, the study results suggested that loach peptide could be a potential antioxidant agent and might provide valuable information for chain conformation and antioxidant mechanism research further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Regulation of Immune Response by Tanshinones and Salvianolic Acids of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)

by Jiawen Tang and Xueying Zhao

Molecules 2024, 29(6), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061201 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2135

Abstract

As one of the traditional Chinese herbs, Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) has been widely studied and widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other immune diseases. Tanshinones and salvianolic acids isolated from Danshen are considered to be the main components [...] Read more.

As one of the traditional Chinese herbs, Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) has been widely studied and widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other immune diseases. Tanshinones and salvianolic acids isolated from Danshen are considered to be the main components of its biological activity and pharmacology that play important roles in increasing the index of immune organs, regulating the number and function of immune cells, and releasing immunoreactive substances. Especially tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid show good biological activity in treating rheumatoid arthritis, some immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In order to understand their pharmacological effects and provide references for future research and clinical treatment, the regulation of immune response by tanshinones and salvianolic acids is summarized in detail in this paper. In addition, the challenges in their pharmacological development and the opportunities to exploit their clinical potential have been documented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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27 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessReview

Short Chain Fatty Acids: Essential Weapons of Traditional Medicine in Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Yuan Yao, Yongchao Liu, Qiuyun Xu and Liming Mao

Molecules 2024, 29(2), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020379 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3288

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease, mainly including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of IBD have been on the rise worldwide and have become a significant concern of [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease, mainly including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of IBD have been on the rise worldwide and have become a significant concern of health and a huge economic burden on patients. The occurrence and development of IBD involve a variety of pathogenic factors. The changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are considered to be an important pathogenic mechanism of this disease. SCFAs are important metabolites in the intestinal microbial environment, which are closely involved in regulating immune, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Changes in metabolite levels can reflect the homeostasis of the intestinal microflora. Recent studies have shown that SCFAs provide energy for host cells and intestinal microflora, shape the intestinal environment, and regulate the immune system, thereby regulating intestinal physiology. SCFAs can effectively reduce the incidence of enteritis, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, obesity, and diabetes, and also play an important role in maintaining the balance of energy metabolism (mainly glucose metabolism) and improving insulin tolerance. In recent years, many studies have shown that numerous decoctions and natural compounds of traditional Chinese medicine have shown promising therapeutic activities in multiple animal models of colitis and thus attracted increasing attention from scientists in the study of IBD treatment. Some of these traditional Chinese medicines or compounds can effectively alleviate colonic inflammation and clinical symptoms by regulating the generation of SCFAs. This study reviews the effects of various traditional Chinese medicines or bioactive substances on the production of SCFAs and their potential impacts on the severity of colonic inflammation. On this basis, we discussed the mechanism of SCFAs in regulating IBD-associated inflammation, as well as the related regulatory factors and signaling pathways. In addition, we provide our understanding of the limitations of current research and the prospects for future studies on the development of new IBD therapies by targeting SCFAs. This review may widen our understanding of the effect of traditional medicine from the view of SCFAs and their role in alleviating IBD animal models, thus contributing to the studies of IBD researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Natural Products: Isolation, Identification, Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities)

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