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Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 5-Chloromethylfurfural (CMF) from Carbohydrates in Mild Biphasic Systems

by Wenhua Gao, Yiqun Li, Zhouyang Xiang, Kefu Chen, Rendang Yang and Dimitris S. Argyropoulos

Molecules 2013, 18(7), 7675-7685; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18077675 - 2 Jul 2013

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8304 | Correction

Abstract

5-Halomethylfurfurals can be considered as platform chemicals of high reactivity making them useful for the preparation of a variety of important compounds. In this study, a one-pot route for the conversion of carbohydrates into 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF) in a simple and efficient (HCl-H₃ [...] Read more.

5-Halomethylfurfurals can be considered as platform chemicals of high reactivity making them useful for the preparation of a variety of important compounds. In this study, a one-pot route for the conversion of carbohydrates into 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF) in a simple and efficient (HCl-H₃PO₄/CHCl₃) biphasic system has been investigated. Monosaccharides such as D-fructose, D-glucose and sorbose, disaccharides such as sucrose and cellobiose and polysaccharides such as cellulose were successfully converted into CMF in satisfactory yields under mild conditions. Our data shows that when using D-fructose the optimum yield of CMF was about 47%. This understanding allowed us to extent our work to biomaterials, such as wood powder and wood pulps with yields of CMF obtained being comparable to those seen with some of the enumerated mono and disaccharides. Overall, the proposed (HCl-H₃PO₄/CHCl₃) optimized biphasic system provides a simple, mild, and cost-effective means to prepare CMF from renewable resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enantioselectivity Induced by Oxazaborolidine Supported on Mesoporous Silica or by Its Analog in Homogeneous Phase

by Jeremy H. Yune, Françoise Quignard and Karine Molvinger

Molecules 2010, 15(5), 3643-3660; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053643 - 18 May 2010

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8896

Abstract

The impact of immobilization of oxazaborolidines supported on silica via different substituents on the boron and nitrogen atoms is evaluated in the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone. The performances of the homogeneous analog oxazaborolidines and silica supported-ones are compared by varying different parameters. This [...] Read more.

The impact of immobilization of oxazaborolidines supported on silica via different substituents on the boron and nitrogen atoms is evaluated in the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone. The performances of the homogeneous analog oxazaborolidines and silica supported-ones are compared by varying different parameters. This article deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of silica-supported oxazaborolidines, their recycling capabilities and regeneration limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chiral Pt/ZrO₂ Catalysts. Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione

by Claudia Urbina, Cristian Campos, Gina Pecchi, Carmen Claver and Patricio Reyes

Molecules 2010, 15(5), 3428-3440; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053428 - 12 May 2010

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9317

Abstract

The enantioselective hydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedioneover Pt colloids stabilized with (R,S)-4,5-dihydro-4,5-diphenyl-2-(6-cyanopyridinyl)imidazoline (CI) supported on a meso-structured ZrO₂ under a pressure of 40 bar of H₂ at 298 K has been investigated_. The metal loading in all catalysts was 1 [...] Read more.

The enantioselective hydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedioneover Pt colloids stabilized with (R,S)-4,5-dihydro-4,5-diphenyl-2-(6-cyanopyridinyl)imidazoline (CI) supported on a meso-structured ZrO₂ under a pressure of 40 bar of H₂ at 298 K has been investigated_. The metal loading in all catalysts was 1 wt%. The effect of the amount of chiral modifier on the metal particle size and on the catalytic behavior was analyzed. It was found that as the CI/Pt molar ratio increases from 2.5 to 3.5 the Pt crystal size decreases from 3.0 to 1.8 nm. All catalysts were very active in the studied reaction, with the most active one being the catalyst with smaller Pt particles, whereas the selectivity is higher in those catalysts with larger chiral modified Pt metal particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Degradation of Mecoprop and Clopyralid in Aqueous Suspensions of Nanostructured N-doped TiO₂

by Daniela Šojić, Vesna Despotović, Biljana Abramović, Nadia Todorova, Tatiana Giannakopoulou and Christos Trapalis

Molecules 2010, 15(5), 2994-3009; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15052994 - 27 Apr 2010

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 11321

Abstract

The work describes a study of the oxidation power of N-doped and undoped anatase TiO₂, as well as TiO₂ Degussa P25 suspensions for photocatalytic degradation of the herbicides RS-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (mecoprop) and 3,6-dichloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (clopyralid) using visible [...] Read more.

The work describes a study of the oxidation power of N-doped and undoped anatase TiO₂, as well as TiO₂ Degussa P25 suspensions for photocatalytic degradation of the herbicides RS-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (mecoprop) and 3,6-dichloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (clopyralid) using visible and UV light. Undoped nanostructured TiO₂ powder in the form of anatase was prepared by a sol-gel route. The synthesized TiO₂, as well as TiO₂ Degussa P25 powder, were modified with urea to introduce nitrogen into the structure. N-doped TiO₂ appeared to be somewhat more efficient than the starting TiO₂ (anatase) powder when visible light was used for mecoprop degradation. N-doped TiO₂ Degussa P25 was also slightly more efficient than TiO₂ Degussa P25. However, under the same experimental conditions, no degradation of clopyralid was observed in the presence of any of the mentioned catalysts. When the kinetics of mecoprop degradation was studied using UV light, more efficient were the undoped powders, while in the case of clopyralid, N-doped TiO₂ Degussa P25 powder was most efficient, which is probably a consequence of the difference in the molecular structure of the two herbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Chemical Reactions Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

by Shirley Nakagaki, Gabriel Kaetan Baio Ferreira, Geani Maria Ucoski and Kelly Aparecida Dias de Freitas Castro

Molecules 2013, 18(6), 7279-7308; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18067279 - 21 Jun 2013

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 13483

Abstract

The synthetic versatility and the potential application of metalloporphyrins (MP) in different fields have aroused researchers’ interest in studying these complexes, in an attempt to mimic biological systems such as cytochrome P-450. Over the last 40 years, synthetic MPs have been mainly used [...] Read more.

The synthetic versatility and the potential application of metalloporphyrins (MP) in different fields have aroused researchers’ interest in studying these complexes, in an attempt to mimic biological systems such as cytochrome P-450. Over the last 40 years, synthetic MPs have been mainly used as catalysts for homogeneous or heterogeneous chemical reactions. To employ them in heterogeneous catalysis, chemists have prepared new MP-based solids by immobilizing MP onto rigid inorganic supports, a strategy that affords hybrid inorganic-organic materials. More recently, materials obtained by supramolecular assembly processes and containing MPs as building blocks have been applied in a variety of areas, like gas storage, photonic devices, separation, molecular sensing, magnets, and heterogeneous catalysis, among others. These coordination polymers, known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), contain organic ligands or complexes connected by metal ions or clusters, which give rise to a 1-, 2- or 3-D network. These kinds of materials presents large surface areas, Brønsted or redox sites, and high porosity, all of which are desirable features in catalysts with potential use in heterogeneous phases. Building MOFs based on MP is a good way to obtain solid catalysts that offer the advantages of bioinspired systems and zeolitic materials. In this mini review, we will adopt a historical approach to present the most relevant MP-based MOFs applicable to catalytic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, insertion of functional groups, and exchange of organic functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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456 KiB

Open AccessReview

Combining the Benefits of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis with Tunable Solvents and Nearcritical Water

by Ali Z. Fadhel, Pamela Pollet, Charles L. Liotta and Charles A. Eckert

Molecules 2010, 15(11), 8400-8424; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15118400 - 16 Nov 2010

Cited by 117 | Viewed by 18311

Abstract

The greatest advantage of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, while the disadvantages are often limited activity and selectivity. We report solvents that use tunable phase behavior to achieve homogeneous catalysis with ease of separation. Tunable solvents are homogeneous mixtures of water [...] Read more.

The greatest advantage of heterogeneous catalysis is the ease of separation, while the disadvantages are often limited activity and selectivity. We report solvents that use tunable phase behavior to achieve homogeneous catalysis with ease of separation. Tunable solvents are homogeneous mixtures of water or polyethylene glycol with organics such as acetonitrile, dioxane, and THF that can be used for homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Modest pressures of a soluble gas, generally CO₂, achieve facile post-reaction heterogeneous separation of products from the catalyst. Examples shown here are rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene and p-methylstyrene and palladium catalyzed C-O coupling to produce o-tolyl-3,5-xylyl ether and 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol. Both were successfully carried out in homogeneous tunable solvents followed by separation efficiencies of up to 99% with CO₂ pressures of 3 MPa. Further examples in tunable solvents are enzyme catalyzed reactions such as kinetic resolution of rac-1-phenylethyl acetate and hydrolysis of 2-phenylethyl acetate (2PEA) to 2-phenylethanol (2PE). Another tunable solvent is nearcritical water (NCW), whose unique properties offer advantages for developing sustainable alternatives to traditional processes. Some examples discussed are Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, hydrolysis of benzoate esters, and water-catalyzed deprotection of N-Boc-protected amine compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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481 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microheterogeneous Catalysis

by Eva Bernal, María Marchena and Francisco Sánchez

Molecules 2010, 15(7), 4815-4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15074815 - 9 Jul 2010

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10676

Abstract

The catalytic effect of micelles, polymers (such as DNA, polypeptides) and nanoparticles, saturable receptors (cyclodextrins and calixarenes) and more complex systems (mixing some of the above mentioned catalysts) have been reviewed. In these microheterogeneous systems the observed changes in the rate constants have [...] Read more.

The catalytic effect of micelles, polymers (such as DNA, polypeptides) and nanoparticles, saturable receptors (cyclodextrins and calixarenes) and more complex systems (mixing some of the above mentioned catalysts) have been reviewed. In these microheterogeneous systems the observed changes in the rate constants have been rationalized using the Pseudophase Model. This model produces equations that can be derived from the Brönsted equation, which is the basis for a more general formulation of catalytic effects, including electrocatalysis. When, in the catalyzed reaction one of the reactants is in the excited state, the applicability (at least formally) of the Pseudophase Model occurs only in two limiting situations: the lifetime of the fluorophore and the distributions of the quencher and the probe are the main properties that define the different situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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490 KiB

Open AccessReview

Design and Use of Nanostructured Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Selective Transformation of Fine Chemicals

by Vladimiro Dal Santo, Francesca Liguori, Claudio Pirovano and Matteo Guidotti

Molecules 2010, 15(6), 3829-3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15063829 - 26 May 2010

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 12656

Abstract

Nanostructured single-site heterogeneous catalysts possess the advantages of classical solid catalysts, in terms of easy recovery and recycling, together with a defined tailored chemical and steric environment around the catalytically active metal site. The use of inorganic oxide supports with selected shape and [...] Read more.

Nanostructured single-site heterogeneous catalysts possess the advantages of classical solid catalysts, in terms of easy recovery and recycling, together with a defined tailored chemical and steric environment around the catalytically active metal site. The use of inorganic oxide supports with selected shape and porosity at a nanometric level may have a relevant impact on the regio- and stereochemistry of the catalytic reaction. Analogously, by choosing the optimal preparation techniques to obtain spatially isolated and well-characterised active sites, it is possible to achieve performances that are comparable to (or, in the most favourable cases, better than) those obtained with homogeneous systems. Such catalysts are therefore particularly suitable for the transformation of highly-functionalised fine chemicals and some relevant examples where high chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity are crucial will be described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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