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Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 7912

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Dr. Adam Kloskowski

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Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str.11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: sample preparation; ionic liquids; SPME; extraction; QSPR

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus on how to use ionic liquids in the preparation of samples for analysis. Publications should cover the methods of their implementation in extraction techniques as well as their application in practice. It is also possible to publish papers relating to the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids, important for their use in analytical techniques.

Dr. Adam Kloskowski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

ionic liquids
extraction
micro-extraction techniques
sample preparation
analytical chemistry

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 7904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste-Printed Circuit Boards by Ionic Liquids, DESs and Organophosphorous-Based Acid Extraction

by Aneta Łukomska, Anna Wiśniewska, Zbigniew Dąbrowski, Jakub Lach, Kamil Wróbel, Dorota Kolasa and Urszula Domańska

Molecules 2022, 27(15), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154984 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2157

Abstract

The extraction of metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) with ionic liquids (ILs), Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and organophosphorous-based acid (Cyanex 272) has been presented. The study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the application of the new leaching liquids, and the new method of extraction of metals from the leachate and the solid phase with or without the leaching process. Solvent extraction from the liquid leachate phase has been studied in detail with popular ILs, such as tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, {[P_8,8,8,8][Br] and tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, [P_4,4,4,14][Cl] using Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS) method. Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [P_6,6,6,14][Cyanex272], ([P_6,6,6,14][BTMPP]), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium thiocyanate, [P_6,6,6,14][SCN], methyltrioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), as well as bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) were also used in the extraction of metals from the leachate. Two DESs (1) {choline chloride + lactic acid, 1:2} and (2) {choline chloride + malonic acid, 1:1} were used in the extraction of metals from the solid phase. The extraction behavior of metals with DESs was compared with that performed with three new bi-functional ILs: didecyldimethylammonium salicylate, [N_10,10,1,1][Sal], didecyldimethylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, [N_10,10,1,1][D2EHPA], and didecyldimethylammonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [N_10,10,1,1][Cyanex272]. The [P_6,6,6,14][Cyanex272]/toluene and (Cyanex 272 + diethyl phosphite ester) mixtures exhibited a high extraction efficiency of about 50–90% for different metal ions from the leachate. High extraction efficiency of about 90–100 wt% with the ABS method using the mixture {[P_8,8,8,8][Br], or [P_4,4,4,14][Cl] + NaCl + H₂O₂ + post-leaching liquid phase} was obtained. The DES 2 revealed the efficiency of copper extraction, E_Cu = 15.8 wt% and silver, E_Ag = 20.1 wt% at pH = 5 from the solid phase after the thermal pre-treatment and acid leaching. The solid phase extraction efficiency after thermal pre-treatment only was (E_Cu = 9.6 wt% and E_Ag = 14.2 wt%). The use of new bi-functional ILs did not improve the efficiency of the extraction of metal ions from the solid phase. Process factors such as solvent concentration, extraction additives, stripping and leaching methods, temperature, pH and liquid/solid as well as organic/water ratios were under control. For all the systems, the selectivity and distribution ratios were described. The proposed extraction processes can represent alternative paths in new technologies for recovering metals from electronic secondary waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation)

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15 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Head-Space SPME for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Insecticides by Novel Silica IL-Based Fibers in Real Samples

by Karolina Delińska, Kateryna Yavir and Adam Kloskowski

Molecules 2022, 27(15), 4688; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154688 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

This work demonstrates the suitability of a newly developed ionic liquid (IL)-based silica SPME fiber for the determination of seven organophosphorus insecticides in cucumber and grapefruit samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (FID). The sol-gel method released four different sorbent coatings, which were obtained based on a silica matrix containing ILs immobilized inside its pores. In order to obtain ionogel fibers, the following ionic liquids were utilized: 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; Butyltriethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; 1-(2-Methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The developed fibers were applied for the extraction of seven different insecticides from liquid samples. The most important extraction parameters of HS-SPME coupled with the GC-FID method were optimized with a central composite design. The new SPME fiber demonstrated higher selectivity for extracting the analyzed insecticides compared with commercially available fibers. The limit of detection was in the range of 0.01–0.93 μg L⁻¹, the coefficients of determination were >0.9830, and 4.8–10.1% repeatability of the method was found. Finally, the obtained ionogel fibers were utilized to determine insecticides in fresh cucumber and grapefruit juices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation)

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10 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ XANES Studies on Extracted Copper from Scrap Cu/ITO Thin Film in an Ionic Liquid Containing Iodine/Iodide

by Hsin-Liang Huang and Yu Jhe Wei

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061771 - 8 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Copper is coated on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film to improve its electrical resistivity. In order to recycle the scrap Cu/ITO thin film, an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₄mim][PF₆])) containing iodine/iodide (IL-I) was used to extract copper at 303, 343, 413, 374, and 543 K. The extraction efficiency of copper from the scrap Cu/ITO thin film was >99% with IL-I. Using XRD, crystal In₂O₃ was found on the regenerated ITO thin film which had a resistivity similar to that of unused ITO thin film. Using X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy, at least two paths for the extraction of copper from the Cu/ITO thin film into IL-I were identified. Path I: Copper is stripped from the scrap Cu/ITO thin film and then interacts with I₃⁻ in the IL-I to form nano CuI. The nano CuI further interacts with I⁻. Path II: Copper interacts with I₃⁻ on the surface of the Cu/ITO thin film to form nano CuI. The nano CuI is further stripped into the IL-I to interact with I⁻. During extraction, the nanoparticle size could be increased in the IL-I by conglomeration due to fewer coordinating anions and decrease in the viscosity of IL-I at high temperatures. Furthermore, nanoparticle growth was affected by [PF₆]⁻ of the IL-I determined via ³¹P NMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation)

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13 pages, 1821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Prediction on the Effect of Ionic Properties of Solvent Extraction Performance of Oily Sludge Using Machine Learning

by Changchao Hu, Shuhan Fu, Lingfu Zhu, Wei Dang and Tingting Zhang

Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7551; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247551 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2211

Abstract

Oily sludge produced in the process of petroleum exploitation and utilization is a kind of hazardous waste that needs to be urgently dealt with in the petrochemical industry. The oil content of oily sludge is generally between 15–50% and has a great potential for oil resource utilization. However, its composition is complex, in which asphaltene is of high viscosity and difficult to separate. In this study, The oily sludge was extracted with toluene as solvent, supplemented by three kinds of ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM] [BF₄]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole trifluoro-acetate ([EMIM] [TA]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole Dicyandiamide ([EMIM] [N(CN)₂])) and three kinds of deep eutectic solutions (choline chloride/urea (ChCl/U), choline chloride / ethylene glycol (ChCl/EG), and choline chloride/malonic acid (ChCl/MA)). This experiment investigates the effect of physicochemical properties of the solvents on oil recovery and three machine learning methods (ridge regression, multilayer perceptron, and support vector regression) are used to predict the association between them. Depending on the linear correlation of variables, it is found that the conductivity of ionic liquid is the key characteristic affecting the extraction treatment in this system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation)

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