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Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019

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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2019) | Viewed by 54691

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Prof. Dr. Jihoon Lee

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Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea
Interests: understanding physical, chemical, and biological materials of various compositions and morphologies, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, oxide materials, polymer, molecules, nanoparticles, nanowires, quantum, dots, etc.
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Prof. Dr. Ming-Yu Li

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School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: nanomaterials synthesis; photodetectors; solar cells; fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures; pyroelectric thin films; nanocomposites for pyroelectric energy harvesting
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Prof. Dr. Sui Mao

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National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Interests: plasmonic photoelectronics; fine characterization in photoelectrics; photodetectors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 2019 Collaborative Conference on Materials Research (CCMR) will take place in Goyang Gyeonggi (South Korea), 3–7 June, 2019. Materials research, the science and technologies for the generation, processing and fabrication of materials, is where the disciplines merge and where they diverge into a remarkable range of applications, from electronics to health care that touch, or will soon touch, the lives of millions. The CCMR series aims to enable the technological developments in the various fields of materials and to further the goal of unifying materials research in engineering, physics, biology, materials science, as well as chemistry and neuroscience.

This Special Issue, “Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019”, will contain the accepted papers presented during 2019 CCMR, related to ‘nanotechnologies and nanomaterials.’ The selected papers will include nano-materials preparation, modification, characterization, properties and the applications of any compositions and morphologies, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal, oxide materials, polymer, molecules, nanoparticles, nanowires, quantum dots, etc.

Prof. Dr. Jihoon Lee
Dr. Ming-Yu Li
Prof. Dr. Sui Mao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Advanced Alloy Materials
Biomaterials and Applications
Catalytic Materials and Applications
Electronic Materials & Applications
Energy Materials (fuel cells & batteries)
Graphene and Applications
Light Emitting Materials
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Materials Synthesis & Characterizations
Materials Theory and Principles
Molecular Systems & Applications
Nanostructures & Nanomaterials
Optoelectronic Materials
Oxide Materials
Photovoltaics Photocatalysis Materials
Plasmonics and Applications
Polymers and Applications
Quantum Matters & Applications
Sensors and Applications

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Light Extraction from Bottom Emission OLEDs by High Refractive Index Nanoparticle Scattering Layer

by Chan Young Park and Byoungdeog Choi

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(9), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091241 - 31 Aug 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6284

Abstract

High refractive index nanoparticle material was applied as a scattering layer on the inner side of a glass substrate of a bottom emission organic light emitting diode (OLED) device to enhance light extraction and to improve angular color shift. TiO₂ and YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia; Y₂O₃-ZrO₂) were examined as the high refractive index nanoparticles. The nanoparticle material was formed as a scattering layer on a glass substrate by a coating method, which is generally used in the commercial display manufacturing process. Additionally, a planarization layer was coated on the scattering layer with the same method. The implemented nanoparticle material and planarization material endured, without deformation, the subsequent thermal annealing process, which was carried out at temperature ranged to 580 °C. We demonstrated a practical and highly efficient OLED device using the conventional display manufacturing process by implementing the YSZ nanoparticle. We obtained a 38% enhanced luminance of the OLED device and a decreased angular color change compared to a conventional OLED device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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9 pages, 13291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Mechanism of SmB₆ Nanowires Synthesized by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Catalyst-Assisted and Catalyst-Free

by Yi Chu, Yugui Cui, Shaoyun Huang, Yingjie Xing and Hongqi Xu

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(8), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9081062 - 24 Jul 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3367

Abstract

SmB₆ nanowires, as a prototype of nanostructured topological Kondo insulator, have shown rich novel physical phenomena relating to their surface. Catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a common approach to prepare SmB₆ nanowires and Ni is the most popular catalyst used to initiate the growth of SmB₆ nanowires. Here, we study the effect of growth mechanism on the surface of SmB₆ nanowires synthesized by CVD. Two types of SmB₆ nanowires are obtained when using Ni as the catalyst. In addition to pure SmB₆ nanowires without Ni impurity, a small amount of Ni is detected on the surface of some SmB₆ nanowires by element analysis with transmission electron microscopy. In order to eliminate the possible distribution of Ni on nanowire surface, we synthesize single crystalline SmB₆ nanowires by CVD without using catalyst. The difference between catalyst-assisted and catalyst-free growth mechanism is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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12 pages, 4861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene in an Aqueous Solution of Inorganic Salt and the Stabilization of Its Sponge Structure with Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol)

by Anna Ilnicka, Malgorzata Skorupska, Piotr Kamedulski and Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(7), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070971 - 3 Jul 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5816

Abstract

We demonstrate an accessible and effective technique for exfoliating graphite foil and graphite powder into graphene in a water solution of inorganic salt. In our research, we report an electrochemical cathodic exfoliation in an aqueous solution of Na₂SO₄. After electro-exfoliation, the resulting graphene was premixed with furfuryl alcohol (FA) and an inorganic template (CaCO₃ and Na₂CO₃). Once FA was polymerized to poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA), the mixture was carbonized. Carbon bridges originating in thermally-decomposed PFA joined exfoliated graphene flakes and stabilized the whole sponge-type structure after the nano-template was removed. Gases evolved at the graphite electrode (cathode) played an important role in the process of graphene-flake splitting and accelerated the change of graphite into graphene flakes. Starting graphite materials and graphene sponges were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, SEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), elemental analysis, and low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen to determine their structure, morphology, and chemical composition. The discovered manufacturing protocol had a positive influence on the specific surface area and porosity of the sponges. The SEM and HRTEM studies confirmed a high separation degree of graphite and different agglomeration pathways. Raman spectra were analyzed with particular focus on the intensities of I_D and I_G peaks; the graphene-type nature of the sponges was confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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10 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for Non-Arrhenius Ionic Conductivity

by Masaru Aniya and Masahiro Ikeda

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060911 - 24 Jun 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4378

Abstract

Non-Arrhenius ionic conductivity is observed in various solid electrolytes. The behavior is intriguing, because it limits the magnitude of ionic conductivity at high temperatures. Understanding the nature of this behavior is of fundamental interest and deserves attention. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity in solids and liquids is analyzed using the Bond Strength–Coordination Number Fluctuation (BSCNF) model developed by ourselves. It is shown that our model describes well the temperature dependence of ionic conductivity that varies from Arrhenius to non-Arrhenius-type behavior. According to our model, the non-Arrhenius behavior is controlled by the degree of binding energy fluctuation between the mobile species and the surroundings. A brief discussion on a possible size effect in non-Arrhenius behavior is also given. Within the available data, the BSCNF model suggests that the size effect in the degree of the non-Arrhenius mass transport behavior in a poly (methyl ethyl ether)/polystyrene (PVME/PS) blend is different from that in a-polystyrene and polyamide copolymer PA66/6I. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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16 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soliton Fractional Charges in Graphene Nanoribbon and Polyacetylene: Similarities and Differences

by S.-R. Eric Yang

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060885 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4697

Abstract

An introductory overview of current research developments regarding solitons and fractional boundary charges in graphene nanoribbons is presented. Graphene nanoribbons and polyacetylene have chiral symmetry and share numerous similar properties, e.g., the bulk-edge correspondence between the Zak phase and the existence of edge states, along with the presence of chiral boundary states, which are important for charge fractionalization. In polyacetylene, a fermion mass potential in the Dirac equation produces an excitation gap, and a twist in this scalar potential produces a zero-energy chiral soliton. Similarly, in a gapful armchair graphene nanoribbon, a distortion in the chiral gauge field can produce soliton states. In polyacetylene, a soliton is bound to a domain wall connecting two different dimerized phases. In graphene nanoribbons, a domain-wall soliton connects two topological zigzag edges with different chiralities. However, such a soliton does not display spin-charge separation. The existence of a soliton in finite-length polyacetylene can induce formation of fractional charges on the opposite ends. In contrast, for gapful graphene nanoribbons, the antiferromagnetic coupling between the opposite zigzag edges induces integer boundary charges. The presence of disorder in graphene nanoribbons partly mitigates antiferromagnetic coupling effect. Hence, the average edge charge of gap states with energies within a small interval is

e / 2

, with significant charge fluctuations. However, midgap states exhibit a well-defined charge fractionalization between the opposite zigzag edges in the weak-disorder regime. Numerous occupied soliton states in a disorder-free and doped zigzag graphene nanoribbon form a solitonic phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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17 pages, 7558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Bio-Based Benzoxazine/Epoxy Composites with NIR-Laser Stimulated Shape Memory Effects

by Wassika Prasomsin, Tewarak Parnklang, Chaweewan Sapcharoenkun, Sunan Tiptipakorn and Sarawut Rimdusit

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060881 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4541

Abstract

Smart materials with light-actuated shape memory effects are developed from renewable resources in this work. Bio-based benzoxazine resin is prepared from vanillin, furfurylamine, and paraformaldehyde by utilizing the Mannich-like condensation. Vanillin-furfurylamine-containing benzoxazine resin (V-fa) is subsequently copolymerized with epoxidized castor oil (ECO). When the copolymer is reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the resulting composite exhibits shape memory effects. Molecular characteristics of V-fa resin, ECO, and V-fa/ECO copolymers are obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Curing behavior of V-fa/ECO copolymers is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Dynamic mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced V-fa/ECO composites are determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Morphological details and distribution of MWCNTs within the copolymer matrix are characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Shape memory performances of MWCNT reinforced V-fa/ECO composites are studied by shape memory tests performed with a universal testing machine. After a significant deformation to a temporary shape, the composites can be recovered to the original shape by near-infrared (NIR) laser actuation. The shape recovery process can be stimulated at a specific site of the composite simply by focusing NIR laser to that site. The shape recovery time of the composites under NIR actuation is four times faster than the shape recovery process under conventional thermal activation. Furthermore, the composites possess good shape fixity and good shape recovery under NIR actuation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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9 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flat-Band in Pyrochlore Oxides: A First-Principles Study

by Izumi Hase, Takashi Yanagisawa and Kenji Kawashima

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060876 - 10 Jun 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3882

Abstract

Using a first-principles electronic band calculation, we obtained a quasi flat-band near the Fermi level for the six pyrochlore oxides, A₂B₂O₇. These quasi flat-bands are mostly characterized by the s-orbitals of the A-site. The band structures of these oxides are well described by the non-interacting Mielke model. Spin-polarized calculations showed that the ground state of these compounds was ferromagnetic after appropriate carrier doping, despite the absence of the magnetic element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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12 pages, 7408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Silicone Rubber with Periodic Micro/Nano-Suction Cup Structure by ArF Excimer Laser-Induced Photodissociation

by Masayuki Okoshi

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060870 - 7 Jun 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4843

Abstract

A 193-nm ArF excimer laser was used to induce the photodissociation of Si–O bonds of silicone rubber in order to fabricate a periodic micro/nano-suction cup silicone structure, approximately 1 μm in diameter and 2 μm in height at regular intervals of 2.5 μm. The laser was focused on Al-coated silicone rubber by each silica glass microsphere 2.5 μm in diameter, which covered the entire surface of the silicone rubber. The silicone rubber underneath each microsphere photochemically swelled after laser-ablating the coated Al to limit the diameter of the swelling. Simultaneously, the coated Al was able to adjust the focal point to the surface of the silicone rubber to form a hole approximately 500 nm in diameter, centered at the swollen silicone. The dependences of the thickness of the coated-Al and the laser pulse number are discussed, based on the observations of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). The superhydrophobic property of the fabricated micro/nano-suction cup structure was successfully found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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15 pages, 4124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Synthetic Methods of Novel Nanoporous Polycondensates and Excellent Oxygen Permselectivity of Their Composite Membranes

by Yu Zang, Toshiki Aoki, Masahiro Teraguchi, Takashi Kaneko, Hongge Jia, Liqun Ma and Fengjuan Miao

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060859 - 5 Jun 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2974

Abstract

Two kinds of novel nanoporous polycondensates (sc(Rf)) have been synthesized by two new preparation methods consisting of polycondensation and highly selective photocyclicaromataization of 1/3 helical cis-cis polyphenylacetylenes with polymerizable groups. By the original methods, new well-defined sheet polymers having nanopores or nanospaces have been synthesized for the first time. Their composite membranes, containing small amounts (1.0 wt%) of sc(Rf), had ultrahigh oxygen permeability (Po₂ > 1000 barrer), and their plots were beyond the Robeson’s upper bound line in the graph of oxygen permselectivity (α = Po₂/P_N2) versus Po₂. Both α and Po₂ values were enhanced by adding only small amounts (1.0 wt%) of sc(Rf). One of the sc(Rf)s synthesized on the base membrane surface showed the best performance, i.e., Po₂ = 5300 barrer and α = 2.5. The membrane surface was effectively covered by sc(Rf), judging from the contact angle values. It is thought that nanopores and nanospaces created in and between sc(Rf) molecules played an important role for the enhancement of both α and Po₂/P_N2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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17 pages, 5895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Various Plasmonic Pt Nanostructures via Indium Assisted Solid-State Dewetting: From Small Nanoparticles to Widely Connected Networks

by Sanchaya Pandit, Mao Sui, Sundar Kunwar, Puran Pandey, Sandesh Pant and Jihoon Lee

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(6), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060831 - 31 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

In this paper, the modified solid-state dewetting (MSSD) of well-defined and various uniform Pt nanostructures is demonstrated by the auxiliary diffusion enhancement. The MSSD utilizes the introduction of metallic indium (In) layers with high diffusivity in between sapphire and platinum (Pt) layer, through which the global diffusion and dewetting of metallic atoms can be significantly enhanced. Subsequently, the In atoms can be sublimated from the NP matrix, resulting in the formation of pure Pt NPs. By the systematic control of In and Pt bi-layer thickness, various areal density, size and configuration of Pt NPs are demonstrated. The In_{2 nm}/Pt_{2 nm} bilayers establish very small and highly dense NPs throughout the temperature range due to the early maturation of growth. Intermediate size of NPs is demonstrated with the In_{45 nm}/Pt_{15 nm} bilayers with the much improved interparticle spacings by annealing between 650 and 900 °C for 450 s. Finally, the In_{30 nm}/Pt_{30 nm} bilayers demonstrate the widely connected network-like nanostructures. In addition, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation is employed to exploit the local electric field distributions at resonance wavelengths. The dewetting characteristics of In/Pt bilayers is systematically controlled by the modifications of layer thickness and annealing temperature and is systematically described based on the diffusion of atoms, Rayleigh instability and surface energy minimization mechanism. The optical properties demonstrate dynamic and widely tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) responses depending upon the various surface morphologies of Pt nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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7 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Dependent Accommodation of Two Lattices of Largely Different Size during Growth

by Carsten Sprodowski and Karina Morgenstern

Nanomaterials 2019, 9(5), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050710 - 7 May 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2981

Abstract

If a material grows on another material with a largely different lattice constant, which of the two adapts for an energetically favorable growth? To tackle this question, we investigate the growth of Ag on Cu(111) by variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The structures grown between 120 and 170 K are remarkably different from those grown between 200 and 340 K. The low-temperature structure is rectangular-like and consists of stacked rods, 7 to 8 Ag atoms long, which form a superstructure without long-range order. This structure covers the whole surface prior to nucleation of further layers. The high-temperature structure is hexagonal and consists of misfit dislocations forming 8 × 8 to 10 × 10 superstructures. For this structure, second layer nucleation sets in far before the closure of the first monolayer. While both structures are driven by the large lattice misfit between the two materials, the growing Ag layer adapts to the Cu surface at low temperature, while the Cu surface adapts to the growing Ag layer at higher temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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11 pages, 5599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Si/graphene/Si Double Heterostructures by Semiconductor Wafer Bonding towards Future Applications in Optoelectronics

by Takenori Naito and Katsuaki Tanabe

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(12), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8121048 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4941

Abstract

A Si/graphene/Si planar double heterostructure has been fabricated by means of semiconductor wafer bonding. The interfacial mechanical stability and interlayer electrical connection have been verified for the structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first realization of a monolayer-cored double heterostructure. In addition, a double heterostructure with bilayer graphene has been prepared for bandgap generation and tuning by application of a bias voltage. These structures move towards the realization of versatile graphene optoelectronics, such as an electrically pumped graphene laser. Our Si/graphene/Si double heterostructure is positioned to form a new basis for next-generation nanophotonic devices with high photon and carrier confinements, earth abundance (C, Si), environmental safety (C, Si), and excellent optical and electrical controllability by silicon clads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials: Selected Papers from CCMR 2019)

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