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Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II)

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2024) | Viewed by 16445

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Prof. Dr. Karolina Szewczyk-Golec

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Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: biochemistry; metabolic diseases; melatonin; adipokines; inflammation; antioxidants; oxidative stress; cancer; parasites; skin ion transport
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Dear Colleagues,

Obesity is one of the most common healthcare problems in developed countries, affecting people of both genders and all age groups. In addition to genetic factors, overweight and obesity are the result of an imbalance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure. Poor-quality diets and easy access to unhealthy food are important factors in the obesity epidemic. Importantly, overweight and obesity are major risk factors in the pathogenesis of many associated diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, amongst others. Despite increased efforts to reduce the epidemic of obesity by promoting healthy diets, physical activity, and pharmacological treatment, the problem continues to grow. Undoubtedly, new approaches are essential to develop effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity and comorbidities. Various specialized diets and dietary supplements are considered to treat obesity and related diseases. In this Special Issue, manuscripts that focus on the topic “Specialized Diet, Obesity, and Associated Metabolic Disorders” are welcome. This includes original in vitro, animal, and human research, cohort studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses.

Dr. Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
Guest Editor

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Keywords

obesity
specialized diet
metabolic syndrome
type II diabetes
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
cardiovascular disease
oxysterols
dietary supplements

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20 pages, 3404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Common Bean Suppresses Hepatic Ceramide Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

by Vanessa K. Fitzgerald, Tymofiy Lutsiv, John N. McGinley, Elizabeth S. Neil, Mary C. Playdon and Henry J. Thompson

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183196 - 21 Sep 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition linked to the ongoing obesity pandemic, is rapidly increasing worldwide. In turn, its multifactorial etiology is consistently associated with low dietary quality. Changing dietary macronutrient and phytochemical quality via incorporating cooked common bean into an obesogenic diet formulation has measurable health benefits on the occurrence of both obesity and hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: A cohort of C57BL/6 mice were randomized into experimental diets containing multiple dietary concentrations of common bean. The primary endpoint of this study was comparing metabolomic analyses from liver and plasma of different treatment groups. Additionally, RNA sequencing and protein expression analysis via nanocapillary immunoelectrophoresis were used to elucidate signaling mediators involved. Results: Herein, global metabolomic profiling of liver and plasma identified sphingolipids as a lipid subcategory on which bean consumption exerted significant effects. Of note, C16 and C18 ceramides were significantly decreased in bean-fed animals. Hepatic RNAseq data revealed patterns of transcript expression of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism that were consistent with metabolite profiles. Conclusions: Bean incorporation into an otherwise obesogenic diet induces effects on synthesis, biotransformation, and degradation of sphingolipids that inhibit the accumulation of ceramide species that exert pathological activity. These effects are consistent with a mechanistic role for altered sphingolipid metabolism in explaining how bean inhibits the development of MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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19 pages, 1749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Astaxanthin Supplementation in Conjunction with a 12-Week CrossFit Training Regimen on Selected Adipo-Myokines Levels in Obese Males

by Mohammad Ahmadi Moqaddam, Morteza Nemati, Marjan Mansouri Dara, Maha Hoteit, Zahra Sadek, Akbar Ramezani, Mahboubeh Khak Rand, Asieh Abbassi-Daloii, Zhaleh Pashaei, Abdullah Almaqhawi, Omid Razi, Kurt A. Escobar, Rashmi Supriya, Ayoub Saeidi and Hassane Zouhal

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172857 - 26 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Objective: Obesity is associated with an exacerbated metabolic condition that is mediated through impairing balance in the secretion of some adipo-myokines. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the impact of astaxanthin supplementation in conjunction with a 12-week CrossFit training regimen on some selected adipo-myokines, insulin insensitivity, and serum lipid levels in obese males. Material and Methods: This study is a randomized control trial design; 60 obese males were randomly divided into four groups of 15, including the control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and combined training and supplement group (TSG). The participants were subjected to 12 weeks of astaxanthin (AST) supplementation [20 mg/d capsule, once/d] or CrossFit training or a combination of both interventions. The training regimen comprised 36 sessions of CrossFit, each lasting 60 min, conducted three times per week. The metabolic indices, body composition, anthropometrical, cardio-respiratory, and also some plasma adipo-myokine factors, including decorin (DCN), activin A, myostatin (MST), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and follistatin (FST), were examined 12 and 72 h before the initiation of the main interventional protocols, and then 72 h after the final session of the training protocol. Results: There was no significant difference in the baseline data between the groups (p > 0.05). There were significant interactions between group x time for DCN (η² = 0.82), activin A (η² = 0.50), FST (η² = 0.92), MST (η² = 0.75), and TGFB-1 (η² = 0.67) (p < 0.001 for all the variables). Significantly changes showed for DCN in TSG compared to TG and SG and also TG compared to SG (p = 0.0001); for activin A in SG compared to TG (p = 0.01) and TSG (p = 0.002); for FST in SG compared to TG and TSG (p = 0.0001), also in TSG compared to TG (p = 0.0001); for MST in SG, TG, and TSG compared to CG (p = 0.0001) and also in TSG compared to SG (p = 0.0001) and TG (p = 0.001); for TGFB-1 in SG, TG, and TSG compared to CG (p = 0.0001) and also TSG compared to SG (p = 0.0001) and TG (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The 12-week CrossFit training concurrent with AST supplementation reduced anthropometric and metabolic factors and also serum lipid levels while producing positive changes in body composition and cardiovascular factors. Increased FST and DCN and reduced activin A, MST, and TGF-β1 were other affirmative responses to both interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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11 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Acute Beetroot Juice Intake on Glycemic and Blood Pressure Responses When Controlling for Medication in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

by Andrew P. Tyler, Braxton A. Linder, Karina Ricart, Christian E. Behrens, Jr., Fernando Ovalle, Rakesh P. Patel and Gordon Fisher

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162636 - 10 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1144

Abstract

Physical inactivity and poor dietary choices contribute to the rise in cardiometabolic diseases in the United States. It remains critical to identify strategies that may mitigate the negative impact of these behaviors. Several studies have shown that the consumption of dietary inorganic nitrate may improve vascular health and glucose regulation in animal models and some human studies. However, the improvements in glucose regulation have yet to be corroborated in humans with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of beetroot juice (BRJ) on glycemic and hemodynamic responses in individuals with T2D while controlling for medication. Seven participants with a clinical diagnosis of T2D were recruited into this study and were temporarily removed from blood pressure- and glucose-lowering medications. Hemodynamic measurements (pulsewave velocity) and an oral glucose tolerance test (glycemic response) were measured following consumption of either BRJ or a denitrolized placebo. Saliva and blood samples were collected at baseline and two and four hours post supplementation to measure changes in nitrate and nitrite concentrations. We detected significant improvements in total plasma glucose exposure (p = 0.022) and the SVR change score (p = 0.009) in the BRJ condition. This study demonstrated that BRJ consumption can improve oral glucose tolerance in individuals with T2D while controlling for medication; however, future larger-cohort randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm if BRJ is a viable treatment for glucose control in individuals with T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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11 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Inflammatory Index among Regularly Physically Active Young Women and Men

by Anna Pietrzak, Anna Kęska and Dagmara Iwańska

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010062 - 25 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Recently, special attention has been paid to the relationship between diet and inflammation in the body. A factor that influences both diet and inflammation is physical activity. The aim of this study was to assess the inflammatory potential of the diets of young people engaging in regular physical activity. The participants were physical education students (n = 141 men and n = 151 women). The measurements included basic anthropometric parameters and a 4-day nutritional history from which the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was calculated. The average DII for female students was 2.09 ± 1.52, and that for male students was 0.21 ± 1.69. Consumption of all macro- and micronutrients was significantly higher among women and men with the lowest DII value (corresponding to an anti-inflammatory diet). The female and male students consuming anti-inflammatory diets were characterized by greater lean body mass (LBM), and, for the male students, a lower body fat content, compared to those whose diets were pro-inflammatory. Young and regularly physically active people are also exposed to the pro-inflammatory nature of their diets, whose long-term effects may lead to health problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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16 pages, 6128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combating Obesity: Harnessing the Synergy of Postbiotics and Prebiotics for Enhanced Lipid Excretion and Microbiota Regulation

by Yueming Zhao, Yaping Zheng, Kui Xie, Yanmei Hou, Qingjing Liu, Yujun Jiang, Yu Zhang and Chaoxin Man

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234971 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that can be induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and predisposes to a variety of complications. In recent years, various bioactive substances, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, have been widely discussed because of their good anti-lipid and anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, soybean protein isolate was used as a substrate to prepare the postbiotic. Compound prebiotics (galactose oligosaccharides, fructose oligosaccharides, and lactitol) preparation Aunulife Postbiotics and Prebiotics Composition (AYS) is the research object. Weight loss and bowel movements in mice induced by a high-fat diet were studied. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analyses of small-molecule metabolites in AYS were performed to identify the functional molecules in AYS. After 12 weeks of feeding, the weight gain of mice that were fed with high-dose AYS (group H) and low-dose AYS (group L) from 4 to 12 weeks was 6.72 g and 5.25 g (p < 0.05), both of which were significantly lower than that of the high-fat diet (group DM, control group) group (7.73 g) (p < 0.05). Serum biochemical analysis showed that TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower in mice from the H and L groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the fecal lipid content of mice in the L group reached 5.89%, which was significantly higher than that of the DM group at 4.02% (p < 0.05). The study showed that AYS changed the structure of the intestinal microbiota in mice on a high-fat diet, resulting in a decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae and an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Lactobacillus. The metabolomics study results of AYS showed that carboxylic acids and derivatives, and organonitrogen compounds accounted for 51.51% of the AYS metabolites, among which pantothenate, stachyose, betaine, and citrate had the effect of preventing obesity in mice. In conclusion, the administration of prebiotics and postbiotic-rich AYS reduces weight gain and increases fecal lipid defecation in obese mice, potentially by regulating the intestinal microbiota of mice on a high-fat diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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24 pages, 3374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoneutral Housing Enables Studies of Vertical Transmission of Obesogenic Diet-Driven Metabolic Diseases

by Jennifer L. Wayland, Jessica R. Doll, Matthew J. Lawson, Traci E. Stankiewicz, Jarren R. Oates, Keisuke Sawada, Michelle S. M. A. Damen, Pablo C. Alarcon, David B. Haslam, Andrew T. Trout, Emily A. DeFranco, Corie M. Klepper, Jessica G. Woo, Maria E. Moreno-Fernandez, Marialena Mouzaki and Senad Divanovic

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234958 - 29 Nov 2023

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Abstract

Vertical transmission of obesity is a critical contributor to the unabated obesity pandemic and the associated surge in metabolic diseases. Existing experimental models insufficiently recapitulate “human-like” obesity phenotypes, limiting the discovery of how severe obesity in pregnancy instructs vertical transmission of obesity. Here, via utility of thermoneutral housing and obesogenic diet feeding coupled to syngeneic mating of WT obese female and lean male mice on a C57BL/6 background, we present a tractable, more “human-like” approach to specifically investigate how maternal obesity contributes to offspring health. Using this model, we found that maternal obesity decreased neonatal survival, increased offspring adiposity, and accelerated offspring predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease. We also show that severe maternal obesity was sufficient to skew offspring microbiome and create a proinflammatory gestational environment that correlated with inflammatory changes in the offspring in utero and adulthood. Analysis of a human birth cohort study of mothers with and without obesity and their infants was consistent with mouse study findings of maternal inflammation and offspring weight gain propensity. Together, our results show that dietary induction of obesity in female mice coupled to thermoneutral housing can be used for future mechanistic interrogations of obesity and metabolic disease in pregnancy and vertical transmission of pathogenic traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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13 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Demand of Obese Women for Protectins, Maresin, and Resolvin D1 in the Last Trimester of Pregnancy

by Małgorzata Szczuko, Natalia Szwec-Nadworna, Joanna Palma, Małgorzata Tomasik and Maciej Ziętek

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4340; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204340 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1403

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological state during which inflammation occurs. This complex biological response is necessary for the implantation process as well as delivery. In turn, its suppression during gestation favors the normal course of the pregnancy. Therefore, the presence of pro-resolving mediators, EPA and DHA derivatives, The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the levels of anti-inflammatory resolvins and their precursors in different trimesters of pregnancy with consideration of the women’s weight, including overweight and obese women before pregnancy. Methods: A total of 78 women participated in this study; the mean age and BMI before pregnancy were 32.3 ± 5.52 and 27.73 ± 6.13, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups, considering their BMI before pregnancy. The extraction of eicosanoids was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The levels of all studied parameters showed statistically significant differences between the study group (SG) and the control group (CG) in the different trimesters of pregnancy. Over the course of pregnancy, the levels of protection (PDX), maresin, resolvins (RvD1, RvE1), and their precursors differed in relation to the trimester of pregnancy and the division into groups considering the correct body weight before pregnancy. Results: Overweight or obese women had significantly lower levels of RvE1 in the third trimester and their precursors compared to normal-weight women. While the levels of PDX and RvD1 were significantly higher, this may be due to both a lower intake of products rich in omega-3 fatty acids by obese women and an increased need of obese women’s bodies to quench chronic inflammatory processes associated with obesity. Conclusions: Both EPA and DHA derivatives are involved in calming down inflammation during pregnancy, which was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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15 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Levels of Hormones Regulating Appetite in Patients with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

by Rafał Podgórski, Sabina Galiniak, Artur Mazur, Dominika Podgórska and Agnieszka Domin

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194215 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Prenatal alcohol exposure is the cause of impaired growth and a wide range of developmental and behavioral disorders in the child. Improper eating patterns are commonly associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and may contribute to poor nutrition and growth restriction. To date, there have been only a few studies investigating the hormonal regulation of appetite in patients with FASD. We analyzed the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), Agouti signaling protein (ASP), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and kisspeptin (KISS1) in 57 patients with FASD and 23 healthy controls. A comparison of the hormone levels studied was also performed in subgroups of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND PAE), as well as in males and females. We have found no differences in hormone levels tested between affected individuals and the controls and between FASD subgroups. In addition, sex had no effect on hormone levels. However, we identified some associations between hormone concentrations and parameters describing the clinical status of patients with FASD. Most of them concerned ASP, which has shown a positive correlation with age and hormones involved in appetite and metabolism, such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We have also found a negative correlation of α-MSH with age, BMI percentile, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Furthermore, we found a weak negative correlation of NPY with HbA1c. Although FASD has been associated with impaired child growth and development, including nutrition and puberty onset, we did not identify differences in the levels of the hormones studied, which may suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure does not affect the levels of these metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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27 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on the Pathologic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Development

by Hiva Sharebiani, Mina Mokaram, Melika Mirghani, Bahare Fazeli and Agata Stanek

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111641 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1397

Abstract

In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is designed based on evidence indicating the pathogenic mechanisms of MetS. In detail, we will look at the mechanisms of oxidative stress induction in MetS, the effects of elevated oxidative stress levels on the condition’s pathophysiology, and matters related to endothelial function. According to different components of the MetS pathophysiological network, the effects of antioxidants and endothelial dysfunction are reviewed. After considering the strategic role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of MetS and its associated CVDs, oxidative stress management by antioxidant supplementation seems an appropriate therapeutic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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36 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

by Shannon Herbert and Kathleen Woolf

Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245069 - 11 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder experienced by women. PCOS is a lifelong condition associated with reproductive, metabolic, and psychological presentations. PCOS is also linked with increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. While an association between body weight and PCOS has been noted, cardiometabolic risk factors are prevalent in individuals with PCOS across body weights. Currently, no consensus exists as to the most appropriate lifestyle strategy for mitigating cardiometabolic risk in PCOS. A large proportion of the literature is focused on weight loss for individuals with PCOS who are overweight or experience obesity, despite PCOS being prevalent across body sizes. The aim of this narrative review is to assess dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk in individuals with PCOS across body sizes. A total of 51 articles are included in this review. Overall, randomized controlled trials are limited and most studies focus on weight loss, excluding individuals classified within a healthy body weight range. Studies that modified the dietary pattern without an energy deficit saw improvements in cardiometabolic risk. Thus, less restrictive dietary approaches may be effective at reducing cardiometabolic risk in this population. This review also highlights the need for more sustainable lifestyle interventions that meet the needs of individuals with PCOS of varying body weights. Full article

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