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Pathogens
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Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Management Strategies of Plasmodiophora brassicae Second Version
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Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Management Strategies of Plasmodiophora brassicae Second Version

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Fungal Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 4326

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nazanin Zamani-Noor

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Guest Editor
Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Braunschweig, Germany
Interests: plant diseases and crop protection; biology and pathology of Plasmodiophora brassicae; host plant resistance to P. brassicae; clubroot disease management; biological control; other fungal pathogens of oilseed rape
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar

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Guest Editor
Rural Economy and Agricultural Society, HS Konsult AB, Orebro, Sweden
Interests: Plasmodiophora brassicae
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Prof. Dr. Malgorzata Jedryczka

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Guest Editor
Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Interests: plant pathology; plant pathogens; plant resistance; fungi; aerobiology; agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, a soil-borne and obligate biotroph pathogen, is the causal agent of the clubroot disease of Brassica species worldwide. Once P. brassicae becomes established in a field, it rapidly builds up resting spores inside the roots of susceptible crops, and these can remain in the soil for more than 15 years. The disease has currently gained prominence as a major problem in most countries because of acid soils, short rotation time with brassica crops, the lack of effective cultural and/or fungicide control, poor drainage, above-average precipitation and/or humidity during early plant growth stages, and the lack of effective sources of genetic resistance. To date, control measures are limited and, in most cases, ineffective. Therefore, the use of resistant cultivars is the most efficient and practical way of controlling clubroot. However, the resistance can be overcome because of the high pathogenic variability of P. brassicae populations.

For this Special Issue of Pathogens, we invite you to submit a review or original research article covering any and all aspects of the knowledge about Plasmodiophora brassicae. These include molecular and epidemiological features, virulence factors, pathogen–host interactions, plant resistance strategies, integrated disease management, biological controls, and climate change. 

We look forward to your contribution. 

Dr. Nazanin Zamani-Noor
Dr. Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar
Prof. Dr. Malgorzata Jedryczka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Plasmodiophora brassicae
  • clubroot
  • biology
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenicity
  • pathotype variation
  • virulence factors
  • genetics
  • molecular tools and approaches
  • plant–pathogen interactions
  • integrated disease management
  • host resistance strategies
  • climate

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2740 KiB  
Article
Testing Effects of Seed Treatments against Clubroot Disease in Various Oilseed Rape Hybrids
by A. Michael Klueken, Yamen Mahfoud, Sabine Rößler and Jutta Ludwig-Müller
Pathogens 2023, 12(11), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111339 - 10 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1174
Abstract
Clubroot disease, caused by the protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an emerging threat to cruciferous crops, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Most of the current commercial cultivars are highly susceptible, and efficient management tools are lacking practical implementation. Over three [...] Read more.
Clubroot disease, caused by the protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an emerging threat to cruciferous crops, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Most of the current commercial cultivars are highly susceptible, and efficient management tools are lacking practical implementation. Over three years and three experimental periods, we studied the effects of isotianil in comparison with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU against clubroot disease under greenhouse experiments. Our results show control effects, which were strongly dependent on seasons, host plant genotype, and clubroot isolates: isotianil and B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU reduced disease severity consistently at variable, but field-relevant spore concentrations of clubroot isolates; with seed treatments showing superior effects compared to drench applications. The co-application of isotianil with B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU could, in some cases, increase the efficacy. Interestingly, all studied hybrids reacted to treatments, albeit to a somewhat different extent. When tested against a field isolate, the results obtained with the single spore isolate were partially confirmed but with greater variability. Overall, the generally positive effects of isotianil and B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU on the reduction of clubroot were repeatedly observed. The inoculation of clubroot disease with different spore counts indicates a dose–response effect for tested products. This study highlights the importance of performing experiments holistically over multiple, consecutive seasons, with various isolates, application types, and different genetic resources of host plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Management Strategies of Plasmodiophora brassicae Second Version)
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18 pages, 1635 KiB  
Article
Pathotype Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the Cause of Clubroot in Central Europe and Sweden (2016–2020)
by Nazanin Zamani-Noor, Ann-Charlotte Wallenhammar, Joanna Kaczmarek, Usha Rani Patar, Miloslav Zouhar, Marie Manasova and Małgorzata Jędryczka
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121440 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2016
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a crucial oilseed rape disease worldwide. Information on the virulence of P. brassicae populations is essential to apply disease control with proper clubroot-resistant cultivars. In 2016–2020, 84 isolates of P. brassicae were collected in the Czech [...] Read more.
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a crucial oilseed rape disease worldwide. Information on the virulence of P. brassicae populations is essential to apply disease control with proper clubroot-resistant cultivars. In 2016–2020, 84 isolates of P. brassicae were collected in the Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE), Poland (PL), and Sweden (SW). Pathotypes were designated using 17 Brassica hosts, including the European Clubroot Differentials (ECD), Somé set, and clubroot-resistant oilseed rape cv. Mendel. According to the ECD set, virulence analyses differentiated the isolates into 42 pathotypes. The most common pathotypes were 16/31/31 (in DE, PL, and SW) and 16/06/12 (in CZ, DE, and PL). Six pathotypes were found according to the Somé set, including 1–4 pathotypes per country. P1 was most prevalent in DE, PL, and SW, while P3 was abundant in CZ, DE, and PL. The current study provides clear evidence for a shift towards increased virulence in P. brassicae populations compared to previous studies. Several isolates overcame the resistance of cv. Mendel and of Brassica rapa genotypes ECD 01 to ECD 04. Considering all investigated samples, significant negative correlations were found between clubroot incidence and the frequency of oilseed rape in crop rotation, as for clubroot incidence and soil pH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Management Strategies of Plasmodiophora brassicae Second Version)
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Review

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21 pages, 1516 KiB  
Review
Optimizing Clubroot Management and the Role of Canola Cultivar Mixtures
by Andrea Botero-Ramirez, Brennon Kirk and Stephen E. Strelkov
Pathogens 2024, 13(8), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080640 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The sustainable cultivation of canola is under threat from clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae). The pathogen’s resting spores can survive in the soil for extended periods, complicating disease management. Therefore, effective clubroot control requires a combination of tactics that provide multiple layers [...] Read more.
The sustainable cultivation of canola is under threat from clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae). The pathogen’s resting spores can survive in the soil for extended periods, complicating disease management. Therefore, effective clubroot control requires a combination of tactics that provide multiple layers of protection. Management strategies have focused on pathogen avoidance and reducing disease levels in infested fields. The sanitation of machinery and field equipment remains the most effective method for preventing the pathogen’s introduction into non-infested fields. For disease reduction, crop rotation, liming, chemical control, and host resistance are commonly employed, with the use of clubroot-resistant cultivars being the most effective to date. However, resistance breakdown has been observed within four years of the introduction of new cultivars, jeopardizing the long-term effectiveness of this approach. A promising yet underexplored strategy is the use of cultivar mixtures. This approach leverages mechanisms such as the dilution effect, the barrier effect, induced resistance, disruptive selection, and the compensatory effect to control the disease. Cultivar mixtures have the potential to reduce the impact of clubroot on canola production while preserving pathogen population structure, thereby minimizing the likelihood of resistance breakdown. Given its potential, further research into cultivar mixtures as a management strategy for clubroot disease is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Management Strategies of Plasmodiophora brassicae Second Version)
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