Immunity and Vaccine Development Efforts against Trypanosomatid Parasites

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Therapeutic Developments".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 May 2022) | Viewed by 5093

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: Chagas disease; Trypanosoma cruzi; epitope-based vaccines; diagnostics; immune-informatics
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Guest Editor
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; PSL University, ChimieParisTech, F-75005 Paris, France.
Interests: genetic immunization; gene therapy; nucleic acids vectorization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, drug treatment is the only therapeutic intervention for Chagas disease and human leishmaniasis, as well as for human and animal African trypanosomiasis. These diseases are caused by the single-cell protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., and by T. brucei and a group of trypanosomatids including T. congolense, T. evansi, and T. vivax. All these pathogens are classified in the family Trypanosomatidae (class Kinetoplastea; order: Trypanosomatida); their life-cycles involve an insect vector stage, and usually lead to chronic infections. Biologically, T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. have an obliged intracellular replicative stage in mammals, while the rest are free-living in the bloodstream.

In common with other Neglected Tropical Diseases, antitrypanosomatid chemotherapies either entail long-term regimens of administration and/or have severe toxicity associated, compromising treatment adherence. Additionally, treatment efficacies during the chronic phase can be variable, and the appearance of drug resistances has been documented. Therefore, availability of protective or therapeutic vaccines for them would mean a breakthrough towards controlling their impact, which collectively affects several hundred million people worldwide.

In the last decade, vaccine development efforts have intensified, but the vast majority of the candidates under study have not gone beyond preclinical evaluation. In part, this is due to the fact that trypanosomatid parasites have evolved a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the complex interactions between these pathogens and their hosts´ immune systems could greatly contribute to finding vaccines against them.

Accordingly, Pathogens is launching a Special Issue devoted to “Immunity and Vaccine Development Efforts against Trypanosomatid Parasites”. This Special Issue will welcome both original research and review articles. Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Trypanosomatid parasites–host immunity interactions;
  • Identification of pathogenic mechanisms in trypanosomatid diseases;
  • Design and evaluation of vaccine candidates;
  • Use of novel vaccinology approaches.

Dr. Julio Alonso-Padilla
Dr. Pascal Bigey
Guest Editors


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Keywords

  • animal trypanosomiasis
  • Chagas disease
  • human African trypanosomiasis
  • leishmaniasis
  • host-immunity
  • Leishmania spp
  • trypanosomes
  • vaccine

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

22 pages, 2226 KiB  
Article
The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples
by Stefan Magez, Zeng Li, Hang Thi Thu Nguyen, Joar Esteban Pinto Torres, Pieter Van Wielendaele, Magdalena Radwanska, Jakub Began, Sebastian Zoll and Yann G.-J. Sterckx
Pathogens 2021, 10(8), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081050 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4474
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes comprise a group of extracellular anthroponotic and zoonotic parasites. The only sustainable method for global control of these infection is through vaccination of livestock animals. Despite multiple reports describing promising laboratory results, no single field-applicable solution has been successful so far. [...] Read more.
Salivarian trypanosomes comprise a group of extracellular anthroponotic and zoonotic parasites. The only sustainable method for global control of these infection is through vaccination of livestock animals. Despite multiple reports describing promising laboratory results, no single field-applicable solution has been successful so far. Conventionally, vaccine research focusses mostly on exposed immunogenic antigens, or the structural molecular knowledge of surface exposed invariant immunogens. Unfortunately, extracellular parasites (or parasites with extracellular life stages) have devised efficient defense systems against host antibody attacks, so they can deal with the mammalian humoral immune response. In the case of trypanosomes, it appears that these mechanisms have been perfected, leading to vaccine failure in natural hosts. Here, we provide two examples of potential vaccine candidates that, despite being immunogenic and accessible to the immune system, failed to induce a functionally protective memory response. First, trypanosomal enolase was tested as a vaccine candidate, as it was recently characterized as a highly conserved enzyme that is readily recognized during infection by the host antibody response. Secondly, we re-addressed a vaccine approach towards the Invariant Surface Glycoprotein ISG75, and showed that despite being highly immunogenic, trypanosomes can avoid anti-ISG75 mediated parasitemia control. Full article
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