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Polymers
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Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials
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Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2023) | Viewed by 27067

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Qingxin Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
Interests: heat-resistant polymer materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, entitled Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials, is committed to disseminating high-quality original research articles or comprehensive reviews on the cutting-edge developments in this field. Heat-resistant polymers play crucial roles in a huge number of research fields: communication, electronics, transportation, aviation, aerospace, automobiles, etc. The increasing interest in heat-resistant polymer materials, which may be due to their strong molecular structure, designability, and easy synthesis, the ease of integration of forming structures that are suitable for practical applications, as well as their excellent properties such as heat resistance, solvent resistance, and high modulus, meet the demands of extreme working environments. However, like general resins they also have the disadvantage of poor flame retardancy. For many applications in cutting-edge fields, flammability has become the “bottleneck” restricting the application of heat-resistant polymers. Therefore, their flame retardant modification has been the focus of the heat-resistant polymer research field in recent years.

With a focus on heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials, potential topics include, but are are not limited to, the following:

  • Synthesis of heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer materials;
  • Analysis of heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer materials;
  • Performance and processing of high temperature polymeric materials;
  • Theory and simulation of heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer materials;
  • Functional heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer materials;
  • High temperature polymer materials;
  • Flame retardant mechanism of polymer materials;
  • Application of heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer materials;
  • Heat-resistant or flame-retardant polymer composites. 

Prof. Dr. Qingxin Zhang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • synthetic methods
  • polymer-based materials
  • theory and simulation
  • functional polymeric materials
  • heat-resistant polymer materials
  • flame-resistant polymer materials

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 3891 KiB  
Article
Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives
by Wangxi Fan, Zefang Li, Qin Liao, Lintong Zhang, Longjie Kong, Zhou Yang and Meng Xiang
Polymers 2023, 15(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010059 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2364
Abstract
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified [...] Read more.
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCCP-SA was bonded into the molecular chain of epoxy resin by the ring-opening curing reaction of epoxy resin, aiming to form a heat-resistant and flame-retardant composite (E-HS-x). In particular, the best-prepared E-HS-x composite with a 20 phr content of HCCP-SA (E-HS-20) presented excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature of 267.94 °C and a max weight loss speed of only 0.95 mg·min−1. Moreover, E-HS-20 exhibited remarkable flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 27.1% and a V-2 rating in the UL94 flame retardancy test. The best-prepared E-HS-20 composite would be a suitable and potential candidate for heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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13 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam
by Seung Hun Lee, Seul Gi Lee, Jun Seo Lee and Byung Chol Ma
Polymers 2022, 14(22), 4904; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224904 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4734
Abstract
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam [...] Read more.
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of multiple IFR materials on the thermal stability and fire resistance of RPU foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that 8 parts per hundred polyols by weight (php) filler concentrations were compatible with RPU foam and yielded an increased amount of char residue compared to the rest of the RPU samples. The flame retardancy of multiple fillers on intumescent flame retardant RPU foam was also investigated using cone calorimeter (CCTs) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, which showed that RPU/IFR1 (APP/PER/MC/EG/CC/ATH) had the best flame retardant performance, with a low peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 82.12 kW/m2, total heat release rate (THR) of 15.15 MJ/m2, and high LOI value of 36%. Furthermore, char residue analysis revealed that the use of multiple fillers contributed to the generation of more intact and homogeneous char after combustion, which led to reduced decomposition of the RPU foam and hindered heat transfer between the gas and condensed phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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20 pages, 6138 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Seismic Behavior of RC Beam to PVC-CFRP Confined Concrete Column Exterior Joint with Steel Tube Connector
by Siyong Tan, Feng Yu, Haiying Bao and Yucong Guan
Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4712; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214712 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Recently, substantial investigations were developed on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined concrete (PFCC) structure owing to its superior mechanical behavior and durability. However, a convenient and effective joint configuration between the PFCC columns and reinforced concrete (RC) beams still requires [...] Read more.
Recently, substantial investigations were developed on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined concrete (PFCC) structure owing to its superior mechanical behavior and durability. However, a convenient and effective joint configuration between the PFCC columns and reinforced concrete (RC) beams still requires in-depth study. In the present work, the seismic performance of an RC beam to PFCC column exterior joint with steel tube connector (STC) is systematically studied. Eleven joint specimens are fabricated and tested, with the steel ratio of STC, reinforcement ratio of the frame beam, axial compression ratio, stirrup ratio of the joint and CFRP strips spacing as the design parameters. The experimental results, that is, 8 the failure modes, hysteretic response, ductility, strength, stiffness and energy dissipation, are analyzed. All specimens exhibit joint shear failure, although the joints with STC exhibit significantly better performance those of ordinary joint. In addition to reducing the axial compression ratio, the reinforcement ratio of the frame beam or increasing the stirrup ratio of the joint can also produce a positive effect. Furthermore, the numerical analysis of the exterior joints is performed; the calculated skeleton curves agree well with the test results, and additional parametric studies (i.e., the diameter, height and concrete strength of the joint) are carried out based on the verified numerical model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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12 pages, 2899 KiB  
Article
Amino Acid-Assisted Sand-Milling Exfoliation of Boron Nitride Nanosheets for High Thermally Conductive Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites
by Shihao Zheng, Bing Wang, Xiaojie Zhang and Xiongwei Qu
Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4674; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214674 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2398
Abstract
Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) show excellent thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. They are often used as fillers in polymers to prepare thermally conductive composites, which are used in the production of materials for thermal management, such as electronic packaging. Aside from the [...] Read more.
Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) show excellent thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. They are often used as fillers in polymers to prepare thermally conductive composites, which are used in the production of materials for thermal management, such as electronic packaging. Aside from the van der Waals force, there are some ionic bond forces between hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers that result in high energy consumption and make BNNSs easily agglomerate. To overcome this issue, L-lysine (Lys) was first employed as a stripping assistant for preparing graft-functionalized BNNSs via mechanical sand-milling technology, and the obtained Lys@BNNSs can be added into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by solution mixing and hot-pressing methods to prepare thermally conductive composites. This green and scalable method of amino acid-assisted sand-milling can not only exfoliate the bulk h-BN successfully into few-layer BNNSs but also graft Lys onto the surface or edges of BNNSs through Lewis acid–base interaction. Furthermore, benefiting from Lys’s highly reactive groups and biocompatibility, the compatibility between functionalized BNNSs and the TPU matrix is significantly enhanced, and the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the composite are remarkably increased. When the load of Lys@BNNSs is 3 wt%, the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the obtained composites are 90% and 16% higher than those of the pure TPU, respectively. With better thermal and mechanical properties, Lys@BNNS/TPU composites can be used as a kind of heat dissipation material and have potential applications in the field of thermal management materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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12 pages, 3566 KiB  
Article
A Pyridazine-Containing Phthalonitrile Resin for Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials
by Minjie Wu, Kaixiong Yang, Yuanyuan Li, Jianxin Rong, Dianqiu Jia, Zhiyi Jia, Kimiyoshi Naito, Xiaoyan Yu and Qingxin Zhang
Polymers 2022, 14(19), 4144; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194144 - 3 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2469
Abstract
In this study, a novel phthalonitrile monomer containing a pyridazine ring, 3,6-bis[3-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenoxy]pyridazine (BCPD) with a low melting point (74 °C) and wide processing window (178 °C), was prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The molecular structure of the BCPD monomer was identified by [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel phthalonitrile monomer containing a pyridazine ring, 3,6-bis[3-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenoxy]pyridazine (BCPD) with a low melting point (74 °C) and wide processing window (178 °C), was prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The molecular structure of the BCPD monomer was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Poly(BCPD) resins were derived from the formulations by curing at 350 and 370 °C. The thermoset that was post-cured at 370 °C demonstrated outstanding high heat-resistant (glass transition temperature (Tg) > 400 °C, 5% weight loss temperature (T5%) = 501 °C, Yc at 900 °C > 74%) and was flame-retardant (limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 48)). Further, the poly(BCPD) resin simultaneously exhibited a superior storage modulus, which could reach up to 3.8 Gpa at room temperature. Excellent processability and heat resistance were found for phthalonitrile thermosets containing the pyridazine ring, indicating poly(BCPD) resin could be potentially applied as high-temperature structural composite matrices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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Review

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16 pages, 2549 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on the Improvement of Flame Retardancy, Hydrophobicity, and Antibacterial Properties of Wood Surfaces
by Hao Jian, Yuqing Liang, Chao Deng, Junxian Xu, Yang Liu, Junyou Shi, Mingyu Wen and Hee-Jun Park
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040951 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3689
Abstract
Wood-based materials are multifunctional green and environmentally friendly natural construction materials, and are widely used in decorative building materials. For this reason, a lot of research has been carried out to develop new and innovative wood surface improvements and make wood more appealing [...] Read more.
Wood-based materials are multifunctional green and environmentally friendly natural construction materials, and are widely used in decorative building materials. For this reason, a lot of research has been carried out to develop new and innovative wood surface improvements and make wood more appealing through features such as fire-retardancy, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial properties. To improve the performance of wood, more and more attention is being paid to the functioning of the surface. Understanding and mastering technology to improve the surface functionality of wood opens up new possibilities for developing multifunctional and high-performance materials. Examples of these techniques are ion crosslinking modification and coating modification. Researchers have been trying to make wooden surfaces more practical for the past century. This study has gradually gained popularity in the field of wood material science over the last 10 years. This paper provides an experimental reference for research on wood surface functionalization and summarizes the most current advancements in hydrophobic, antibacterial, and flame-retardant research on wood surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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17 pages, 1966 KiB  
Review
Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review
by Yuqing Liang, Hao Jian, Chao Deng, Junxian Xu, Yang Liu, Heejun Park, Mingyu Wen and Yaoxing Sun
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040950 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7331
Abstract
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to [...] Read more.
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat-Resistant and Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials)
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