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Polymers
Special Issues
Photoinitiators and Photopolymerization Technology
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Photoinitiators and Photopolymerization Technology

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 10563

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yung-Chung Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan
Interests: dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC); organic photovoltaics (OPVs); perovskite solar cells (PSCs); organic light-emitting diodes (OLED); new photoinitiator development for free-radical and cationic photopolymerization; photoredox catalysts; living photopolymerization functional/high-performance polymers with a focus on (1) colorless, high-thermal-stability polyimides, (2) low Dk/Df adhesion polymers, (3) polymer composites for OLED light outcoupling properties, and (4) porous polymer and covalent organic framework (COF) absorbents
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Light-induced polymerization reactions have become a growing interest at both industrial and academic levels due to their advantageous properties, such as a high rate of polymerization at ambient temperatures, low energy consumption, solvent-free formulations and low cost. Thus, wide applications are found in both traditional and high-tech areas such as coatings, adhesives, 3D printing, microelectronics, optics, dental fillings and biosciences. The ongoing work on photoinitiators aims to meet the key requirements of existing and future applications, such as high photoreactivity, matching lamp sources, low toxicity, and low migration. New applications of photopolymerization, such as 3D printing, light-controlled polymerization, and biological light perception are also underway.

For this Special Issue of Polymers, we welcome all contributions of papers focusing on the development of new photoinitiators and photopolymerization applications. This includes the design of novel photoinitiators for photopolymerization, photoinduced polymerization technology, photoredox polymerization, and advances in the application of photopolymerization. Original research articles, reviews, and short communications are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Yung-Chung Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photoinitiators
  • free-radical photopolymerization
  • cationic photopolymerization
  • photoredox polymerization
  • photocured applications

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4561 KiB  
Article
Polymer Networks for Enrichment of Calcium Ions
by Marcus Heinze, Christoph Horn, Doris Pospiech, Regine Boldt, Oliver Kobsch, Kathrin Eckstein, Dieter Jehnichen, Brigitte Voit, Stefan Baudis, Robert Liska, Anna Naumova, Kay Saalwächter, Urs Lendenmann and Norbert Moszner
Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203506 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3671
Abstract
In this study, solvogels containing (2-((2-(ethoxycarbonyl)prop-2-en-1-yl)oxy)-ethyl) phosphonic acid (ECPA) and N,N′-diethyl-1,3-bis-(acrylamido)propane (BNEAA) as the crosslinker are synthesized by UV induced crosslinking photopolymerization in various solvents. The polymerization of the ECPA monomer is monitored by the conversion of double bonds with [...] Read more.
In this study, solvogels containing (2-((2-(ethoxycarbonyl)prop-2-en-1-yl)oxy)-ethyl) phosphonic acid (ECPA) and N,N′-diethyl-1,3-bis-(acrylamido)propane (BNEAA) as the crosslinker are synthesized by UV induced crosslinking photopolymerization in various solvents. The polymerization of the ECPA monomer is monitored by the conversion of double bonds with in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology of the networks is characterized by in situ photorheology, solid state NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the dried gels. It is demonstrated that the storage modulus is not only determined by the crosslinker content in the gel, but also by the solvent used for preparation. The networks turn out to be porous structures with G′ being governed by a rigid, phase-separated polymer phase rather than by entropic elasticity. The external and internal pKa values of the poly(ECPA-co-BNEAA) gels were determined by titration with a specially designed method and compared to the calculated values. The polymer-immobilized phosphonic acid groups in the hydrogels induce buffering behavior into the system without using a dissolved buffer. The calcium accumulation in the gels is studied by means of a double diffusion cell filled with calcium ion-containing solutions. The successful accumulation of hydroxyapatite within the gels is shown by a combination of SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoinitiators and Photopolymerization Technology)
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18 pages, 4533 KiB  
Article
Lawsone Derivatives as Efficient Photopolymerizable Initiators for Free-Radical, Cationic Photopolymerizations, and Thiol—Ene Reactions
by Christine Elian, Vlasta Brezová, Pauline Sautrot-Ba, Martin Breza and Davy-Louis Versace
Polymers 2021, 13(12), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13122015 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2838
Abstract
Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without [...] Read more.
Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without the addition of any co-initiators. As highlighted by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping results, the formation of carbon-centered radicals from an intermolecular H abstraction reaction was evidenced and can act as initiating species. Interestingly, the introduction of iodonium salt (Iod) used as a co-initiator has led to (1) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomer with high final conversions and (2) an increase of the rates of free-radical polymerization of the acrylate bio-based monomer; we also demonstrated the concomitant thiol–ene reaction and cationic photopolymerizations of a limonene 1,2 epoxide/thiol blend mixture with the HNQA/Iod photoinitiating system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoinitiators and Photopolymerization Technology)
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12 pages, 1772 KiB  
Article
Ketone Number and Substitution Effect of Benzophenone Derivatives on the Free Radical Photopolymerization of Visible-Light Type-II Photoinitiators
by Tung-Liang Huang and Yung-Chung Chen
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111801 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2734
Abstract
Three novel visible-light absorbing benzophenone-based hydrogen acceptors (BPD-D, BPDM-D and BPDP-D) were designed on the basis of a donor–benzophenone–donor structural backbone. Mono or diketone units and double diphenylamine electron-donating groups in para-or meta-positions were introduced to comprehend the electronic and structural effects on [...] Read more.
Three novel visible-light absorbing benzophenone-based hydrogen acceptors (BPD-D, BPDM-D and BPDP-D) were designed on the basis of a donor–benzophenone–donor structural backbone. Mono or diketone units and double diphenylamine electron-donating groups in para-or meta-positions were introduced to comprehend the electronic and structural effects on free radical photopolymerization (FRPP). Such a structural change leads not only to a red-shift of the absorption maxima but strongly enhances their molar extinction coefficients compared to the commercial phototinitiators such as benzophenone (BP) and 4,4′-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (EMK). In addition, excellent melting points and thermal decomposition temperatures were achieved for those novel compounds. Further, the photochemical reaction behavior was studied by cyclic voltammograms (CV), photolysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Finally, benzophenone derivatives in combination with an amine (TEA, triethylamine) as a co-initiator were prepared and initiated the FRPP of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) using a UV lamp as a light source. When used in stoichiometric amounts, the BPDP-D/TEA had the best double bond conversion efficiency among all the compounds studied, and were even superior to the reference compounds of BP/TEA and EMK/TEA. The results and conclusions could provide the fundamental rules applicable for the structural design of benzophenone derivative-based photoinitiators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoinitiators and Photopolymerization Technology)
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