Polymers

Research

16 pages, 12440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Superabsorbent Polymer on Strength and Microstructure Development in Cemented Dredged Clay with High Water Content

by Xia Bian, Lingling Zeng, Yongfeng Deng and Xiaozhao Li

Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101069 - 27 Sep 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4473

Abstract

This paper presents the role of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on strength and microstructure development in cemented clays with notably high water content. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed to identify strength [...] Read more.

This paper presents the role of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on strength and microstructure development in cemented clays with notably high water content. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed to identify strength behavior and microstructure. Results showed that SAP significantly influenced the mechanical behavior of cemented clays with notably high water content, characterized by an increase in the unconfined compressive strength and a decrease in the after-curing water content with SAP content. This revealed that the strength increase due to SAP was directly related to the water absorption by SAP. Meanwhile, XRD results showed that the hydration products were controlled by cement and lime content, regardless of SAP content. That meant there was no chemical reaction between SAP particles used in this study and cement or lime. The microstructure analysis by SEM revealed that SAP played an important role in the microstructure of cemented clays. With an increase in SAP content, the water absorbed by SAP increased significantly, leading to a decrease in the pore volume and a denser soil fabric. This behavior indicated that the primary role of SAP on strength increase was to absorb and fix water in cemented clays. Consequently, the clay–cement cluster distance decreased with an increase in solid mass (soil particles and swollen SAP particles) and a decrease in pore water. The corresponding tighter flocculated fabric due to SAP eventually led to the strength increase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Characteristics of Polypropylene Mixed with Natural Nanoclay

by Huseyin R. Hiziroglu and Iosif E. Shkolnik

Polymers 2018, 10(9), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090942 - 24 Aug 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3877

Abstract

Polypropylene has been used in radio-frequency capacitors and has also started to be employed in cables as insulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the electrical properties of polypropylene filled with natural clay as a nano-material. Polypropylene samples having 0%, 2% [...] Read more.

Polypropylene has been used in radio-frequency capacitors and has also started to be employed in cables as insulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the electrical properties of polypropylene filled with natural clay as a nano-material. Polypropylene samples having 0%, 2% and 6% natural clay by weight were exposed to 60-Hz sinusoidal voltages at two different rates of rise. The breakdown voltage of each sample was recorded at these different ramp rates. Also, the Root-mean-squared (rms) current was measured as the voltage was increased across the test samples. The important findings of this study were (a) the breakdown strength of the natural nanoclay-filled polypropylene was higher than the unfilled polypropylene, and the optimum concentration of nanoclay appeared to be 2% by weight; (b) the current density as a function of the electric-field intensity indicated a non-linear behavior with saturation, and the saturation onset took place at a higher electric-field intensity in nanoclay-filled polypropylene, wherein 2% nanoclay seemed to be the optimum concentration as well for the onset electric field of saturation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 4471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of In-Situ-Prepared Nanocomposites Based on Poly(Propylene 2,5-Furan Dicarboxylate) and Aluminosilicate Clays

by Lazaros Papadopoulos, Zoi Terzopoulou, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris, Dimitra Patsiaoura, Kostantinos Chrissafis, Dimitrios G. Papageorgiou and George Z. Papageorgiou

Polymers 2018, 10(9), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090937 - 23 Aug 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5029

Abstract

Poly(propylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PPF), or poly(trimethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PTF), is a biobased alipharomatic polyester that is expected to replace its fossil-based terephthalate (PPT) and naphthate (PPN) homologues. PPF possesses exceptional gas barrier properties, but its slow crystallization rate might affect its success in [...] Read more.

Poly(propylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PPF), or poly(trimethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PTF), is a biobased alipharomatic polyester that is expected to replace its fossil-based terephthalate (PPT) and naphthate (PPN) homologues. PPF possesses exceptional gas barrier properties, but its slow crystallization rate might affect its success in specific applications in the future. Therefore, a series of PPF based nanocomposites with the nanoclays Cloisite^®-Na (MMT), Cloisite^®-20A (MMT 20A), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were synthesized via the in situ transterification and polycondensation method. The effect of the nanoclays on the structure, thermal, and crystallization properties of PPF was studied with several methods including infrared spectroscopy (IR), Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy (¹H-NMR), Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The insertion of the nanofillers in the polymer matrix altered the crystallization rates, and TGA results showed good thermal stability, since no significant mass loss occurred up to 300 °C. Finally, the degradation mechanism was studied in depth with Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy, and it was found that β-scission is the dominant degradation mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Properties of PMMA/Reactive Halloysite Nanocomposites Based on Halloysite with Double Bonds

by Shiwei Chen, Zhizhou Yang and Fuzhong Wang

Polymers 2018, 10(8), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080919 - 15 Aug 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7286

Abstract

PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposites were firstly prepared using reactive halloysite with double bonds. The halloysite was functionalized to improve its dispersion in the polymer matrix. The reactive halloysite could increase the molecular weight of PMMA. The molecular distribution of PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposite was more [...] Read more.

PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposites were firstly prepared using reactive halloysite with double bonds. The halloysite was functionalized to improve its dispersion in the polymer matrix. The reactive halloysite could increase the molecular weight of PMMA. The molecular distribution of PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposite was more uniform than that of PMMA. The moisture absorption of PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposite increased with the addition of the reactive halloysite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that the thermal stability of PMMA/reactive halloysite nanocomposites was greatly enhanced. Significant improvement in the mechanical property of PMMA nanocomposites was achieved by the addition of 3 wt % reactive halloysite. A 31.1% increase in tensile strength and a 64.2% increase in Young’ modulus of the nanocomposites with 3 wt % of the reactive halloysite were achieved. Finally, the formation mechanism of PMMA/reactive halloysites nanocomposites was proposed. This approach demonstrated the potential for general applicability to other polymer nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyethylene Glycol-Carbon Nanotubes/Expanded Vermiculite Form-Stable Composite Phase Change Materials: Simultaneously Enhanced Latent Heat and Heat Transfer

by Yong Deng, Mingyue He, Jinhong Li and Zhiwei Yang

Polymers 2018, 10(8), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080889 - 9 Aug 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4678

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with expanded vermiculite (EVM) form-stable composite phase change materials (PCE-CPCMs) were constructed via the efficient synergistic effect between EVM and CNTs. The resultant material demonstrated simultaneously enhanced latent heat and heat transfer. The unique EVM pore structure and [...] Read more.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with expanded vermiculite (EVM) form-stable composite phase change materials (PCE-CPCMs) were constructed via the efficient synergistic effect between EVM and CNTs. The resultant material demonstrated simultaneously enhanced latent heat and heat transfer. The unique EVM pore structure and CNTs surfaces contributed to the form stability of PCE-CPCMs. The adsorption capacity was 77.75–81.54 wt %. The latent heat of the PCE-CPCMs increased with increasing CNTs content due to the decreasing inhibition effect of EVM and the increasing adsorption capacity of PEG, which was 83.9 J/g during melting and 104.2 J/g during solidification for PCE7.09. The pore confinement and surface EVM interactions inhibited the heat storage capacity of the PCE-CPCMs. Moreover, the inhibition effect on the heat storage capacity of PCE-CPCMs during the melting process was stronger than during solidification due to the crystallization-promoting effect. The heat transfer of PCE-CPCMs was significantly enhanced by the CNTs filler (0.5148 W/(m·K) for PCE7.09) due to the decrease in interfacial thermal resistance and the formation of rapid thermally conductive pathways. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermal cycles test results confirmed that the PCE-CPCMs exhibited excellent chemical compatibility, thermal stability, and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PDDA-Montmorillonite Composites Loaded with Ru Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties in Hydrogenation of 2-Butanone

by Ewa M. Serwicka, Małgorzata Zimowska, Dorota Duraczyńska, Bogna D. Napruszewska, Małgorzata Nattich-Rak, Grzegorz Mordarski, Lidia Lityńska-Dobrzyńska and Helena Palkova

Polymers 2018, 10(8), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10080865 - 4 Aug 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4279

Abstract

The effect of synthesis parameters on the physicochemical properties of clay/ polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDDA)/Ru composites and their applicability in hydrogenation of 2-butanone under very mild conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and aqueous solution) was studied. Three synthetic procedures were employed, differing in the order [...] Read more.

The effect of synthesis parameters on the physicochemical properties of clay/ polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDDA)/Ru composites and their applicability in hydrogenation of 2-butanone under very mild conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and aqueous solution) was studied. Three synthetic procedures were employed, differing in the order of addition of components and the stage at which metallic Ru species were generated. The materials were characterized with XRD (X-ray diffraction), XRF (X-ray fluorescence), EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy), AFM (atomic force microscopy), TEM/HRTEM (transmission electron microscopy/high resolution transmission electron microscopy), and TG/DSC (thermal gravimetry/differential scanning microscopy techniques. The study revealed that the method of composite preparation affects its structural and thermal properties, and controls the distribution and size of Ru particles. All catalysts are active in hydrogenation of 2-butanone. For best catalytic performance (100% conversion within 30 min) both the size of Ru particles and the load of polymer had to be optimized. Superior catalytic properties were obtained over the composite with intermediate crystal size and intermediate PDDA load, prepared by generation of metallic Ru species in the polymer solution prior to intercalation. This method offers an easy way of controlling the crystal size by modification of Ru/PDDA ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous Catalytic Composites from Palladium Nanoparticles in Montmorillonite Intercalated with Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) Chains

by Mengdie Xu, Jing Zhao, Guiqing Shu, Qi Liu and Minfeng Zeng

Polymers 2018, 10(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10060669 - 15 Jun 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4040

Abstract

In this study, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) chains intercalated montmorillonite (MMT) matrices has been demonstrated as an excellent scaffolding material for the immobilization of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles to prepare efficient heterogeneous catalysts for Heck reactions. Multiple layers (up to four) of PVP chains [...] Read more.

In this study, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) chains intercalated montmorillonite (MMT) matrices has been demonstrated as an excellent scaffolding material for the immobilization of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles to prepare efficient heterogeneous catalysts for Heck reactions. Multiple layers (up to four) of PVP chains can intercalate the interlayer space of the MMT, resulting in an increase therein from 1.25 to 3.22 nm. MMT/PVP with PVP loading (20%) was selected as the platform for the immobilization of Pd. The in-situ reduction of the chelated Pd²⁺ into Pd⁰ in the interlayer space of MMT/PVP composite could be easily achieved. For the prepared Pd@MMT/PVP catalytic composite, a unique maze-like microstructure of Pd nanoparticles tightly encaged by PVP chains and by lamellae of layered silica has been detected by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the microstructure is well elucidated in molecular level by positron annihilation lifetime analysis of the Pd@MMT/PVP catalytic composite. The prepared Pd@MMT/PVP catalysts were highly active for the Heck coupling reactions between aromatic halides and alkenes, and could be recycled 9 times without significant decreases in coupling yields. The excellent comprehensive catalytic performances of the Pd@MMT/PVP catalytic composites are mainly attributed to their unique maze-like microstructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Viscoelastic Behavior of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Organomodified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Prepared via In Situ Bulk Radical Polymerization

by Alexandros K. Nikolaidis and Dimitris S. Achilias

Polymers 2018, 10(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10050491 - 3 May 2018

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 9677

Abstract

Nanocomposites of polymers with nanoclays have recently found great research interest due to their enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Deep understanding of the kinetics of thermal degradation of such materials is very important, since the degradation mechanism usually changes in the presence of [...] Read more.

Nanocomposites of polymers with nanoclays have recently found great research interest due to their enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Deep understanding of the kinetics of thermal degradation of such materials is very important, since the degradation mechanism usually changes in the presence of the nano-filler. In this investigation, poly(methyl methacrylate)/organomodified clay nanocomposite materials were prepared by the in situ free radical bulk polymerization technique. The thermal degradation of the products obtained was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis at several heating rates. Isoconversional kinetic analysis was conducted in order to investigate the effect of degradation conversion on the activation energy. Both, pure poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its nanocomposites were found to degrade through a two-step reaction mechanism. Data arising from a differential and an integral method were used to disclose the correlation between activation energies (E_α) and the extent of degradation (α). It was found that E_α value improved for all nanocomposites at α values higher than 0.3. Moreover, the viscoelastic behavior of the obtained nanocomposites was examined by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. All nanocomposites exhibited higher storage modulus in comparison to the virgin PMMA at room temperature, while the increment of clay amount improved their stiffness gradually. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 5753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Properties Study of PA6 Nanocomposites Flame Retarded by Aluminium Salt of Diisobutylphosphinic Acid and Different Organic Montmorillonites

by Wen-Tao He, Sheng-Tao Liao, Yu-Shu Xiang, Li-Juan Long, Shu-Hao Qin and Jie Yu

Polymers 2018, 10(3), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030312 - 13 Mar 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

Two different types of organic montmorillonite, namely quaternary ammonium salt intercalated MMT (CMMT) and quaternary phosphonium salt intercalated MMT (PMMT) were used as fillers in the flame-retardant polyamide (PA6) based on aluminium salts of diisobutylphosphinic acid (ABPA). The influence of different types of [...] Read more.

Two different types of organic montmorillonite, namely quaternary ammonium salt intercalated MMT (CMMT) and quaternary phosphonium salt intercalated MMT (PMMT) were used as fillers in the flame-retardant polyamide (PA6) based on aluminium salts of diisobutylphosphinic acid (ABPA). The influence of different types of organic montmorillonite (OMMT) on the structure and properties of flame-retardant PA6 nanocomposites were systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results suggested that the introduction of OMMT improved the dispersion of the flame retardant particles independently of the type of OMMT. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curve transformed to one peak from two peaks (representing the degradation of ABPA and PA6, respectively) after incorporation of the OMMT, which further confirmed better ABPA dispersion. Viscoelastic measurements demonstrated that a mechanically stable network structure was formed with the introduction of OMMT or ABPA and OMMT, while PA6/ABPA/PMMT presented the highest storage modulus and viscosity, suggesting a more efficient network structure. From UL-94 and limited oxygen index (LOI) tests, PA6/ABPA/PMMT presented the best flame performance, with a UL-94 of V-0 and a LOI of 33%. In addition, the PA6/ABPA/PMMT presented the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) among the investigated samples. Combined with the char layer analysis, it can be deduced that the introduction of PMMT improved the dispersion of ABPA, and promoted the formation of more efficient network structure, before promoting more compact char structures, which finally resulted in improved flame retardancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Selectively Localised Nanoclay Particles on Non-Isothermal Crystallisation and Degradation Behaviour of PP/LDPE Blend Composites

by Tladi Gideon Mofokeng, Suprakas Sinha Ray and Vincent Ojijo

Polymers 2018, 10(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030245 - 28 Feb 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3933

Abstract

In immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites, nanoparticles can be localised either in polymer matrices or at the interface, invoking the simple question of how the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles and the resulting morphological changes affect the non-isothermal crystallisation and degradation kinetics. In this [...] Read more.

In immiscible polymer blend nanocomposites, nanoparticles can be localised either in polymer matrices or at the interface, invoking the simple question of how the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles and the resulting morphological changes affect the non-isothermal crystallisation and degradation kinetics. In this study, the non-isothermal crystallisation of polypropylene in polypropylene (PP)-rich compatibilised and non-compatibilised PP/low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/clay composites and their degradation are investigated. The non-isothermal crystallisation analyses show that the localisation of the clay particles in the blend composites has two opposing effects. First, the poorly dispersed clay particles at the PP/LDPE interface in the non-compatibilised blend composite has no significant effect on the crystallisation temperature of PP but allows the free movement of PP chains, resulting in a higher crystallinity of PP than that of PP in the neat blend. Second, the well-dispersed clay particles in the compatibilised blend composites disrupt the free movement of PP chains, resulting in a lower crystallisation temperature and crystallinity than that of PP in the neat blend. The influences of different selective localisations of clay particles on the activation energies of degradation are studied. The presence of maleated compatibilisers, clay, and the distribution of clay in the blend composite play important roles in determining the activation energies of degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Anionic Polyacrylamide onto Coal and Kaolinite Calculated from the Extended DLVO Theory Using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good Theory

by Wenjie Zou, Jinglin Zhao and Chunbao Sun

Polymers 2018, 10(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10020113 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4535

Abstract

The dispersion behavior of particles is of great significance in selective flocculation flotation. The interfacial interaction between coal and the main impurity mineral (kaolinite) particles with the effect of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM A401) was explored by the extended Derjagin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The [...] Read more.

The dispersion behavior of particles is of great significance in selective flocculation flotation. The interfacial interaction between coal and the main impurity mineral (kaolinite) particles with the effect of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM A401) was explored by the extended Derjagin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The involved surface free energy components of fine mineral particles were estimated using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory and Washburn equation. After adsorption of PAM A401, the range and absolute value of the hydrophobic interaction V_HA of the coal particles decreased, the electrostatic repulsive potential increased, and the total potential energy changed from −1.66 × 10⁵ to −4.03 × 10⁴ kT at the separation distance of 5 nm. For interactions between the kaolinite and coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption, the electrostatic repulsive potential increased and the hydrophilic repulsive potential energy decreased. The energy barrier at the separation distance of 0.2 nm decreased from 2.78 × 10⁴ to 2.29 × 10⁴ kT. The total potential energy between the kaolinite and coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption was still repulsive, and the range of the repulsive interaction increased from ~0.05 to 47 nm to ~0.05 to 50 nm. The total potential energy of the coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption was still attractive. This behavior of coal and kaolinite particles with the effect of PAM A401 indicates the possibility of enhanced fine coal separation by the method of selective flocculation flotation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Oxidation Resistance of Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites Based on Montmorillonite Modified by Benzimidazolium Salt

by Jian Xing, Zhenzhen Xu and Bingyao Deng

Polymers 2018, 10(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10010083 - 17 Jan 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6725

Abstract

Organic montmorillonite (MMT) modified by 1,3-dihexadecyl-3H-benzimidazolium bromide (Bz) was used to prepare polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/MMT composites by melting intercalation. The PPS/MMT composites showed mixed morphology, being comprised of exfoliated and intercalated structures with slight agglomerates. The tensile property of PPS/MMT composites [...] Read more.

Organic montmorillonite (MMT) modified by 1,3-dihexadecyl-3H-benzimidazolium bromide (Bz) was used to prepare polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/MMT composites by melting intercalation. The PPS/MMT composites showed mixed morphology, being comprised of exfoliated and intercalated structures with slight agglomerates. The tensile property of PPS/MMT composites was significantly improved due to the good dispersion of the MMT nanolayers. The test results showed that the tensile strength retention of PPS/MMT composites was higher than that of pure PPS after the oxidation treatment. Moreover, FTIR and XPS analyses were also used to evaluate the oxidation resistance of PPS composites. The FTIR analysis confirmed that adding MMT could better limit the damage of the C–S group and retard the generation of sulfuryl groups (–SO₂–) during the oxidation treatment compared to pure PPS. The XPS analysis also suggested that the addition of MMT could reduce the chemical combination of the elements sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) during oxidation treatment. Furthermore, the MMT nanolayers could also promote the transfer of S from a C–S bond into an –SO₂– group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability and Mechanical Performance of PMMA/Stone Sludge Nanocomposites for Acrylic Solid Surface Applications

by Samah EL-Bashir, Nouf Althumairi and Naser Alzayed

Polymers 2017, 9(11), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110604 - 12 Nov 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6309

Abstract

Acrylic solid surface sheets were prepared by mixing different kinds of stone sludge fillers (SSF) in Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites. PMMA nanocomposite syrups were made using free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA), then two kinds of nanofillers were added, namely, hydrophilic nanosilica [...] Read more.

Acrylic solid surface sheets were prepared by mixing different kinds of stone sludge fillers (SSF) in Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites. PMMA nanocomposite syrups were made using free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA), then two kinds of nanofillers were added, namely, hydrophilic nanosilica and clay Halloysite nanotubules (HNTs). Acrylic solid surface sheets were manufactured by mixing the syrups with SSFs. The morphology of the produced sheets was studied using optical, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that revealed the uniform distribution of stone sludge in the polymeric matrix. The study of the physical properties showed promising mechanical performance and durability of PMMA/SSF nanocomposites for acrylic solid surface applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Polymer-Clay (Nano)Composites

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (13 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI