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Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow

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A special issue of Prosthesis (ISSN 2673-1592). This special issue belongs to the section "Prosthodontics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2024) | Viewed by 20824

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Roberto Sorrentino

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Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Interests: prosthodontics; digital dentistry; restorative dentistry; adhesive dentistry; adhesion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Fernando Zarone

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Scientific Unit of Digital Dentistry (SUDD), Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, 80138 Napoli, NA, Italy
Interests: prosthodontics; esthetics; dental materials; ceramics; digital dentistry; scanners; 3D printing; implant prosthodontics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Gennaro Ruggiero

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Scientific Unit of Digital Dentistry (SUDD), Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, 80138 Napoli, NA, Italy
Interests: prosthodontics; maxillofacial prosthetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the development of innovative production technologies and the advancement of restorative materials with increasingly high-performance mechanical and optical characteristics have made digital dentistry a valid clinical reality, particularly in the field of prosthodontics and in the treatment of areas with high esthetic demands. Digital tools have significantly improved both diagnostic processes (CBCT, MRI, and ultrasonography) and clinical protocols (optical impressions, CAD/CAM technologies, and 3D printing). Specifically, in prosthodontics and restorative dentistry, the introduction of digital planning and previsualization software, as well as the use of intraoral scanning systems, has greatly improved communication with patients, the sharing of treatment plan objectives, and operative and psychological comfort. Furthermore, the introduction of increasingly high-performance production technologies has made it possible to manufacture prostheses entirely through a digital workflow. The implementation of advanced technologies (CAD/CAM, laser sintering, melting, and 3D printing) in daily clinical practice has received a significant push from the development of innovative restorative materials. These improvements have significantly expanded the clinical options in prosthetic rehabilitation, both for natural teeth and implants. The primary aim of this Special Issue is to collect clinical and experimental investigations about the use of the digital workflow in prosthetic rehabilitations, both tooth- and implant-supported.

Prof. Dr. Roberto Sorrentino
Prof. Dr. Fernando Zarone
Dr. Gennaro Ruggiero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

restorative materials
digital dentistry
prosthodontics
prosthesis

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Various Superstructure Materials on Stress Distribution for Implant-Supported Prosthesis: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

by Rawan Mufeed Jameel and Aseel Mohammed Al-Khafaji

Prosthesis 2024, 6(5), 1133-1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6050082 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1310

Abstract

In different applied load scenarios, this study evaluates the distribution of stress in the implant and bone exerted by zirconia, lithium disilicate, and cobalt chromium alloy. A 3D virtual model of a mandibular three-unit implant-supported prosthesis was created using SolidWorks 2022. The model featured two 12-mm Straumann Ti-Zr (Roxolid) implants with diameters of 4.5 mm and 4 mm. Zirconia, lithium disilicate, and cobalt chromium alloy were used as superstructure materials. Vertical loads of 100 N and 200 N were applied to the central fossa of the implant-supported prosthesis. The finite element analysis demonstrated that doubling the applied load leads to a proportional increase in von Mises stress on both the implant and bone in a mandibular posterior three-unit implant-supported prosthesis model. Zirconia and chromium cobalt as superstructure materials result in similar stress levels due to their closely matched elastic moduli of 200 GPa and 218 GPa, respectively. In contrast, lithium disilicate leads to the highest stress levels, which is attributed to its lower elastic modulus of 95 GPa. These findings highlight the critical role of superstructure material properties in stress distribution. Zirconia emerges as the preferred material for implant-supported prosthetics due to its favorable stress distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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11 pages, 8227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Luting Technique on the Positioning of CAD-CAM Porcelain Laminate Veneers: An In Vitro Study

by Gianmaria D’Addazio, Federico Amoroso, Giuseppe Tafuri, Giacomo Baima, Manlio Santilli, Federico Mussano and Bruna Sinjari

Prosthesis 2024, 6(5), 1095-1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6050079 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 634

Abstract

The precision of the luting protocol plays a crucial role in the success and survival rate of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs). This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of different luting techniques on the positioning of PLVs through a novel, noninvasive, scanning-based technique. A total of 45 ceramic PLVs were milled and cemented on human tooth replicas. Specimens were divided into three groups of 15, each subjected to a different luting protocol: flowable composite (Group A), dual-cure resin cement (Group B), and preheated composite resin (Group C). After luting procedures, specimens were scanned, and every STL file was superimposed with the original tooth design in Geomagic Control X version 2022.1 software to assess linear (incisal, mid, cervical) and angular discrepancies. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD tests, and regression analysis. ANOVA results showed no statistically significant differences for incisal (F = 0.327, p = 0.723), mid (F = 0.287, p = 0.752), cervical (F = 0.191, p = 0.827), and angular (F = 0.026, p = 0.975) measurements. Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests confirmed the lack of significant pairwise differences between groups. The study demonstrated that the type of luting agent used does not significantly impact the final position of PLVs. This suggests flexibility in the choice of luting agents without compromising the accuracy of PLV placement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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13 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy and Fit of Ceramic Filled 3D-Printed Resin for Permanent Crown Fabrication: An In Vitro Comparative Study

by Anwar Al-Ramadan, Reem Abualsaud, Yousif A. Al-Dulaijan, Ahmad M. Al-Thobity and Haidar Alalawi

Prosthesis 2024, 6(5), 1029-1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6050075 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1173

Abstract

This in vitro investigation aimed to compare the trueness, precision, internal fit, and marginal adaptation of Varseo Smile Crown Plus (VSCP), CROWNTEC (C), and milled Enamic crowns (E) using a 5-axis dental milling machine (prograMill PM7). 39 crowns (VSCP, E, C; n = 13) were designed and fabricated. Internal/marginal adaptation, precision, and trueness were assessed via die scans with/without a fit checker. Dimensional discrepancies were determined by superimposing the scans. One-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) analyzed the results. No significant differences were found in internal fit or marginal adaptation between groups. However, group E exhibited the best fit (axial: 82.9 µm). Trueness differed significantly (p < 0.05) across all groups and areas. Group E had the highest trueness (intaglio: 25.8 µm), while VSCP had the lowest (marginal: 31.9 µm). Precision varied significantly within the occlusal area of printed groups (highest for C: 17.8 µm) and the marginal area between printed/milled (VSCP vs. E) and C vs. E (lowest for E: 20.5 µm, highest for VSCP: 27.9 µm). In conclusion, both milled and 3D-printed crowns achieved comparable internal fit and marginal adaptation. However, group E displayed superior fit and trueness. While C exhibited higher occlusal precision, E had higher marginal precision. These findings suggest the potential for 3D-printed hybrid polymer crowns, warranting further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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15 pages, 2776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Different Beverages on the Color Stability of Nanocomposite 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins

by Sara H. Almansour, Juhana A. Alkhawaja, Abdulrahman Khattar, Ali M. Alsalem, Ahmed M. Alessa, Soban Q. Khan, Passent Ellakany, Mohammed M. Gad and Shaimaa M. Fouda

Prosthesis 2024, 6(5), 1002-1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6050073 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 964

Abstract

Background: Nanocomposite resins have been widely used in modern denture manufacturing. However, their long-term color stability is a concern for both dental professionals and patients. Purpose: to evaluate the effect of different beverages on the color stability of 3D-printed denture base resins modified with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO₂NPs). Methods: A total of 440 specimens were fabricated and distributed into 11 groups (n = 40/group). The control group of heat polymerized (PMMA) and five groups of two different 3D-printed resins (NextDent and ASIGA) as experimental groups with various concentrations of ZrO₂NPs added to the 3D-printed resins (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%) in addition to one unmodified group per resin. Specimens per group are sorted into four subgroups (n = 10) according to tested beverages, as follows: coffee, tea, cola, and mineral water. Before immersion, all the specimens were exposed to 5000 thermal cycles. Color changes (ΔE₀₀) were assessed prior (T0) and following immersion for 6 days (T1) and 12 days (T2) using a spectrophotometer. Color difference values were calculated by using CIEDE2000 color difference. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test with a significant level of less than 0.05. Results: Tea produced the highest color change for both NextDent and ASIGA materials, whereas water caused the least color change on PMMA at T2. Increasing the immersion time resulted in more color changes, with tea and coffee showing significant differences. PMMA had considerably less color change than 3D-printed resins. The color change of 3D-printed increased after adding ZrO₂NPs. Conclusions: Beverage type and immersion time have an impact on the color stability of unmodified and ZrO₂NP-modified denture base resins with significant change after immersion in tea and coffee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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9 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of 3D Printing Layer Thickness and Post-Polymerization Time on the Flexural Strength and Hardness of Denture Base Resins

by Hamad S. AlRumaih and Mohammed M. Gad

Prosthesis 2024, 6(4), 970-978; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6040070 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 855

Abstract

Purpose: This study evaluates and compares the effect of printing layer thickness (LT) and post-polymerization time (PPT) on the flexural strength and hardness of three 3D-printed resins after thermal aging. Methods: A bar shape (64 × 10 × 3.3 mm) and a disc shape (15 × 2 mm) were designed for flexural strength and hardness testing, respectively. ASIGA, NextDent, and FormLabs 3D-printed resins were used to print specimens with different LTs (25 µm, 50 µm, and 100 µm). Each thickness group was post-polymerized (PP) for different times (15, 30, 60, and 90 min). All printed specimens were thermally cycled (5000 cycles) and then tested, measuring the flexural strength and hardness using a universal testing machine and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: A PPT of 90 min showed the highest flexural strength. In comparisons of the LTs, 25 µm and 50 µm significantly increased flexural strength compared with 100 µm, which showed the lowest value for each PPT. The hardness increased as the PPT increased for all materials. In our LT comparison, 25 µm and 50 µm significantly increased the hardness for NextDent and FormLabs resins, while only 25 µm showed high hardness compared with 50 µm and 100 µm for ASIGA. Conclusion: Both parameters (LT and PPT) impact flexural strength and hardness. Increased PPT with the minimum LT is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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18 pages, 6271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanocomposite Provisional Resin: Effect of Nanoparticles Addition on the Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities In Vitro

by Faris A. Alshahrani, Maher AlGhamdi, Deena Alghamdi, Hend Alshammary, Sultan Akhtar, Soban Q. Khan, Amr A. Mahrous, Fawaz Alzoubi, Abdel-Naser M. Emam and Mohammed M. Gad

Prosthesis 2024, 6(4), 952-969; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6040069 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1071

Abstract

Purpose: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the physical and antimicrobial properties of provisional resin modified with two different nanoparticles, namely, silicon dioxide (nano-SiO₂) and titanium dioxide (nano-TiO₂). Methods: A commonly used commercially available polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) provisional resin (Unifast III; GC Corp) was modified with nano-SiO₂ and nano-TiO₂ at different concentrations (1% wt. and 2.5% wt. respectively), while one unmodified group was used as a control. Rectangular specimens (60 × 10 × 3.3 mm) for strength (MPa) and elastic modulus, and square specimens (10 × 10 × 3.4 mm) for surface roughness (Ra, µm), hardness (VHN), and Candida albicans adhesion (colony forming unit, CFU/mL) were prepared and grouped into five groups (n = 10) according to (nanoparticles) NPs type and concentration. After polymerization, the specimens were finished and polished and then subjected to thermal cycling (5000 cycles). Analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for fracture surface analysis and C. albicans count. Results: The addition of 1% nano-SiO₂ significantly increased the flexural strength, and 1% nano-SiO₂ contributed to the highest flexural strength value, while 2.5% nano-SiO₂ and nano-TiO₂ showed non-significant increases (p > 0.05). The elastic modulus increased significantly for both NPs. Among the NP-modified groups, the nano-SiO₂ groups showed an increased elastic modulus compared to the nano-TiO₂ groups. The hardness significantly increased with NPs addition with no significant differences between NPs-modified groups. Surface roughness increased with 2.5% nano-TiO₂ addition, while 1% nano-TiO₂ and nano-SiO₂ showed non-significant differences. Nano-SiO₂ and nano-TiO₂ significantly decreased C. albicans adhesion, and nano-TiO₂ groups were significantly superior in their antimicrobial effect compared with nano-SiO₂. Conclusions: Low nano-SiO₂ addition increased the flexural strength of provisional resin. The addition of NPs increased elastic modulus and hardness and decreased the C. albicans adhesion to provisional resin. Nano-SiO₂ did not alter the surface roughness, while 2.5% of nano-TiO₂ increased the surface roughness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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9 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial on Press, Block Lithium Disilicate, and 3D Printed Partial Crowns in Posterior Teeth: One-Year Recall

by Giulia Verniani, Alessio Casucci, Matteo Val, Gennaro Ruggiero, Daniele Manfredini, Marco Ferrari and Edoardo Ferrari Cagidiaco

Prosthesis 2024, 6(4), 887-895; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6040064 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 757

Abstract

This study compares the clinical performances of two lithium disilicate (Initial LiSi press vs. Initial LiSi Block, GC Corp.) and a 3D printed resin (Temp Print, GC Corp.) partial crown using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) evaluation criteria and survival rates after one year of clinical service. Eighty-nine partial adhesive restorations on posterior teeth were realized using different materials: Group 1 used Initial LiSi press, Group 2 used Initial LiSi Block, and Group 3 used Temp Print. An analog workflow was used to realize the restoration of Group 1, while a fully digital workflow was used for Groups 2 and 3. The modified USPHS parameters, together with periodontal parameters, were collected at baseline and at the one-year recall. Contingency tables to assess for significant differences of success over time in each group were used. All modified USPHS parameters showed Alpha or Bravo; no Charlie was recorded. No statistically significant difference emerged between the three groups in any of the assessed variables (p > 0.05). All modified USPHS scores were compatible with the outcome of clinical success, no restoration was replaced or repaired, and the survival rate was 100% at the one-year recall. No difference was found between the traditional and digital workflows used to fabricate the restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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12 pages, 1180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Properties of Three Novel 3D-Printed Dental Resins Compared to Other Resin-Based Restorative Materials

by Francesco De Angelis, Maurizio D’Amario, Ali Jahjah, Massimo Frascaria, Mirco Vadini, Edoardo Sorrentino, Virginia Biferi and Camillo D’Arcangelo

Prosthesis 2024, 6(3), 619-630; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6030043 - 10 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1884

Abstract

To evaluate the flexural strength and flexural modulus of three recently introduced 3D-Printed resins and compare them with the flexural properties of other well known, already commercialized, and extensively used resin based dental materials. Three 3D-printed dental resins, a fiber-reinforced epoxy resin, a heat-cured bis-acrylate-based composite resin, two conventional CAD/CAM PMMA, and a graphene-reinforced CAD/CAM PMMA, were selected for this study. Ten prismatic-shaped specimens (2 × 2 × 25 mm) were fabricated for each material (n = 10). All specimens underwent a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine and were loaded until fracture. Flexural strength (MPa) and flexural modulus (MPa) mean values were calculated and compared using the on ranks One-Way ANOVA test. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the 3D-printed resins was performed. Significantly different flexural properties were recorded among the tested materials. The fiber-reinforced epoxy resin exhibited the highest flexural strength (418.0 MPa) while, among the 3D-printed resins, the best flexural strength was achieved by Irix-Max (135.0 MPa). Irix-Plus and Temporis led to the lowest mean flexural strength values (103.9 MPa and 101.3 MPa, respectively) of all the CAD/CAM milled materials, except for the conventional PMMA by Sintodent (88.9 MPa). The fiber-reinforced epoxy resin also showed the highest flexural modulus (14,672.2 MPa), followed by the heat-cured bis-acrylate composite (10,010.1 MPa). All 3D-printed resins had a higher flexural modulus than the conventional PMMA materials. CAD/CAM fiber-reinforced epoxy resin excels in flexural strength, with Irix-Max showing promising flexural properties, which could encourage its use for permanent restorations. Caution is needed with Irix-Plus and Temporis due to their lower flexural strength compared to other traditional materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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12 pages, 531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial on Lithium Disilicate Veneers Manufactured by the CAD–CAM Method: Digital Versus Hybrid Workflow

by Giulia Verniani, Marco Ferrari, Daniele Manfredini and Edoardo Ferrari Cagidiaco

Prosthesis 2024, 6(2), 329-340; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6020025 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1453

Abstract

Pressed lithium disilicate is largely used for veneer manufacturing, but a new block formulation has recently been released on the market. This study evaluated the clinical performance of milled lithium disilicate veneers (LiSi Block, GC Co., Tokyo, Japan) realized with a fully digital or hybrid workflow using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) evaluation criteria and survival rates after 24 months of clinical service together with the patient’s satisfaction using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). A total of 105 veneers on natural anterior teeth were made on twenty-nine patients with LiSi Block (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1, 35 veneers realized with a completely digital workflow using Trios 3 (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark); Group 2, 35 veneers realized with a completely digital workflow using Experimental IOS (GC, Tokyo, Japan); and Group 3, 35 veneers realized with a hybrid workflow. The restorations were followed up for 24 months, and the modified USPHS evaluation was performed at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months together with periodontal evaluation. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test were applied to compare the modified USPHS method values (α = 0.05). STATISTICA 10.0 software and SIGMAPLOT 12.0 software were used to perform statistical analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups and with the interaction of group vs. time periods. The satisfaction scores of 7.35 ± 1.8 and 9.4 ± 0.37 were recorded before and after treatment, respectively. Milled lithium disilicate veneers showed a good clinical outcome after 2 years of clinical service. No difference was found between fully digital or hybrid workflow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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Review

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36 pages, 9033 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Multifaceted Characterisation Approaches of Dental Ceramics

by Hanan Al-Johani, Julfikar Haider, Julian Satterthwaite, Marcia Borba and Nick Silikas

Prosthesis 2024, 6(5), 1055-1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6050077 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1071

Abstract

Ceramic dental restorative materials have growing popularity, albeit their brittle and stochastic nature are acknowledged shortcomings that impact the prosthesis lifespan. The mechanical performance of ceramics is dominated by the constitutional microstructural and fracture toughness mechanisms, as well as externally applied triggers. Thus, there is ongoing expanding research in the sphere of ceramic material engineering and thermal refinement, addressing concerns regarding toughness, machinability, reliability, stainability, and biodegradation. While the current trend in dental ceramic manufacturing has transitioned from micrometric crystalline sizes to submicrometric and nanometric ranges, there is an unclear understanding of the microstructural implications on ceramic behaviour. Therefore, this review covers the comprehensive characterisation approaches commonly employed in the scientific literature to describe the multifaceted performance aspects as well as clinical-related prerequisites of dental ceramics. Moreover, updated standardised testing parameters and performance thresholds pertaining to ceramic mannerisms are described in an attempt to translate their clinical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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28 pages, 4988 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Progress in the Development of Resin Materials with Nanofillers for 3D Printing of Denture Base

by Ahmed Altarazi, Julfikar Haider, Abdulaziz Alhotan, Nikolaos Silikas and Hugh Devlin

Prosthesis 2024, 6(4), 770-797; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6040055 - 16 Jul 2024

Viewed by 4135

Abstract

Background: Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, use digital models from computer-aided design to produce 3D objects. They are frequently employed in different areas of dentistry, such as orthodontics, oral implantology, and prosthodontics. Purpose: The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of 3D-printing technology for denture bases and explore the influence of incorporating different fillers into 3D-printed denture base resins on their physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching papers published between 2010 and 2023 in several online databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar. The main inclusion criteria used during the search was identifying the papers which added nanoparticles in the resin as an agent to bring different functional characteristics within the 3D-printed denture base resin. Furthermore, even though the search criteria were set for finding papers from the past 10 years, development in this field has accelerated in the past 4–5 years. Findings: Various fillers have exhibited promising results in terms of their ability to improve the functional properties of the 3D-printed denture base resins. However, such improvements come at a higher cost with careful resin preparation when considering the filler particles, the fabrication complexities and the extensive post-processing that is required. Conclusions: The use of 3D-printing approaches and fillers to fabricate dentures is associated with significant benefits in terms of imparting functional properties, consistency in fabrication and opportunities for innovation. However, further research is required to acquire a better understanding of the holistic, long-term performance of various filler materials, concentrations, their clinical relevance and particularly the potential health risks from the fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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28 pages, 7235 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lithium Silicate-Based Glass Ceramics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

by Hanan Al-Johani, Julfikar Haider, Julian Satterthwaite and Nick Silikas

Prosthesis 2024, 6(3), 478-505; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6030034 - 2 May 2024

Viewed by 3868

Abstract

Considering the rapid evolution of lithium silicate-based glass ceramics (LSCs) in dentistry, this review paper aims to present an updated overview of the recently introduced commercial novel LSCs. The clinical and in vitro English-language literature relating to the microstructure, manufacturing, strengthening, properties, surface treatments and clinical performance of LSC materials was obtained through an electronic search. Findings from relevant articles were extracted and summarised for this manuscript. There is considerable evidence supporting the mechanical and aesthetic competency of LSC variants, namely zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates and lithium–aluminium disilicates. Nonetheless, the literature assessing the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of novel LSCs is scarce. An exploration of the chemical, mechanical and chemo-mechanical intaglio surface treatments—alternative to hydrofluoric acid etching—revealed promising adhesion performance for acid neutralisation and plasma treatment. The subtractive manufacturing methods of partially crystallised and fully crystallised LSC blocks and the additive manufacturing modalities pertaining to the fabrication of LSC dental restorations are addressed, wherein that challenges that could be encountered upon implementing novel additive manufacturing approaches using LSC print materials are highlighted. Furthermore, the short-term clinical performance of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates and lithium–aluminium disilicates is demonstrated to be comparable to that of lithium disilicate ceramics and reveals promising potential for their long-term clinical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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