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Machine Learning with Extremely Few Annotations for Remote Sensing

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing Image Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 December 2023) | Viewed by 3505

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
Interests: domain adaptation; image classification; video tracking and detection

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Guest Editor
Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511400, China
Interests: machine learning

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Guest Editor
eResearch Center, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
Interests: image segmentation; domain adaptation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Annotations are always required for both supervised/semi-supervised model training and evaluation. The quality of annotation largely influences the quality of the ML model. Manually annotating data (images, videos, etc.) is arduous and expensive, especially for remote sensing data. A recent trend for conducting such laborious annotation tasks is through crowdsourcing, where data are annotated by volunteers or paid workers online (e.g., workers of Amazon Mechanical Turk) from scratch. However, the quality of these crowdsourcing annotations cannot be guaranteed, and incompleteness and incorrectness are two major concerns for crowdsourcing annotations. 

To address such concerns, this Special Issue is devoted to exploring the potential of novel machine learning ways with extremely few annotations. Further, authors might reflect on how to select the data to annotate given a certain annotation budget, as annotating different data might come with different difficulties, and data themselves might be of differing significance. An example of rethinking might be that if the annotators only partially annotate multilabel images with salient labels instead of fully annotating them, there will be fewer annotation errors, and a better trained ML model might be obtained with these annotated data.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Few-shot learning for remote sensing;
  • Domain adaptation/transfer learning for remote sensing;
  • Multilabel image classification/segmentation with partial annotations for remote sensing;
  • Semi-supervised learning methods for remote sensing;
  • Active learning for remote sensing;
  • Domain generalization algorithms for visual problems;
  • Deep representation learning for domain adaptation and generalization.

Dr. Jianzhe Lin
Dr. Renjing Xu
Dr. Donghao Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • domain adaptation
  • few-shot learning
  • annotation budget
  • active learning
  • deep representation
  • multi-label image classification

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 11431 KiB  
Article
Semi-FCMNet: Semi-Supervised Learning for Forest Cover Mapping from Satellite Imagery via Ensemble Self-Training and Perturbation
by Beiqi Chen, Liangjing Wang, Xijian Fan, Weihao Bo, Xubing Yang and Tardi Tjahjadi
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(16), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164012 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1448
Abstract
Forest cover mapping is of paramount importance for environmental monitoring, biodiversity assessment, and forest resource management. In the realm of forest cover mapping, significant advancements have been made by leveraging fully supervised semantic segmentation models. However, the process of acquiring a substantial quantity [...] Read more.
Forest cover mapping is of paramount importance for environmental monitoring, biodiversity assessment, and forest resource management. In the realm of forest cover mapping, significant advancements have been made by leveraging fully supervised semantic segmentation models. However, the process of acquiring a substantial quantity of pixel-level labelled data is prone to time-consuming and labour-intensive procedures. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel semi-supervised-learning-based semantic segmentation framework that leverages limited labelled and numerous unlabelled data, integrating multi-level perturbations and model ensembles. Our framework incorporates a multi-level perturbation module that integrates input-level, feature-level, and model-level perturbations. This module aids in effectively emphasising salient features from remote sensing (RS) images during different training stages and facilitates the stability of model learning, thereby effectively preventing overfitting. We also propose an ensemble-voting-based label generation strategy that enhances the reliability of model-generated labels, achieving smooth label predictions for challenging boundary regions. Additionally, we designed an adaptive loss function that dynamically adjusts the focus on poorly learned categories and dynamically adapts the attention towards labels generated during both the student and teacher stages. The proposed framework was comprehensively evaluated using two satellite RS datasets, showcasing its competitive performance in semi-supervised forest-cover-mapping scenarios. Notably, the method outperforms the fully supervised approach by 1–3% across diverse partitions, as quantified by metrics including mIoU, accuracy, and mPrecision. Furthermore, it exhibits superiority over other state-of-the-art semi-supervised methods. These results indicate the practical significance of our solution in various domains, including environmental monitoring, forest management, and conservation decision-making processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning with Extremely Few Annotations for Remote Sensing)
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22 pages, 7985 KiB  
Article
Attention-Aware Spectral Difference Representation for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection
by Wuxia Zhang, Huibo Guo, Shuo Liu and Siyuan Wu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(10), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102652 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection (HAD) aims to detect the pixel or target whose spectral characteristics are significantly different from the surrounding pixels or targets. The effectiveness of reconstructing the background model is an essential element affecting the improvement of the HAD performance. This paper [...] Read more.
Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection (HAD) aims to detect the pixel or target whose spectral characteristics are significantly different from the surrounding pixels or targets. The effectiveness of reconstructing the background model is an essential element affecting the improvement of the HAD performance. This paper proposes a Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection method based on Attention-aware Spectral Difference Representation (HAD-ASDR) to reconstruct more accurate background models by using the generated noise distribution matchable to the background as input. The proposed HAD-ASDR mainly includes three modules: Attention-aware Spectral Difference Representation Module (ASDRM), Convolutional Auto-Encoder based Background Reconstruction Module (CAE-BRM) and Joint Spectrum Intensity and Angle based Anomaly Detection Module (JSIA-ADM). First, inspired by Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), ASDRM is proposed to generate a noise distribution that better matches the background by the attention mechanism and the different operation. Then, CAE-BRM is employed to reconstruct the accurate background using the generated noise distribution as input and the convolutional auto-encoder with skip connections. Finally, JSIA-ADM is presented to detect anomalies more accurately by calculating the reconstructed errors from both spectral intensity and angle perspectives. The proposed HAD-ASDR has been verified on five data sets and achieves better or comparable HAD results compared to six other comparison methods. The average AUC of HAD-ASDR on these five data sets is 0.9817 higher than that of the comparison methods, resulting in an improvement of 0.0253. The experimental results demonstrate its superior performance and stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning with Extremely Few Annotations for Remote Sensing)
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