Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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6 pages, 2178 KiB  
Case Report
Facial Cellulitis of Unusual Odontogenic Origin
by Alexandre Perez, Valerio Cimini, Vincent Lenoir and Tommaso Lombardi
Reports 2024, 7(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7030050 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
A healthy man in his 40s was referred to the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of Geneva University Hospital for diagnosis and management of facial swelling affecting the right side of his lower jaw. The patient’s history revealed that the patient had been [...] Read more.
A healthy man in his 40s was referred to the Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit of Geneva University Hospital for diagnosis and management of facial swelling affecting the right side of his lower jaw. The patient’s history revealed that the patient had been hit by several punches to the face a few months earlier. To investigate the swelling, an intra-oral radiograph, an orthopantomographic radiograph, and computed tomography were performed, which revealed no fracture of the lower jaw but the presence of a partly impacted fractured wisdom tooth (third molar). This finding, together with the clinical status, indicated cellulitis most likely related to the presence of a fractured wisdom tooth. The decision was made to proceed with tooth extraction, and follow-up at 3 weeks showed good healing and complete resolution of facial swelling. This case highlights that odontogenic infection can also occur as a result of necrosis following the fracture of an impacted wisdom tooth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry/Oral Medicine)
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7 pages, 821 KiB  
Case Report
Proton Pump Inhibitors Induced Hyponatremia in a Liver Transplanted Patient—The Role of Deprescribing: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Gianmarco Marcianò, Benedetto Caroleo, Luca Catarisano, Donatella Cocchis, Caterina Palleria, Giovambattista De Sarro and Luca Gallelli
Reports 2024, 7(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7020033 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 1265
Abstract
Liver transplant patients are frail subjects due to lifelong therapy with immunosuppressants. In these patients, comorbidity and polytherapy increase the risk of adverse drug reactions. In this study, we report the development of hyponatremia, probably related to pantoprazole in a liver transplant patient. [...] Read more.
Liver transplant patients are frail subjects due to lifelong therapy with immunosuppressants. In these patients, comorbidity and polytherapy increase the risk of adverse drug reactions. In this study, we report the development of hyponatremia, probably related to pantoprazole in a liver transplant patient. Sertraline dismission and treatment with sodium chloride did not improve clinical symptoms and laboratory levels. Pantoprazole dismission induced an improvement in clinical symptoms and the normalization of sodium levels. A five-month follow-up revealed the absence of clinical symptoms and normal serum sodium levels. Full article
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7 pages, 6634 KiB  
Case Report
Complex Presentation of Lung Cancer with Obstructive Jaundice
by Ruxandra Oprita, Bogdan Oprita, Ioana Adriana Serban, Lidia Aurelia Stefan, Ciprian Mihai Neacsu, Alice Elena Diaconu and Valentin Enache
Reports 2024, 7(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7020030 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1555
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer, particularly small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), often presents with respiratory symptoms. However, atypical manifestations including jaundice and abdominal pain can obscure the diagnosis, leading to challenges in early detection and treatment. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old male, with a history of smoking [...] Read more.
Background: Lung cancer, particularly small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), often presents with respiratory symptoms. However, atypical manifestations including jaundice and abdominal pain can obscure the diagnosis, leading to challenges in early detection and treatment. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old male, with a history of smoking and diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of jaundice and a 3-week duration of mild abdominal pain. Initial investigations, including blood tests, showed hyperbilirubinemia and elevated lipase and amylase levels. An abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed a hypoechoic, inhomogeneous mass in the head of the pancreas and multiple liver masses, suggesting a cephalo-pancreatic formation with liver metastasis. Further diagnostic procedures, including upper endoscopy and ERCP, followed by a TAP CT scan, identified a large mediastinal-pulmonary mass with invasion into major vessels and extensive metastasis. The immunohistochemical analysis of a duodenal ulcer biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of duodenal metastasis from a small-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. Conclusion: Our case highlights that while rare, the possibility of metastatic spread should be included in the differential diagnosis when obstructive jaundice occurs in the context of high-risk factors for lung cancer. Full article
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9 pages, 15431 KiB  
Case Report
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor with Retained SMARCB1 (INI1) Expression and Rare SMARCA4 Gene Mutation: A Case Report of a Pediatric Patient
by Anna Marija Mališkina, Ivanda Franckeviča, Zelma Višņevska-Preciniece, Marika Grūtupa and Žanna Kovaļova
Reports 2024, 7(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7020028 - 22 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are highly aggressive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for 1–3% of all pediatric CNS tumors. In general, AT/RTs are associated with biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, resulting in the loss of expression of the integrase interactor [...] Read more.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are highly aggressive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for 1–3% of all pediatric CNS tumors. In general, AT/RTs are associated with biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, resulting in the loss of expression of the integrase interactor 1 (INI1) protein. In this report, we describe the clinical course of an infant patient who presented with fatigue, postprandial vomiting, and disability of left side movement. Histological examination revealed classical features indicative of rhabdoid tumors, yet an atypical immunohistochemical profile with preserved INI1 expression was observed. Molecular diagnostics further elucidated the presence of a heterozygous frameshift variant, SMARCA4 c.2693del, p.(Asn898Thrfs*12), underscoring the distinctive genetic foundations of the case. Surgical resection of the tumor was administered with subsequent chemotherapy to the patient, but the condition worsened dynamically, and a decision was made to give the patient palliative therapy. We report on a patient with AT/RT caused by a rare mutation of the SMARCA4 gene and an aggressive course of disease to provide more information and characteristics of these tumors. Full article
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10 pages, 1865 KiB  
Case Report
Comparison between SARS-CoV-2-Associated Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Acute Stroke: A Case Report
by Yu-Xuan Jiang, Ming-Hua Chen, Yen-Yue Lin, Yung-Hsi Kao, Ting-Wei Liao, Chih-Chien Chiu and Po-Jen Hsiao
Reports 2024, 7(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7010018 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1717
Abstract
The neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are underrecognized. Ischemic stroke and thrombotic complications have been documented in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rare but can occur; the [...] Read more.
The neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are underrecognized. Ischemic stroke and thrombotic complications have been documented in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rare but can occur; the incidence of COVID-19-associated ADEM is still not clear due to the lack of reporting of cases. ADEM may have atypical stroke-like manifestations, such as hemiparesis, hemiparesthesia and dysarthria. The treatment strategies for ADEM and acute stroke are different. Early identification and prompt management may prevent further potentially life-threatening complications. We report a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting with stroke-like manifestations. We also make a comparison between demyelinating diseases, COVID-19-associated ADEM and acute stroke. This case can prompt physicians to learn about the clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-associated ADEM. Full article
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9 pages, 635 KiB  
Case Report
Suspected Hematuria: Adverse Effects of Rivaroxaban in Older Adult Treated for Atrial Fibrillation
by Aleksandra Rapaić, Ekaterina Milošević, Nemanja Todorović, Nataša Janjić, Mladena Lalić-Popović and Nataša Milošević
Reports 2024, 7(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7010011 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2860
Abstract
Background: The modern concept of pharmaceutical healthcare implies monitoring the pharmacotherapy outcomes and reporting adverse drug reactions. Objective: To present a suspected hematuria as the adverse rivaroxaban reaction in a patient with atrial fibrillation observed by pharmacists in a community pharmacy. Case presentation: [...] Read more.
Background: The modern concept of pharmaceutical healthcare implies monitoring the pharmacotherapy outcomes and reporting adverse drug reactions. Objective: To present a suspected hematuria as the adverse rivaroxaban reaction in a patient with atrial fibrillation observed by pharmacists in a community pharmacy. Case presentation: A 69-year-old female patient came to a pharmacy with a prescription for cranberry-based supplement. She was diagnosed with a mild urinary infection after experiencing blood in her urine for about two weeks. The pharmaceutical anamnesis revealed that the patient was treated with irbesartan and rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban was applied for atrial fibrillation, and the patient was treated for nine months. The patient was treated with omeprazole gastro-resistant capsules for mild dyspepsia and stomach ache over a three-week period. The pharmacist counselled the patient to contact the clinician who introduced rivaroxaban, further suggesting substitution with different anticoagulant. Although the urine culture was negative, the physician introduced ciprofloxacin, which was followed by blood in the patient’s stool. Thus, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and gynecological examination were advised. All findings were normal. Four days after rivaroxaban was substituted with acenocoumarol, no blood in the urine or stool was detected. Conclusions: Rivaroxaban can cause spot urine blood even when applied in therapeutic doses among older female patients when applied with omeprazole. Possible rivaroxaban interaction with omeprazole metabolites is suspected and should be carefully monitored. Full article
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19 pages, 726 KiB  
Review
Epidemiology and Screening of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Europe: A Scoping Review
by Emmanuela Dionysia Laskaratou, Anna Eleftheriades, Ioannis Sperelakis, Nikolaos Trygonis, Periklis Panagopoulos, Theodoros H. Tosounidis and Rozalia Dimitriou
Reports 2024, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7010010 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Developmental hip dysplasia or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) includes a wide range of deformities of the hip, such as congenital dysplasia, subluxation, and dislocation. It is usually identified through neonatal screening during the first 6–8 weeks of life. The incidence of [...] Read more.
Developmental hip dysplasia or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) includes a wide range of deformities of the hip, such as congenital dysplasia, subluxation, and dislocation. It is usually identified through neonatal screening during the first 6–8 weeks of life. The incidence of DDH ranges from 1–7% in neonates among some populations, but this may vary among different ethnicities and countries. A consensus about the ideal age for screening has not been reached to date. The aim of this study is to summarize the existing data regarding the incidence of congenital hip dysplasia and screening tests among European countries. The authors conducted a systematic search in PubMed/Medline and Scopus and collected original studies published in English, French or German. The incidence of DDH presents fluctuations, not only among European countries, but also within the same country. There is no unanimity regarding the screening methods of DDH; in some countries, universal ultrasound is proposed as the basic screening method for neonates for DDH; in other countries screening is performed only in high-risk cases. More robust data are needed to conclude which screening approach is associated with improved long-term outcomes. Full article
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12 pages, 1966 KiB  
Case Report
Surgical Treatment of Multiple Bone Cysts Using a Platelet-Rich Fibrin and BoneAlbumin Composite Graft: A Case Report
by Martin Major, Márton Kivovics, Bence Tamás Szabó, Tamás Déri, Melinda Polyák, Noémi Piroska Jákob, Dániel Csete, Attila Mócsai, Zsolt Németh and György Szabó
Reports 2024, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7010007 - 22 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2113
Abstract
Promising research results have been obtained on the tissue-regeneration properties of PRF (platelet-rich fibrin) in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. PRF presumably promotes healing and accelerates ossification. In this case report, the patient had a history of Gorlin–Goltz syndrome, also called nevoid basal cell [...] Read more.
Promising research results have been obtained on the tissue-regeneration properties of PRF (platelet-rich fibrin) in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. PRF presumably promotes healing and accelerates ossification. In this case report, the patient had a history of Gorlin–Goltz syndrome, also called nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disease that was known for many years. As a consequence, cysts were detected in both the mandible and maxilla. We performed decompression on this 37-year-old patient, followed by a cystectomy on an extensive lesion in the right angle of the mandible. One cyst from each side of the body mandible and one from the maxilla were completely enucleated, as determined using an intraoral exploration. The resulting bone defect was filled with a composite graft composed of a mixture of A-PRF and a serum albumin-coated bone allograft (BoneAlbumin). The wound was then covered with a PRF membrane. The surgical sites were closed per primam. The postoperative period was uneventful. Biopsies were performed after three and six months of healing for histological micromorphometry analyses. Dental implants were placed at the sampling site. Three months after the implantation, the ossified implants were fitted with superstructures. To date, no complications have appeared with the bone augmentation. The authors interpret from the findings that the combination of A-PRF and BoneAlbumin can be validated as a prosperous bone substitute. It can be safely implanted after a 3-month ossification period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Oral Diseases)
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7 pages, 806 KiB  
Case Report
Serious and Progressive Neuropathy Presumably Post-Shingrix Vaccination
by Michael J. Wons, Avani Vaghela, Amna Khalid and Benjamin D. Brooks
Reports 2024, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7010005 - 13 Jan 2024
Viewed by 25825
Abstract
We present a case of serious and progressive neuropathy shortly following the administration of the herpes zoster subunit (HZ/su) vaccine, otherwise known as Shingrix. The progressive neuropathy occurred a week following the vaccination and progressed until discharge 16 days post-admittance. The patient’s mild [...] Read more.
We present a case of serious and progressive neuropathy shortly following the administration of the herpes zoster subunit (HZ/su) vaccine, otherwise known as Shingrix. The progressive neuropathy occurred a week following the vaccination and progressed until discharge 16 days post-admittance. The patient’s mild symptoms persist. The development of neuropathy following HZ/su administration is exceedingly rare, with an attributable risk of three cases per million vaccines administered. A black box warning was issued for this indication, although diagnosis and treatment were not confirmed for this patient. Reporting cases like this is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of vaccine risks and to characterize the underlying etiology of these serious adverse events. Full article
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11 pages, 1430 KiB  
Case Report
Hepatitis E Virus Infection Caused Elevation of Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in a Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B and Choledocholithiasis
by Rei Hirano, Tatsuo Kanda, Masayuki Honda, Shuhei Arima, Mai Totsuka, Ryota Masuzaki, Shini Kanezawa, Reina Sasaki-Tanaka, Naoki Matsumoto, Hiroaki Yamagami, Tomotaka Ishii, Masahiro Ogawa, Shuzo Nomura, Mariko Fujisawa, Kei Saito, Masaharu Takahashi, Hiroaki Okamoto and Hirofumi Kogure
Reports 2023, 6(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6040055 - 17 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic strains that are primarily transmitted through the consumption of undercooked pork or game meat. They also cause asymptomatic infections, acute hepatitis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, chronic hepatitis, and extrahepatic manifestations. Here, we report a [...] Read more.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic strains that are primarily transmitted through the consumption of undercooked pork or game meat. They also cause asymptomatic infections, acute hepatitis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, chronic hepatitis, and extrahepatic manifestations. Here, we report a man in his 80s who had chronic hepatitis B, took entecavir for it, and presented with higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and jaundice. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed choledocholithiasis with cholecystolithiasis. Although endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation was performed for the removal of a common bile duct stone, the abnormal liver function tests, including jaundice, were prolonged. After other viral hepatitis and other causes of the liver injury were ruled out, as his serum was positive for immunoglobulin A anti-HEV and HEV genotype 3b RNA, we diagnosed him as having acute hepatitis E. In this case, with chronic hepatitis B and a common bile duct stone, the prolonged abnormal results for the liver function tests seemed to be caused by HEV infection. In conclusion, in cases with high ALT levels after removing choledocholithiasis, other factors, including HEV infection, should be considered to determine the cause of abnormal liver function test results. The further examination of hepatitis D virus infection and high ALT levels may be needed in HBV-infected individuals. Full article
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18 pages, 9092 KiB  
Case Report
Digital Workflow in Full Mouth Rehabilitation with Immediate Loading, Intraoral Welding and 3D-Printed Reconstructions in a Periodontal Patient: A Case Report
by Adam Nowicki and Karolina Osypko
Reports 2023, 6(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6040052 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2510
Abstract
Background: Complex implant reconstructions in patients with residual dentition due to periodontitis is a challenging task in many aspects. Methods: This study shows a full digital workflow combining 3D printing, guided implant placement, intraoral scanning and welding with immediate loading and digital smile [...] Read more.
Background: Complex implant reconstructions in patients with residual dentition due to periodontitis is a challenging task in many aspects. Methods: This study shows a full digital workflow combining 3D printing, guided implant placement, intraoral scanning and welding with immediate loading and digital smile design. An analog impression was taken to validate the passive fit of final restorations. The whole treatment plan was divided into three stages. The first stage included an intraoral scan of baseline dentition, and then the extraction of all teeth was performed, implanting four temporary implants and providing the patient with removable temporary prosthesis. The second stage was to scan the removable temporaries, implanting 10 implants and multi-unit abutments (MUA), and create a rigid construction via the intraoral welding of titanium bar and by fixing it to the 3D-printed temporary reconstructions (designed with DSD) as a form of immediate loading. The third stage included the scanning of screw-retained temporary reconstructions, then scanning from the MUA level and creating final reconstruction. Results: The presented workflow enabled the delivery of some sort of restoration to the patient at every moment of the treatment and to sustain the required esthetic effect with decent comfort of use even in the early stages. Conclusions: A full digital workflow is a reliable treatment method even in complex cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Oral Diseases)
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25 pages, 831 KiB  
Review
COVID-19-Omics Report: From Individual Omics Approaches to Precision Medicine
by Irina Vlasova-St. Louis, Daniel Fang, Yara Amer and Hesham Mohei
Reports 2023, 6(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6040045 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became apparent that precision medicine relies heavily on biological multi-omics discoveries. High throughput omics technologies, such as host genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, metabolomics/lipidomics, and microbiomics, have become an integral part of precision diagnostics. The large number of data [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became apparent that precision medicine relies heavily on biological multi-omics discoveries. High throughput omics technologies, such as host genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, metabolomics/lipidomics, and microbiomics, have become an integral part of precision diagnostics. The large number of data generated by omics technologies allows for the identification of vulnerable demographic populations that are susceptible to poor disease outcomes. Additionally, these data help to pinpoint the omics-based biomarkers that are currently driving advancements in precision and preventive medicine, such as early diagnosis and disease prognosis, individualized treatments, and vaccination. This report summarizes COVID-19-omic studies, highlights the results of completed and ongoing omics investigations in individuals who have experienced severe disease outcomes, and examines the impact that repurposed/novel antiviral drugs, targeted immunotherapeutics, and vaccines have had on individual and public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Aspects of COVID-19 after a Four-Year Pandemic)
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10 pages, 2881 KiB  
Case Report
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: A Case Report in a Pandemic Environment
by Vanda Peixoto, Ana Carneiro, Fernanda Trigo, Mónica Vieira and Cristina Prudêncio
Reports 2023, 6(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6030042 - 8 Sep 2023
Viewed by 2414
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal, rare, complement-mediated hemolytic anemia. PNH can be associated with marrow failure and thrombophilia. We present a clinical report of splenic vein thrombosis in a patient with classic PNH. A 41-year-old male with classic PNH, naïve to [...] Read more.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal, rare, complement-mediated hemolytic anemia. PNH can be associated with marrow failure and thrombophilia. We present a clinical report of splenic vein thrombosis in a patient with classic PNH. A 41-year-old male with classic PNH, naïve to complement inhibitor therapy, developed splenic vein thrombosis as a major adverse effect after vaccination protocol to prevent meningococcal disease. We also report anticoagulant and eculizumab treatment outcomes. In PNH patients, vaccination should be monitored to prevent major outcome events, like vaccine-induced thrombosis. Eculizumab proves effective for treating intravascular hemolysis and preventing more thrombotic events. The potential protective role of eculizumab on controlling complement activity and consequent inflammation may help the patient to not experience breakthrough hemolysis when infected with SARS-CoV-2. Extravascular hemolysis remains present, but new molecules are being studied to inhibit proximal complement and there is a good health prospective for PNH patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Aspects of COVID-19 after a Four-Year Pandemic)
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10 pages, 2656 KiB  
Case Report
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Parathyroid Cancer: Unraveling the Diagnostic Maze
by Mihaela Stanciu, Remus Calin Cipaian, Ruxandra Ristea, Corina Maria Vasile, Mihaela Popescu and Florina Ligia Popa
Reports 2023, 6(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6030040 - 24 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1952
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare and aggressive cancer affecting the parathyroid glands, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its rarity and overlapping features with benign parathyroid disease. This report describes the case of a 51-year-old patient with significantly elevated serum calcium [...] Read more.
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare and aggressive cancer affecting the parathyroid glands, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its rarity and overlapping features with benign parathyroid disease. This report describes the case of a 51-year-old patient with significantly elevated serum calcium levels, leading to further investigation. Imaging studies revealed a large nodular mass in the right inferior parathyroid gland. After undergoing right inferior parathyroidectomy, pathology confirmed parathyroid carcinoma. However, the patient experienced a relapse, detected via a neck MRI. This case highlights the importance of specific clinical features, such as rapid calcium increase, elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and a large nodular mass, in suspecting malignancy. Differential diagnosis between carcinoma and adenoma can be challenging, and immunohistochemistry aids in diagnosis. Regular follow-up with calcium and PTH monitoring is essential for detecting recurrence. This case underscores the aggressive nature of parathyroid carcinoma and the importance of early diagnosis, surgical intervention, and thorough follow-up care for improved outcomes. Full article
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27 pages, 1679 KiB  
Review
Six Decades of Dopamine Hypothesis: Is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor the New D2?
by Adonis Sfera
Reports 2023, 6(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6030036 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2813
Abstract
In 1957, Arvid Carlsson discovered that dopamine, at the time believed to be nothing more than a norepinephrine precursor, was a brain neurotransmitter in and of itself. By 1963, postsynaptic dopamine blockade had become the cornerstone of psychiatric treatment as it appeared to [...] Read more.
In 1957, Arvid Carlsson discovered that dopamine, at the time believed to be nothing more than a norepinephrine precursor, was a brain neurotransmitter in and of itself. By 1963, postsynaptic dopamine blockade had become the cornerstone of psychiatric treatment as it appeared to have deciphered the “chlorpromazine enigma”, a 1950s term, denoting the action mechanism of antipsychotic drugs. The same year, Carlsson and Lindqvist launched the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, ushering in the era of psychopharmacology. At present, six decades later, although watered down by three consecutive revisions, the dopamine model remains in vogue. The latest emendation of this paradigm proposes that “environmental and genetic factors” converge on the dopaminergic pathways, upregulating postsynaptic transmission. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors, expressed by the gut and blood–brain barrier, respond to a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, including dopamine, probably participating in interoceptive awareness, a feed-back loop, conveying intestinal barrier status to the insular cortex. The conceptualization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a bridge, connecting vagal terminals with the microbiome, may elucidate the aspects of schizophrenia seemingly incongruous with the dopamine hypothesis, such as increased prevalence in urban areas, distance from the equator, autoantibodies, or comorbidity with inflammatory bowel disease and human immunodeficiency 1 virus. In this review article, after a short discussion of schizophrenia outcome studies and insight, we take a closer look at the action mechanism of antipsychotic drugs, attempting to answer the question: do these agents exert their beneficial effects via both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms? Finally, we discuss potential new therapies, including transcutaneous vagal stimulation, aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands, and restoring the homeostasis of the gut barrier. Full article
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16 pages, 4539 KiB  
Article
Ocular Complications of Myopia: Bibliometric Analysis and Citation Networks
by Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cesar Villa-Collar and Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
Reports 2023, 6(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6020026 - 1 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1769
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between publications and authors. In turn, the different areas of research on the ocular complications of myopia are also identified, and the most cited publication by citation networks is determined. Methods: The [...] Read more.
Background: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between publications and authors. In turn, the different areas of research on the ocular complications of myopia are also identified, and the most cited publication by citation networks is determined. Methods: The search for publications is carried out in the Web of Science database using the term “myopia OR nearsightedness AND retin* OR degenerat* OR detachment OR patholog* OR glaucoma OR cataract OR machulopathy OR “choroidal neovascularization” for the period between 1978 and December 2022. Publication analysis was performed using the Citation Network Explorer, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. Results: A total of 9357 publications and 78,400 citation networks were found across the network, with 2021 being the year with the highest number of publications, 712. The most cited publication was “Myopia”, published in The Lancet journal in 2012 by Morgan et al. with a citation index of 1006. By using the clustering function, seven groups covering the different research areas in this field were found: axial growth of the eye; myopic maculopathy; ocular complications in patients with myopia after a surgery; glaucoma; retinal detachment; cataracts and retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: The citation network offers a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main papers on ocular complications of myopia. The research on this field is multidisciplinary; however, the main topic studied is the axial growth of the eye. Full article
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9 pages, 7175 KiB  
Case Report
The Effects of a Combination of Medical Cannabis, Melatonin, and Oxygen–Ozone Therapy on Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report
by Marina Antonini, Cristina Aguzzi, Alessandro Fanelli, Andrea Frassineti, Laura Zeppa, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Gabriella Pastore, Massimo Nabissi and Margherita Luongo
Reports 2023, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6020022 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 12307
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant tumor overall and remains an incurable neoplasm with a median survival of 15 months. Since 2005, the gold standard treatment for glioblastoma has remained unchanged, and it is a common goal of the scientific community to work [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant tumor overall and remains an incurable neoplasm with a median survival of 15 months. Since 2005, the gold standard treatment for glioblastoma has remained unchanged, and it is a common goal of the scientific community to work towards a better prognosis and improved survival for glioblastoma patients. Herein, we report a case of glioblastoma multiforme in a patient with a poor prognosis who, following partial removal of the neoplasm, refused conventional therapy consisting of a combination of radiotherapy and temozolomide-based chemotherapy due to personal serious side effects. The patient started an unconventional therapeutic path by alternating periods of oxygen–ozone therapy with concomitant administration of legal medical cannabis products (Bedrocan and Bedrolite) and melatonin. This approach resulted in a complete and durable remission of the disease and long survival. Indeed, the patient is still alive. The exceptional result obtained here encourages us to share and carefully investigate this unconventional treatment as a possible future direction in the management of glioblastoma. Full article
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9 pages, 1691 KiB  
Case Report
A Case of Sarcoid-Lymphoma Syndrome with Various Etiological Factors
by Kazuki Furuyama, Makiko Tsukita, Yoichi Shirato, Yusaku Sasaki, Yugo Ashino and Toshio Hattori
Reports 2023, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6020019 - 23 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2481
Abstract
A 75-year-old female with a history of stomach cancer and depression was referred to our hospital for left cervical lymphadenopathy. The biopsy of her left cervical lymph node revealed noncaseating granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) indicated general [...] Read more.
A 75-year-old female with a history of stomach cancer and depression was referred to our hospital for left cervical lymphadenopathy. The biopsy of her left cervical lymph node revealed noncaseating granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) indicated general lymphadenopathy (left supraclavicular left axillary, hepatic lymph nodes), except for the hilar lymph node. Both histology by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and analysis of broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were indicative of sarcoidosis. C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were increased in the sera. An alternative cause of granulomatous disease was ruled out, and on follow-up, she was diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Two years later, she was hospitalized for fever, anorexia, lymph node tenderness, and erythema nodosum with significant increases in CRP and sIL-2R. After admission, the repetitive axillary lymph biopsy showed the same histological findings as before, but the G-band staining showed clonal abnormalities. Bone marrow biopsy revealed abnormal lymphocytes with petal-like nuclei. Finally, she was diagnosed with malignant lymphoma infiltrating the bone marrow. After CHOP-based chemotherapy, her laboratory data, lymphadenopathy, and clinical findings improved, and she was discharged from the hospital on the 90th day. Careful medical treatment, including genetic analysis of the lymph node, is necessary in patients with sarcoidosis if lymphadenopathy is predominant. Full article
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11 pages, 553 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Risk of the Development of Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Pediatric Health Care Providers: A Systematic Review
by Nikolaos Rigas, Alexandra Soldatou, Maria Dagla, Christina Nanou and Evangelia Antoniou
Reports 2023, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6010009 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
Background: Secondary PTSD is defined as the natural, consequential behaviors and emotions that result from knowledge about a traumatic event experienced by a significant other deriving from working with suffering individuals. Pediatric health providers with symptoms of PTSD report problems with relationships and [...] Read more.
Background: Secondary PTSD is defined as the natural, consequential behaviors and emotions that result from knowledge about a traumatic event experienced by a significant other deriving from working with suffering individuals. Pediatric health providers with symptoms of PTSD report problems with relationships and general life dissatisfaction as well as and anxiety, depression and burnout syndrome. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to estimate the risk of developing secondary PTSD among pediatric health care providers as well as all additional contributing factors. In more detail, we investigated the PTSD symptomatology between pediatric health care providers and the extent to which parameters such as the job, gender, department and other factors had an impact on the mental health status of pediatric health care providers. Methodology: We searched all published English papers in PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library from September to November 2022. We excluded reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as letters to editors. From a total of 748 papers, we included only 12 research articles that met the admission criteria. Results: According to our results, the prevalence of secondary PTSD ranges from 13% to 94%. Burnout, nurses, the female gender, intensive care units, past traumatic life events and a psychiatric history identified as factors contributing to the development of secondary PTSD. Conclusions: Health policy-makers should take the specificity in the working environment of the pediatric sector seriously into consideration, especially emergency departments. Full article
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