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Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications
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Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 July 2024) | Viewed by 3628

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Wuliang Yin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
Interests: EM sensing; instruments; NDT; tomography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mingyang Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CNDE, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Interests: nondestructive evaluation; eddy current testing; electromagnetic modeling; materials evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ruochen Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
Interests: EM sensing; instruments; NDT; tomography

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Based on the interaction between materials and electromagnetic fields/waves, the electromagnetic sensing technique is able to provide physical insight into the integrity and properties of materials without causing damage. EM sensing facilitates advancements across a wide range of scientific, industrial, and medical domains and addresses challenges in many application fields such as aerospace, rail, oil, and gas, geophysical exploration, advanced manufacturing, etc.

Great efforts have also been made to improve the measurement accuracy, speed, and resolution through optimization of the sensing system and advanced manufacturing.

This Special Issue aims to report recent advances in EM sensing and welcome contributions from colleagues working in this field. The potential topics include by not limited to:

  • New and emerging electromagnetic sensing principles, sensors and systems;
  • Electromagnetic sensors design and optimization;
  • Material property evaluation;
  • Defect detection and imaging;
  • Sensing system development;
  • Forward and inverse problems;
  • Deep learning enhanced sensing and its applications.

Prof. Dr. Wuliang Yin
Dr. Mingyang Lu
Dr. Ruochen Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nondestructive testing (NDT)
  • nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
  • eddy currents
  • RF
  • microwave
  • tomography
  • electromagnetic sensing

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 6037 KiB  
Article
Pulsed-Mode Magnetic Field Measurements with a Single Stretched Wire System
by Joseph Vella Wallbank, Marco Buzio, Alessandro Parrella, Carlo Petrone and Nicholas Sammut
Sensors 2024, 24(14), 4610; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144610 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 376
Abstract
In synchrotrons, accurate knowledge of the magnetic field generated by bending dipole magnets is essential to ensure beam stability. Measurement campaigns are necessary to characterize the field. The choice of the measurement method for such campaigns is determined by the combination of magnet [...] Read more.
In synchrotrons, accurate knowledge of the magnetic field generated by bending dipole magnets is essential to ensure beam stability. Measurement campaigns are necessary to characterize the field. The choice of the measurement method for such campaigns is determined by the combination of magnet dimensions and operating conditions and typically require a trade-off between accuracy and versatility. The single stretched wire (SSW) is a well-known, polyvalent method to measure the integral field of magnets having a wide range of geometries. It, however, requires steady-state excitation. This work presents a novel implementation of this method called pulsed SSW, which allows the system to measure rapidly time-varying magnetic fields, as is often needed, to save power or gain beam time. We first introduce the measurement principle of the pulsed SSW, followed by a combined strategy to calculate the absolute magnetic field by incorporating the classic DC SSW method. Using a bending magnet from the Proton Synchrotron Booster located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research as a case study, we validate the pulsed SSW method and compare its dynamic measurement capabilities to a fixed induction coil, showing thereby how the coil calibration must be adjusted according to the field level. Finally, we assess the method’s measurement accuracy using the standard SSW as a reference and present an analysis of the primary noise contributors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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16 pages, 8456 KiB  
Article
Eddy Current Sensor Array for Electromagnetic Sensing and Crack Reconstruction with High Lift-Off in Railway Tracks
by Yuchun Shao, Zihan Xia, Yiqing Ding, Bob Crocker, Scott Saunders, Xue Bai, Anthony Peyton, Daniel Conniffe and Wuliang Yin
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134216 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 431
Abstract
A reliable and efficient rail track defect detection system is essential for maintaining rail track integrity and avoiding safety hazards and financial losses. Eddy current (EC) testing is a non-destructive technique that can be employed for this purpose. The trade-off between spatial resolution [...] Read more.
A reliable and efficient rail track defect detection system is essential for maintaining rail track integrity and avoiding safety hazards and financial losses. Eddy current (EC) testing is a non-destructive technique that can be employed for this purpose. The trade-off between spatial resolution and lift-off should be carefully considered in practical applications to distinguish closely spaced cracks such as those caused by rolling contact fatigue (RCF). A multi-channel eddy current sensor array has been developed to detect defects on rails. Based on the sensor scanning data, defect reconstruction along the rails is achieved using an inverse algorithm that includes both direct and iterative approaches. In experimental evaluations, the EC system with the developed sensor is used to measure defects on a standard test piece of rail with a probe lift-off of 4–6 mm. The reconstruction results clearly reveal cracks at various depths and spacings on the test piece. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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16 pages, 2986 KiB  
Article
Thickness Measurements with EMAT Based on Fuzzy Logic
by Yingjie Shi, Shihui Tian, Jiahong Jiang, Tairan Lei, Shun Wang, Xiaobo Lin and Ke Xu
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4066; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134066 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Metal thickness measurements are essential in various industrial applications, yet current non-contact ultrasonic methods face limitations in range and accuracy, hindering the widespread adoption of electromagnetic ultrasonics. This study introduces a novel combined thickness measurement method employing fuzzy logic, with the aim of [...] Read more.
Metal thickness measurements are essential in various industrial applications, yet current non-contact ultrasonic methods face limitations in range and accuracy, hindering the widespread adoption of electromagnetic ultrasonics. This study introduces a novel combined thickness measurement method employing fuzzy logic, with the aim of broadening the applicational scope of the EMAT. Leveraging minimal hardware, this method utilizes the short pulse time-of-flight (TOF) technique for initial thickness estimation, followed by secondary measurements guided by fuzzy logic principles. The integration of measurements from the resonance, short pulse echo, and linear frequency modulation echo extends the measurement range while enhancing accuracy. Rigorous experimental validation validates the method’s effectiveness, demonstrating a measurement range of 0.3–1000.0 mm with a median error within ±0.5 mm. Outperforming traditional methods like short pulse echoes, this approach holds significant industrial potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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12 pages, 3741 KiB  
Article
Development of a Simple Setup to Measure Shielding Effectiveness at Microwave Frequencies
by Emanuele Cardillo, Fabrizio Lorenzo Carcione, Luigi Ferro, Elpida Piperopoulos, Emanuela Mastronardo, Graziella Scandurra and Carmine Ciofi
Sensors 2024, 24(12), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123741 - 8 Jun 2024
Viewed by 475
Abstract
Testing the shielding effectiveness of materials is a key step for many applications, from the industrial to the biomedical field. This task is very relevant for high-sensitivity sensors, whose performance can be greatly affected by electromagnetic fields. However, the available testing procedures often [...] Read more.
Testing the shielding effectiveness of materials is a key step for many applications, from the industrial to the biomedical field. This task is very relevant for high-sensitivity sensors, whose performance can be greatly affected by electromagnetic fields. However, the available testing procedures often require expensive, bulky, and heavy measurement chambers. In this paper, a cost-effective and reliable measurement procedure for testing the shielding effectiveness of materials is proposed. It exploits a lab-scale anechoic shielded chamber, which is lightweight, compact, and cost-effective if compared to the available commercial solutions. The measurement procedure employs a vector network analyzer to allow an accurate and fast characterization setup. The chamber realization phases and the measurement procedure are described. The shielding capability of the chamber is measured up to 26 GHz, whereas the performance of commercial shielding coatings is tested to demonstrate the measurement’s effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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14 pages, 6024 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Measurement of Flow Velocity and Electrical Conductivity of a Liquid Metal Using an Eddy Current Flow Meter in Combination with a Look-Up-Table Method
by Nico Krauter and Frank Stefani
Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9018; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229018 - 7 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1249
Abstract
The Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) is a commonly employed inductive sensor for assessing the local flow rate or flow velocity of liquid metals with temperatures up to 700 ∘C. One limitation of the ECFM lies in its dependency on the magnetic [...] Read more.
The Eddy Current Flow Meter (ECFM) is a commonly employed inductive sensor for assessing the local flow rate or flow velocity of liquid metals with temperatures up to 700 ∘C. One limitation of the ECFM lies in its dependency on the magnetic Reynolds number for measured voltage signals. These signals are influenced not only by the flow velocity but also by the electrical conductivity of the liquid metal. In scenarios where temperature fluctuations are significant, leading to corresponding variations in electrical conductivity, it becomes imperative to calibrate the ECFM while concurrently monitoring temperature to discern the respective impacts of flow velocity and electrical conductivity on the acquired signals. This paper introduces a novel approach that enables the concurrent measurement of electrical conductivity and flow velocity, even in the absence of precise knowledge of the liquid metal’s conductivity or temperature. This method employs a Look-Up-Table methodology. The feasibility of this measurement technique is substantiated through numerical simulations and further validated through experiments conducted on the liquid metal alloy GaInSn at room temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Sensing and Its Applications)
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