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5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment...
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5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment Scenarios

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Intelligent Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 7387

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. José I. Alonso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: 5G communications cooperating in mmWave; 5G railway communications; modeling channel propagation; cooperative communications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The combination of two leading enabling technologies, mmWave communications and massive MIMO, will enable the deployment of 5G/5G+/6G communications systems in complex wireless environments.

A set of new deployment scenarios, demanding use cases and applications, will require the development of the sixth generation (5G+/6G) of wireless communications. In 5G+/6G networks, added features such as support for connected smart devices, connected vehicle-to-vehicle communications, high mobility communications and healthcare services, and high connectivity to end users are expected. The combination of the two technologies in these new scenarios will significantly increase user throughput, improve spectral efficiency and increase the capacity of mobile networks.

However, signals in millimeter bands are prone to higher propagation losses, strong atmospheric absorption, greater attenuation due to rain, and vulnerability to blocking by objects. However, these drawbacks can be overcome by employing interference suppression techniques and the use of relay stations or Integrated Access and Backhaul (IABs) to circumvent obstacles and avoid blockages. These challenging situations will require an exact modeling of MIMO propagation channels, intrinsically broadband channels, and solving problems associated with the complexities of signal processing and estimation and equalization for access and backhaul links.

On the other hand, it will be necessary to solve the technological challenges associated with the implementation of 5G transceivers that work at millimeter frequencies and with multiple antennas, which will require technological developments with excellent energy efficiency, high integration and linearity of the amplifiers.

In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring together innovative contributions that identify and discuss new technological developments, conceptual innovations, new concepts in massive MIMO channel modeling, possible use cases in vertical markets and technical challenges related to the deployment of communication systems, 5G and beyond, in challenging scenarios.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Cell-free and massive MIMO and mmWaves technologies.
  • MmWave and massive MIMO channel modeling in challenge environments.
  • MmWave and MIMO meets other communications technologies, such UAV-based MIMO and satellite communications.
  • Simulation tools, benchmarks and testbeds for relaying and IAB systems.
  • Millimeter wave technology for transceivers.
  • Software defined radio and smart radio.
  • Channel modeling in millimeter bands and with multi-user MIMO systems.
  • Complex deployment scenarios: high mobility transportation—high speed trains and hyperloop, broadband access in dense areas, airports and railway stations, autonomous car, industry 4.0, IoT, etc.

The proposed topic on 5G technology, and beyond, will allow an analysis of the technical and technological aspects related to the deployment of 5G technologies in technically challenging deployment scenarios and how the different technologies (millimeter bands, massive mIMO, propagation channel characterization, relaying techniques) should be combined to achieve a successful deployment of 5G technologies in these scenarios.

Prof. Dr. José I. Alonso
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 5G and beyond
  • Wireless communications
  • Relaying technologies
  • Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)
  • Massive MIMO
  • Beamforming
  • Millimeter waves communications
  • Channel modeling
  • Complex wireless environments
  • Intelligent Reflective Surface (IRS)

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 6417 KiB  
Article
Secure Data Aggregation Using Authentication and Authorization for Privacy Preservation in Wireless Sensor Networks
by Samuel Kofi Erskine
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072090 - 25 Mar 2024
Viewed by 784
Abstract
Existing secure data aggregation protocols are weaker to eliminate data redundancy and protect wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Only some existing approaches have solved this singular issue when aggregating data. However, there is a need for a multi-featured protocol to handle the multiple problems [...] Read more.
Existing secure data aggregation protocols are weaker to eliminate data redundancy and protect wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Only some existing approaches have solved this singular issue when aggregating data. However, there is a need for a multi-featured protocol to handle the multiple problems of data aggregation, such as energy efficiency, authentication, authorization, and maintaining the security of the network. Looking at the significant demand for multi-featured data aggregation protocol, we propose secure data aggregation using authentication and authorization (SDAAA) protocol to detect malicious attacks, particularly cyberattacks such as sybil and sinkhole, to extend network performance. These attacks are more complex to address through existing cryptographic protocols. The proposed SDAAA protocol comprises a node authorization algorithm that permits legitimate nodes to communicate within the network. This SDAAA protocol’s methods help improve the quality of service (QoS) parameters. Furthermore, we introduce a mathematical model to improve accuracy, energy efficiency, data freshness, authorization, and authentication. Finally, our protocol is tested in an intelligent healthcare WSN patient-monitoring application scenario and verified using an OMNET++ simulator. Based upon the results, we confirm that our proposed SDAAA protocol attains a throughput of 444 kbs, representing a 98% of data/network channel capacity rate; an energy consumption of 2.6 joules, representing 99% network energy efficiency; an effected network of 2.45, representing 99.5% achieved overall performance of the network; and time complexity of 0.08 s, representing 98.5% efficiency of the proposed SDAAA approach. By contrast, contending protocols such as SD, EEHA, HAS, IIF, and RHC have throughput ranges between 415–443, representing 85–90% of the data rate/channel capacity of the network; energy consumption in the range of 3.0–3.6 joules, representing 88–95% energy efficiency of the network; effected network range of 2.98, representing 72–89% improved overall performance of the network; and time complexity in the range of 0.20 s, representing 72–89% efficiency of the proposed SDAAA approach. Therefore, our proposed SDAAA protocol outperforms other known approaches, such as SD, EEHA, HAS, IIF, and RHC, designed for secure data aggregation in a similar environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment Scenarios)
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17 pages, 2876 KiB  
Article
Efficient Neural Networks on the Edge with FPGAs by Optimizing an Adaptive Activation Function
by Yiyue Jiang, Andrius Vaicaitis, John Dooley and Miriam Leeser
Sensors 2024, 24(6), 1829; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061829 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
The implementation of neural networks (NNs) on edge devices enables local processing of wireless data, but faces challenges such as high computational complexity and memory requirements when deep neural networks (DNNs) are used. Shallow neural networks customized for specific problems are more efficient, [...] Read more.
The implementation of neural networks (NNs) on edge devices enables local processing of wireless data, but faces challenges such as high computational complexity and memory requirements when deep neural networks (DNNs) are used. Shallow neural networks customized for specific problems are more efficient, requiring fewer resources and resulting in a lower latency solution. An additional benefit of the smaller network size is that it is suitable for real-time processing on edge devices. The main concern with shallow neural networks is their accuracy performance compared to DNNs. In this paper, we demonstrate that a customized adaptive activation function (AAF) can meet the accuracy of a DNN. We designed an efficient FPGA implementation for a customized segmented spline curve neural network (SSCNN) structure to replace the traditional fixed activation function with an AAF. We compared our SSCNN with different neural network structures such as a real-valued time-delay neural network (RVTDNN), an augmented real-valued time-delay neural network (ARVTDNN), and deep neural networks with different parameters. Our proposed SSCNN implementation uses 40% fewer hardware resources and no block RAMs compared to the DNN with similar accuracy. We experimentally validated this computationally efficient and memory-saving FPGA implementation of the SSCNN for digital predistortion of radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers using the AMD/Xilinx RFSoC ZCU111. The implemented solution uses less than 3% of the available resources. The solution also enables an increase of the clock frequency to 221.12 MHz, allowing the transmission of wide bandwidth signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment Scenarios)
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16 pages, 5085 KiB  
Article
Location-Aware Node Management Solution for Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity Scenarios
by Jesús Burgueño, Isabel de-la-Bandera and Raquel Barco
Sensors 2021, 21(22), 7450; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227450 - 9 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
The location of user equipments (UEs) allows application developers to customize the services for users to perceive an enhanced experience. In addition, this UE location enables network operators to develop location-aware solutions to optimize network resource management. Moreover, the combination of location-aware approaches [...] Read more.
The location of user equipments (UEs) allows application developers to customize the services for users to perceive an enhanced experience. In addition, this UE location enables network operators to develop location-aware solutions to optimize network resource management. Moreover, the combination of location-aware approaches and new network features introduced by 5G enables to further improve the network performance. In this sense, dual connectivity (DC) allows users to simultaneously communicate with two nodes. The basic strategy proposed by 3GPP to select these nodes is based only on the power received by the users. However, the network performance could be enhanced if an alternative methodology is proposed to make this decision. This paper proposes, instead of power-based selection, to choose the nodes that provide the highest quality of experience (QoE) to the user. With this purpose, the proposed system uses the UE location as well as multiple network metrics as inputs. A dense urban scenario is assumed to test the solution in a system-level simulation tool. The results show that the optimal selection varies depending on the UE location, as well as the increase in the QoE perceived by users of different services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment Scenarios)
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Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 5612 KiB  
Review
Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G
by Alexis Barrios-Ulloa, Dora Cama-Pinto, Francisco Manuel Arrabal-Campos, Juan Antonio Martínez-Lao, José Monsalvo-Amaris, Audomaro Hernández-López and Alejandro Cama-Pinto
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031126 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3354
Abstract
The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. [...] Read more.
The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this process does not have the same dynamics in Latin America, specifically in Colombia. The country is currently implementing actions aimed at facilitating the deployment of this technology in the short term, including pilot tests for the use of the radio spectrum, spectrum auctions, the planning of future auctions, and the review of spectrum caps. The results of this review allow us to conclude that despite the forecasts and the intentions of the Colombian government and mobile communication service operators, 5G in standalone mode will not be commercially available in Colombia before the end of 2023. The main failures in its deployment are related to the lack of available spectrum to support the ultrahigh-reliability and low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications scenarios, as well as the delay in the auction processes for its assignment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G and beyond Wireless Communication Networks: Radio Technologies and Deployment Scenarios)
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