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Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 May 2023) | Viewed by 30052

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Prof. Dr. Daxiang Cui

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Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: preparation, biological effects and safety evaluation of nanomaterials; development of tumor early diagnosis system and sensor based on nanoparticle labeling and nano effect; multifunctional nanoprobes and molecular imaging of tumors; structure and function of genes and proteins related to gastric cancer; nanotechnology based CIK and stem cell therapy; efficient gene or drug delivery system

Dr. Ning Tang

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Guest Editor

Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: construction of multi-parameter sensor array and its application in health diagnosis and treatment; application of functionalized nanomaterials in environmental pollution detection
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A Rapid diagnosis and timely treatment are key determinants of improved clinical outcomes and public health safety. Traditional in vitro diagnosis of disease requires centralized laboratories and bulky equipment, which is expensive, time consuming and can cause severe discomfort to patients. Biomarkers are key indicators for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. Compared with healthy individuals, specific biomarkers of disease patients will show significant concentration deviations. In recent years, the development of biosensor-based biomarker detection technology has provided the possibility for the timely diagnosis of diseases. It is superior to traditional detection methods in timeliness, accuracy and cost, and has the potential for extensive development. In particular, the current pandemic of COVID-19 has greatly disrupted the world's health system, enhancing the importance of telemedicine systems and increasing the need for new biosensing and treatment technologies.

Prof. Dr. Daxiang Cui
Dr. Ning Tang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

clinical applications
biosensors
drug delivery
point-of-care

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 2860 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Shaking Device for Homogeneous Dispersion of Magnetic Beads in Droplet Microfluidics

by Maria Poles, Alessio Meggiolaro, Sebastian Cremaschini, Filippo Marinello, Daniele Filippi, Matteo Pierno, Giampaolo Mistura and Davide Ferraro

Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5399; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125399 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

Magnetic beads (or particles) having a size between 1 and 5 µm are largely used in many biochemical assays devoted to both purification and quantification of cells, nucleic acids, or proteins. Unfortunately, the use of these beads within microfluidic devices suffers from natural precipitation because of their size and density. The strategies applied thus far to cells or polymeric particles cannot be extended to magnetic beads, mainly due to their magnetization and their higher densities. We report an effective shaking device capable of preventing the sedimentation of beads that are stored in a custom PCR tube. After the characterization of the operating principle, the device is validated for magnetic beads in droplets, leading to an equal distribution between the droplets, barely affecting their generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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13 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Nanocomposites for Antibacterial Orthodontic Invisible Appliance Based on Piezoelectric Catalysis

by Yingying Shi, Ningning Zhang, Jiajie Liu, Junbin Wang, Shuhui Shen, Jingxiang Zhang, Xiaoli An and Qingzong Si

Sensors 2023, 23(11), 5336; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115336 - 5 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1811

Abstract

Compared to fixed orthodontic appliances with brackets, thermoplastic invisible orthodontic aligners offer several advantages, such as high aesthetic performance, good comfort, and convenient oral health maintenance, and are widely used in orthodontic fields. However, prolonged use of thermoplastic invisible aligners may lead to demineralization and even caries in most patients’ teeth, as they enclose the tooth surface for an extended period. To address this issue, we have created PETG composites that contain piezoelectric barium titanate nanoparticles (BaTiO₃NPs) to obtain antibacterial properties. First, we prepared piezoelectric composites by incorporating varying amounts of BaTiO₃NPs into PETG matrix material. The composites were then characterized using techniques such as SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful synthesis of the composites. We cultivated biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on the surface of the nanocomposites under both polarized and unpolarized conditions. We then activated piezoelectric charges by subjecting the nanocomposites to 10 Hz cyclic mechanical vibration. The interactions between the biofilms and materials were evaluated by measuring the biofilm biomass. The addition of piezoelectric nanoparticles had a noticeable antibacterial effect on both the unpolarized and polarized conditions. Under polarized conditions, nanocomposites demonstrated a greater antibacterial effect than under unpolarized conditions. Additionally, as the concentration of BaTiO₃NPs increased, the antibacterial rate also increased, with the surface antibacterial rate reaching 67.39% (30 wt% BaTiO₃NPs). These findings have the potential for application in wearable, invisible appliances to improve clinical services and reduce the need for cleaning methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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14 pages, 4476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Unique Analyte-Specific Radio Frequency Spectral Responses in Liquid Solutions—Implications for Non-Invasive Physiologic Monitoring

by Dominic Klyve, James H. Anderson, Jr., George Lorentz and Virend K. Somers

Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4817; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104817 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2693

Abstract

With rising healthcare costs and the rapid increase in remote physiologic monitoring and care delivery, there is an increasing need for economical, accurate, and non-invasive continuous measures of blood analytes. Based on radio frequency identification (RFID), a novel electromagnetic technology (the Bio-RFID sensor) was developed to non-invasively penetrate inanimate surfaces, capture data from individual radio frequencies, and convert those data into physiologically meaningful information and insights. Here, we describe groundbreaking proof-of-principle studies using Bio-RFID to accurately measure various concentrations of analytes in deionized water. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that the Bio-RFID sensor is able to precisely and non-invasively measure and identify a variety of analytes in vitro. For this assessment, varying solutions of (1) water in isopropyl alcohol; (2) salt in water, and (3) commercial bleach in water were tested, using a randomized double-blind trial design, as proxies for biochemical solutions in general. The Bio-RFID technology was able to detect concentrations of 2000 parts per million (ppm), with evidence suggesting the ability to detect considerably smaller concentration differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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16 pages, 4446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrodeposited Carbonyl Functional Polymers as Suitable Supports for Preparation of the First-Generation Biosensors

by Milan Sýs, Michaela Bártová, Tomáš Mikysek and Ivan Švancara

Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3724; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073724 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

The aim of this electrochemical study was to ascertain which type of electrochemically deposited carbonyl functionalized polymer represents the most suitable electrode substrate for direct covalent immobilization of biological catalysts (enzymes). For this purpose, a triad of amperometric biosensors differing in the type of conductive polymers (poly-vanillin, poly-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and poly-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and in the functioning of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and alkaline phosphatase) has been compared for the biosensing of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) and phenyl phosphates (p-aminophenyl phosphate and hydroquinone diphosphate). The individual layers of the polymers were electrochemically deposited onto commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (type C110) using repetitive potential cycling in the linear voltammetric mode. Their characterization was subsequently performed by SEM imaging and attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Molecules of enzymes were covalently bonded to the free carbonyl groups in polymers via the Schiff base formation, in some cases even with the use of special cross-linkers. The as-prepared biosensors have been examined using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection. In this way, the role of the carbonyl groups embedded in the polymeric structure was defined with respect to the efficiency of binding enzymes, and consequently, via the final (electro)analytical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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21 pages, 4106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariate Curve Resolution Alternating Least Squares Analysis of In Vivo Skin Raman Spectra

by Irina Matveeva, Ivan Bratchenko, Yulia Khristoforova, Lyudmila Bratchenko, Alexander Moryatov, Sergey Kozlov, Oleg Kaganov and Valery Zakharov

Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9588; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249588 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3147

Abstract

In recent years, Raman spectroscopy has been used to study biological tissues. However, the analysis of experimental Raman spectra is still challenging, since the Raman spectra of most biological tissue components overlap significantly and it is difficult to separate individual components. New methods of analysis are needed that would allow for the decomposition of Raman spectra into components and the evaluation of their contribution. The aim of our work is to study the possibilities of the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method for the analysis of skin tissues in vivo. We investigated the Raman spectra of human skin recorded using a portable conventional Raman spectroscopy setup. The MCR-ALS analysis was performed for the Raman spectra of normal skin, keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and pigmented nevus. We obtained spectral profiles corresponding to the contribution of the optical system and skin components: melanin, proteins, lipids, water, etc. The obtained results show that the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares analysis can provide new information on the biochemical profiles of skin tissues. Such information may be used in medical diagnostics to analyze Raman spectra with a low signal-to-noise ratio, as well as in various fields of science and industry for preprocessing Raman spectra to remove parasitic components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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14 pages, 3741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Driven Microfluidic Chip for Ricin and Abrin Detection

by Xuexin Bai, Chenyi Hu, Liang Chen, Jing Wang, Yanwei Li, Wei Wan, Zhiying Jin, Yue Li, Wenwen Xin, Lin Kang, Han Jin, Hao Yang, Jinglin Wang and Shan Gao

Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3461; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093461 - 2 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

Ricin and abrin are phytotoxins that can be easily used as biowarfare and bioterrorism agents. Therefore, developing a rapid detection method for both toxins is of great significance in the field of biosecurity. In this study, a novel nanoforest silicon microstructure was prepared by the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique; particularly, a novel microfluidic sensor chip with a capillary self-driven function and large surface area was designed. Through binding with the double antibodies sandwich immunoassay, the proposed sensor chip is confirmed to be a candidate for sensing the aforementioned toxins. Compared with conventional immunochromatographic test strips, the proposed sensor demonstrates significantly enhanced sensitivity (≤10 pg/mL for both toxins) and high specificity against the interference derived from juice or milk, while maintaining good linearity in the range of 10–6250 pg/mL. Owing to the silicon nanoforest microstructure and improved homogeneity of the color signal, short detection time (within 15 min) is evidenced for the sensor chip, which would be helpful for the rapid tracking of ricin and abrin for the field of biosecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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13 pages, 2891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Cytosensor Based on a Gold Nanostar-Decorated Graphene Oxide Platform for Gastric Cancer Cell Detection

by Amin Zhang, Qianwen Liu, Zhicheng Huang, Qian Zhang, Ruhao Wang and Daxiang Cui

Sensors 2022, 22(7), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072783 - 5 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2429

Abstract

Effectively capturing and sensitively detecting cancer cells are critical to clinical diagnosis and cancer therapy. In this work, we prepared gold nanostar-decorated graphene oxide (GO-AuNSs) nanocomposites using a ultraviolet (UV)-induced strategy, and then modified them with a layer of bio-complex rBSA-FA (coupled reduced bovine serum albumin with folic acid) to generate GO-AuNSs@rBSA-FA nanocomposites. Herein, the application of GO and AuNSs not only strengthened the conductivity of the sensing platform but also guaranteed nanocomposites with biocompatible performance. Moreover, the adopted rBSA-FA layer could effectively enhance the stability and specificity towards gastric cancer cells (MGC-803). According to a systemic construction procedure, a novel electrochemical cytosensor based on GO-AuNSs@rBSA-FA was fabricated for MGC-803 cell detection. With the assistance of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the cytosensor reached a detection limit of 100 cell/mL in a wide linear range of 3 × 10²~7 × 10⁶ cell/mL towards MGC-803 cells. The good electrochemical characteristics for the cancer cell analysis indicate a promising prospect of this electrochemical cytosensor in clinical cancer diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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Review

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24 pages, 4177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modular Design in Triboelectric Sensors: A Review on the Clinical Applications for Real-Time Diagnosis

by Zequan Zhao, Yin Lu, Yajun Mi, Qiliang Zhu, Jiajing Meng, Xueqing Wang, Xia Cao and Ning Wang

Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4194; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094194 - 22 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2253

Abstract

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered considerable interest as a promising technology for energy harvesting and stimulus sensing. While TENGs facilitate the generation of electricity from micro-motions, the modular design of TENG-based modular sensing systems (TMSs) also offers significant potential for powering biosensors and other medical devices, thus reducing dependence on external power sources and enabling biological processes to be monitored in real time. Moreover, TENGs can be customised and personalized to address individual patient needs while ensuring biocompatibility and safety, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and security of diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we concentrate on recent advancements in the modular design of TMSs for clinical applications with an emphasis on their potential for personalised real-time diagnosis. We also examine the design and fabrication of TMSs, their sensitivity and specificity, and their capabilities of detecting biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Furthermore, we investigate the application of TENGs to energy harvesting and real-time monitoring in wearable and implantable medical devices, underscore the promising prospects of personalised and modular TMSs in advancing real-time diagnosis for clinical applications, and offer insights into the future direction of this burgeoning field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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37 pages, 3774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biocompatible and Long-Term Monitoring Strategies of Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Biosensors: Reform the Next Generation Healthcare

by Tian Lu, Shourui Ji, Weiqiu Jin, Qisheng Yang, Qingquan Luo and Tian-Ling Ren

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2991; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062991 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7458

Abstract

Sensors enable the detection of physiological indicators and pathological markers to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of diseases, in addition to playing an essential role in the observation and evaluation of physiological activities. The development of modern medical activities cannot be separated from the precise detection, reliable acquisition, and intelligent analysis of human body information. Therefore, sensors have become the core of new-generation health technologies along with the Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Previous research on the sensing of human information has conferred many superior properties on sensors, of which biocompatibility is one of the most important. Recently, biocompatible biosensors have developed rapidly to provide the possibility for the long-term and in-situ monitoring of physiological information. In this review, we summarize the ideal features and engineering realization strategies of three different types of biocompatible biosensors, including wearable, ingestible, and implantable sensors from the level of sensor designing and application. Additionally, the detection targets of the biosensors are further divided into vital life parameters (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate), biochemical indicators, as well as physical and physiological parameters based on the clinical needs. In this review, starting from the emerging concept of next-generation diagnostics and healthcare technologies, we discuss how biocompatible sensors revolutionize the state-of-art healthcare system unprecedentedly, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of biocompatible health sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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31 pages, 4335 KiB

Open AccessReview

State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination

by Hassan Noor, Iulia Gabriela David, Maria Lorena Jinga, Dana Elena Popa, Mihaela Buleandra, Emilia Elena Iorgulescu and Adela Magdalena Ciobanu

Sensors 2023, 23(2), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020976 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3302

Abstract

This review summarizes the literature data reported from 2000 up to the present on the development of various electrochemical (voltammetric, amperometric, potentiometric and photoelectrochemical), optical (UV-Vis and IR) and luminescence (chemiluminescence and fluorescence) methods and the corresponding sensors for rifamycin antibiotics analysis. The discussion is focused mainly on the foremost compound of this class of macrocyclic drugs, namely rifampicin (RIF), which is a first-line antituberculosis agent derived from rifampicin SV (RSV). RIF and RSV also have excellent therapeutic action in the treatment of other bacterial infectious diseases. Due to the side-effects (e.g., prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria, hepatotoxicity) of long-term RIF intake, drug monitoring in patients is of real importance in establishing the optimum RIF dose, and therefore, reliable, rapid and simple methods of analysis are required. Based on the studies published on this topic in the last two decades, the sensing principles, some examples of sensors preparation procedures, as well as the performance characteristics (linear range, limits of detection and quantification) of analytical methods for RIF determination, are compared and correlated, critically emphasizing their benefits and limitations. Examples of spectrometric and electrochemical investigations of RIF interaction with biologically important molecules are also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Clinical Applications)

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