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Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing
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Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 25840

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yutaka Shikano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Gunma, Maebashi 371-8510, Japan
Interests: quantum sensor; quantum measurement; quantum optics; quantum foundations
Dr. Masazumi Fujiwara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Interests: quantum sensor; quantum measurement; quantum optics; microscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A quantum sensor is a device to detect various physical quantities by utilizing a fragility against the environment of a quantum state. Quantum sensing devices have the potential to beat current limits in sensor technology, such as the precision to overcome the Heisenberg limit due to the essential properties of quantum mechanics. On a physical implementation of a quantum sensor, various physical systems, such as nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, trapped atoms, and quantum optics, are developing due to the promotion of quantum technology. In these days, several quantum sensors do not only achieve beating the precision under an ideal environment but also seek useful applications in sensor technology. In this Special Issue, we look forward to your submissions on the foundations and applicational issues of quantum sensors.

Dr. Yutaka Shikano
Dr. Masazumi Fujiwara
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • quantum sensor
  • quantum measurement

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 7951 KiB  
Article
Compact and Fully Integrated LED Quantum Sensor Based on NV Centers in Diamond
by Jens Pogorzelski, Ludwig Horsthemke, Jonas Homrighausen, Dennis Stiegekötter, Markus Gregor and Peter Glösekötter
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030743 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6122
Abstract
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of [...] Read more.
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of the smallest fully integrated quantum sensors to date based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond microcrystals. It is an extremely cost-effective device that integrates a pump light source, photodiode, microwave antenna, filtering and fluorescence detection. Thus, the sensor offers an all-electric interface without the need to adjust or connect optical components. A sensitivity of 28.32nT/Hz and a theoretical shot noise limited sensitivity of 2.87 nT/Hz is reached. Since only generally available parts were used, the sensor can be easily produced in a small series. The form factor of (6.9 × 3.9 × 15.9) mm3 combined with the integration level is the smallest fully integrated NV-based sensor proposed so far. With a power consumption of around 0.1W, this sensor becomes interesting for a wide range of stationary and handheld systems. This development paves the way for the wide usage of quantum magnetometers in non-laboratory environments and technical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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21 pages, 1057 KiB  
Article
Quantum Random Access Memory for Dummies
by Koustubh Phalak, Avimita Chatterjee and Swaroop Ghosh
Sensors 2023, 23(17), 7462; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177462 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4019
Abstract
Quantum Random Access Memory (QRAM) has the potential to revolutionize the area of quantum computing. QRAM uses quantum computing principles to store and modify quantum or classical data efficiently, greatly accelerating a wide range of computer processes. Despite its importance, there is a [...] Read more.
Quantum Random Access Memory (QRAM) has the potential to revolutionize the area of quantum computing. QRAM uses quantum computing principles to store and modify quantum or classical data efficiently, greatly accelerating a wide range of computer processes. Despite its importance, there is a lack of comprehensive surveys that cover the entire spectrum of QRAM architectures. We fill this gap by providing a comprehensive review of QRAM, emphasizing its significance and viability in existing noisy quantum computers. By drawing comparisons with conventional RAM for ease of understanding, this survey clarifies the fundamental ideas and actions of QRAM. QRAM provides an exponential time advantage compared to its classical counterpart by reading and writing all data at once, which is achieved owing to storage of data in a superposition of states. Overall, we compare six different QRAM technologies in terms of their structure and workings, circuit width and depth, unique qualities, practical implementation, and drawbacks. In general, with the exception of trainable machine learning-based QRAMs, we observe that QRAM has exponential depth/width requirements in terms of the number of qubits/qudits and that most QRAM implementations are practical for superconducting and trapped-ion qubit systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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10 pages, 3011 KiB  
Communication
Enhanced Readout from Spatial Interference Fringes in a Point-Source Cold Atom Inertial Sensor
by Jing Wang, Junze Tong, Wenbin Xie, Ziqian Wang, Yafei Feng and Xiaolong Wang
Sensors 2023, 23(11), 5071; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115071 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730
Abstract
When the initial size of an atom cloud in a cold atom interferometer is negligible compared to its size after free expansion, the interferometer is approximated to a point-source interferometer and is sensitive to rotational movements by introducing an additional phase shear in [...] Read more.
When the initial size of an atom cloud in a cold atom interferometer is negligible compared to its size after free expansion, the interferometer is approximated to a point-source interferometer and is sensitive to rotational movements by introducing an additional phase shear in the interference sequence. This sensitivity on rotation enables a vertical atom-fountain interferometer to measure angular velocity in addition to gravitational acceleration, which it is conventionally used to measure. The accuracy and precision of the angular velocity measurement depends on proper extraction of frequency and phase from spatial interference patterns detected via the imaging of the atom cloud, which is usually affected by various systematic biases and noise. To improve the measurement, a pre-fitting process based on principal component analysis is applied to the recorded raw images. The contrast of interference patterns are enhanced by 7–12 dB when the processing is present, which leads to an enhancement in the precision of angular velocity measurements from 6.3 μrad/s to 3.3 μrad/s. This technique is applicable in various instruments that involve precise extraction of frequency and phase from a spatial interference pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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8 pages, 3111 KiB  
Communication
An Integrated Single-Beam Three-Axis High-Sensitivity Magnetometer
by Shengran Su, Zhenyuan Xu, Xiang He, Chanling Yin, Miao Kong, Xuyuan Zhang, Yi Ruan, Kan Li and Qiang Lin
Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063148 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2847
Abstract
Three-axis atomic magnetometers have great advantages for interpreting information conveyed by magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate a compact construction of a three-axis vector atomic magnetometer. The magnetometer is operated with a single laser beam and with a specially designed triangular 87Rb vapor [...] Read more.
Three-axis atomic magnetometers have great advantages for interpreting information conveyed by magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate a compact construction of a three-axis vector atomic magnetometer. The magnetometer is operated with a single laser beam and with a specially designed triangular 87Rb vapor cell (side length is 5 mm). The ability of three-axis measurement is realized by reflecting the light beam in the cell chamber under high pressure, so that the atoms before and after reflection are polarized along two different directions. It achieves a sensitivity of 40 fT/Hz in x-axis, 20 fT/Hz in y-axis, and 30 fT/Hz in z-axis under spin-exchange relaxation-free regime. The crosstalk effect between different axes is proven to be little in this configuration. The sensor configuration here is expected to form further values, especially for vector biomagnetism measurement, clinical diagnosis, and field source reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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16 pages, 20448 KiB  
Article
Edge-Machine-Learning-Assisted Robust Magnetometer Based on Randomly Oriented NV-Ensembles in Diamond
by Jonas Homrighausen, Ludwig Horsthemke, Jens Pogorzelski, Sarah Trinschek, Peter Glösekötter and Markus Gregor
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031119 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4003
Abstract
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in nano- or micro-diamonds is a promising technology for precise magnetic-field sensors. Here, we propose a new, low-cost and stand-alone sensor setup that employs machine learning on an embedded device, [...] Read more.
Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in nano- or micro-diamonds is a promising technology for precise magnetic-field sensors. Here, we propose a new, low-cost and stand-alone sensor setup that employs machine learning on an embedded device, so-called edge machine learning. We train an artificial neural network with data acquired from a continuous-wave ODMR setup and subsequently use this pre-trained network on the sensor device to deduce the magnitude of the magnetic field from recorded ODMR spectra. In our proposed sensor setup, a low-cost and low-power ESP32 microcontroller development board is employed to control data recording and perform inference of the network. In a proof-of-concept study, we show that the setup is capable of measuring magnetic fields with high precision and has the potential to enable robust and accessible sensor applications with a wide measuring range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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15 pages, 429 KiB  
Commentary
Advances in Portable Atom Interferometry-Based Gravity Sensing
by Jamie Vovrosh, Andrei Dragomir, Ben Stray and Daniel Boddice
Sensors 2023, 23(17), 7651; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177651 - 4 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4449
Abstract
Gravity sensing is a valuable technique used for several applications, including fundamental physics, civil engineering, metrology, geology, and resource exploration. While classical gravimeters have proven useful, they face limitations, such as mechanical wear on the test masses, resulting in drift, and limited measurement [...] Read more.
Gravity sensing is a valuable technique used for several applications, including fundamental physics, civil engineering, metrology, geology, and resource exploration. While classical gravimeters have proven useful, they face limitations, such as mechanical wear on the test masses, resulting in drift, and limited measurement speeds, hindering their use for long-term monitoring, as well as the need to average out microseismic vibrations, limiting their speed of data acquisition. Emerging sensors based on atom interferometry for gravity measurements could offer promising solutions to these limitations, and are currently advancing towards portable devices for real-world applications. This article provides a brief state-of-the-art review of portable atom interferometry-based quantum sensors and provides a perspective on routes towards improved sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Sensors and Quantum Sensing)
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