Sustainability

15 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of the Population Density of Cities on Energy Consumption of Their Households

by Pedro J. Zarco-Periñán, Irene M. Zarco-Soto and Fco. Javier Zarco-Soto

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147542 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2963

36% of the energy consumed and 40% of emissions are due to buildings in the residential and tertiary sectors. These antecedents have forced governments to focus on saving energy and reducing emissions in this sector. To help government decision-making and facilitate energy planning [...] Read more.

36% of the energy consumed and 40% of emissions are due to buildings in the residential and tertiary sectors. These antecedents have forced governments to focus on saving energy and reducing emissions in this sector. To help government decision-making and facilitate energy planning for utilities, this work analyzes the energy consumption that occurs in city buildings. The information used to carry it out is publicly accessible. The study is carried out from the point of view of the population density of the cities, and these are analyzed individually. Furthermore, the area actually occupied by the city has been considered. The results are studied by inhabitant and household. The proposed method has been applied to the case of Spanish cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The results show that the higher the population density, the higher the energy consumption. This occurs both per inhabitant and per household. Furthermore, the consumption of electrical energy is inelastic, which is not the case with the consumption of thermal origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Household Behaviors: Consumption and Mobility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Year Simulation of Western Lake Erie Hydrodynamics and Biogeochemistry to Evaluate Nutrient Management Scenarios

by Qi Wang and Leon Boegman

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147516 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

During the 1970s, harmful cyanobacteria (HFCB) were common occurrences in western Lake Erie. Remediation strategies reduced total P loads and bloom frequency; however, HFCB have reoccurred since the mid-1990s under increased system stress from climate change. Given these concurrent changes in nutrient loading [...] Read more.

During the 1970s, harmful cyanobacteria (HFCB) were common occurrences in western Lake Erie. Remediation strategies reduced total P loads and bloom frequency; however, HFCB have reoccurred since the mid-1990s under increased system stress from climate change. Given these concurrent changes in nutrient loading and climate forcing, there is a need to develop management tools to investigate historical changes in the lake and predict future water quality. Herein, we applied coupled one-dimensional hydrodynamic and biogeochemical models (GLM–AED) to reproduce water quality conditions of western Lake Erie from 1979 through 2015, thereby removing the obstacle of setting and scaling initial conditions in management scenarios. The physical forcing was derived from surface buoys, airports, and land-based stations. Nutrient loads were reconstructed from historical monitoring data. The root-mean-square errors between simulations and observations for water levels (0.36 m), surface water temperature (2.5 °C), and concentrations of total P (0.01 mg L⁻¹), PO₄ (0.01 mg L⁻¹), NH₄ (0.03 mg L⁻¹), NO₃ (0.68 mg L⁻¹), total chlorophyll a (18.74 μg L⁻¹), chlorophytes (3.94 μg L⁻¹), cyanobacteria (12.44 μg L⁻¹), diatoms (3.17 μg L⁻¹), and cryptophytes (3.18 μg L⁻¹) were minimized using model-independent parameter estimation, and were within literature ranges from single year three-dimensional simulations. A sensitivity analysis shows that 40% reductions of total P and dissolved reactive P loads would have been necessary to bring blooms under the mild threshold (9600 MTA cyanobacteria biomass) during recent years (2005–2015), consistent with the Annex 4 recommendation. However, these would not likely be achieved by applying best management practices in the Maumee River watershed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Source Water Protection and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2060 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drag Coefficients of Irregularly Shaped Particles in Newtonian Fluids

by Owolabi Akanni, Chunkai Fu and Boyun Guo

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7517; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147517 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3559

Abstract

An accurate prediction of the settling velocities of drill cuttings is essential in effectively designing, running, and optimizing drilling operations. If there is no reliable process for modelling the drag coefficient, the settling velocity cannot be obtained. In most current literature, particles are [...] Read more.

An accurate prediction of the settling velocities of drill cuttings is essential in effectively designing, running, and optimizing drilling operations. If there is no reliable process for modelling the drag coefficient, the settling velocity cannot be obtained. In most current literature, particles are assumed to be spherical, which can be easily modelled. However, this assumption may lead to inaccurate results for other irregular particle shapes. This paper studies the transport behavior of irregular particles by modelling these shapes as variants of a bow shape, with a numerical simulation approach for their drag coefficients. The drilling fluid around the particle is water (Newtonian). The drag coefficients of the non-spherical particle (grouped into three sub-shapes) were modelled. In addition, the inlet velocity of the fluid is varied to show the effects on the shape drag coefficients. The results of the simulations were compared to experimental results carried out by other researchers. It was observed that as the particles became less streamlined, their drag coefficient increased. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the effects of fluid properties on the drag coefficient. The results were consistent and logical. The results showed that Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis provided a reliable estimation of the drag coefficient, which can help optimize the transport of drill cuttings during drilling operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of Community-Led Food Retailers in Enabling Urban Resilience

by Morven G. McEachern, Gary Warnaby and Caroline Moraes

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7563; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147563 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4834

Abstract

Our research examines the extent to which community-led food retailers (CLFRs) contribute to the resilience and sustainability of urban retail systems and communities in the UK, contributing to existing debates on the sustainability and resilience of the UK’s urban retail sector. While existing [...] Read more.

Our research examines the extent to which community-led food retailers (CLFRs) contribute to the resilience and sustainability of urban retail systems and communities in the UK, contributing to existing debates on the sustainability and resilience of the UK’s urban retail sector. While existing literature has predominantly focused on larger retail multiples, we suggest more attention be paid to small, independent retailers as they possess a broader, more diffuse spatiality and societal impact than that of the immediate locale. Moreover, their local embeddedness and understanding of the needs of the local customer base provide a key source of potentially sustainable competitive advantage. Using spatial and relational resilience theories, and drawing on 14 original qualitative interviews with CLFRs, we establish the complex links between community, place, social relations, moral values, and resilience that manifest through CLFRs. In doing so, we advance the conceptualization of community resilience by acknowledging that in order to realise the networked, resilient capacities of a community, the moral values and behavior of the retail community need to be ascertained. Implications and relevant recommendations are provided to secure a more sustainable set of capacities needed to ensure resilient, urban retail systems which benefit local communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Retail Systems: Vulnerability, Resilience and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

UAVs in Disaster Management: Application of Integrated Aerial Imagery and Convolutional Neural Network for Flood Detection

by Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Fahim Ullah, Siddra Qayyum, Sara Imran Khan and Mohammad Mojtahedi

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147547 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 7754

Abstract

Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure, leaving no means of communication or travel for [...] Read more.

Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure, leaving no means of communication or travel for the people stuck in such disasters. Thus, it is essential to develop systems that can detect floods in a region to provide timely aid and relief to stranded people, save their livelihoods, homes, and buildings, and protect key city infrastructure. Flood prediction and warning systems have been implemented in developed countries, but the manufacturing cost of such systems is too high for developing countries. Remote sensing, satellite imagery, global positioning system, and geographical information systems are currently used for flood detection to assess the flood-related damages. These techniques use neural networks, machine learning, or deep learning methods. However, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) coupled with convolution neural networks have not been explored in these contexts to instigate a swift disaster management response to minimize damage to infrastructure. Accordingly, this paper uses UAV-based aerial imagery as a flood detection method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract flood-related features from the images of the disaster zone. This method is effective in assessing the damage to local infrastructures in the disaster zones. The study area is based on a flood-prone region of the Indus River in Pakistan, where both pre-and post-disaster images are collected through UAVs. For the training phase, 2150 image patches are created by resizing and cropping the source images. These patches in the training dataset train the CNN model to detect and extract the regions where a flood-related change has occurred. The model is tested against both pre-and post-disaster images to validate it, which has positive flood detection results with an accuracy of 91%. Disaster management organizations can use this model to assess the damages to critical city infrastructure and other assets worldwide to instigate proper disaster responses and minimize the damages. This can help with the smart governance of the cities where all emergent disasters are addressed promptly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Toward Sustainability: Bike-Sharing Systems Design, Simulation and Management

by Leonardo Caggiani and Rosalia Camporeale

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147519 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3609

Abstract

Bike-sharing systems (BSSs) are a mobility service of public bicycles available for shared use that is becoming increasingly popular in urban contexts [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Sustainability: Bike-Sharing Systems Design, Simulation and Management)

24 pages, 12601 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Myths and Issues about Sustainable Living

by Chris Butters

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147521 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5501

Abstract

There are many common misconceptions about sustainable living. These hinder both an understanding of the benefits, and broader acceptance of sustainable solutions. Professionals within sustainability know of many good project examples, but these are still little known amongst the broader public; and in [...] Read more.

There are many common misconceptions about sustainable living. These hinder both an understanding of the benefits, and broader acceptance of sustainable solutions. Professionals within sustainability know of many good project examples, but these are still little known amongst the broader public; and in many countries hardly at all. Four such misconceptions or “myths” are briefly described, and then countered by a selection of examples. Most of these have been extensively studied and are arguably largely success stories, covering many aspects of ecological, economic and social sustainability. Four points are then noted which whilst not new, demand increased attention: an integrated view of city and countryside; the still underrated role of dynamics and process; social science insights into consumption and sociotechnical change; and emerging questions about sustainability in dense settlements, i.e., urbanity in general. This paper thus argues for a synthesis perspective; some quite new research perspectives are emerging. The paper is based on the literature as well as over 25 years of professional experience, visits, workshops and in-depth exchanges with most of the projects presented. Whilst remaining attentive to obstacles, weaknesses and challenges, a key task is to achieve wider dissemination of “the good news” about sustainable settlements and living. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Happiness and Quality of Life in a Sustainable Built Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7442 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bio-Based Hydraulic Fluids and the Influence of Hydraulic Oil Viscosity on the Efficiency of Mobile Machinery

by Sebastian Deuster and Katharina Schmitz

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147570 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5253

Abstract

Leakage of hydraulic oils causes long-term damage to the environment. Every year, a significant amount of hydraulic oil is released into the environment through accidents and leakages. Biohydraulic oils minimize the risk of environmental damage due to their biodegradability and lack of toxicity. [...] Read more.

Leakage of hydraulic oils causes long-term damage to the environment. Every year, a significant amount of hydraulic oil is released into the environment through accidents and leakages. Biohydraulic oils minimize the risk of environmental damage due to their biodegradability and lack of toxicity. Mobile machines offer great substitution potential for biohydraulic oils. The majority of machines are operated with mineral hydraulic oils. Furthermore, in view of decreasing energy resources and rising CO₂ emissions, there is a strong interest in reducing the fuel consumption of mobile machines. Triggered by this trend, the power density of hydraulic systems and their components continue to increase. Resulting, the used hydraulic fluid is subject to greater thermal stress and the system thermal of the used fluids are becoming increasingly important. Biohydraulic oils offer a great potential due to their thermal properties, regarding viscosity temperature dependency. Therefore, the content of this article is to consider the influence of hydraulic oil’s viscosity on the efficiency of a crawler excavator. For this purpose, experimental tests are discussed by regarding viscosity related energy losses of hydraulic systems of crawler excavators by using biohydraulic oil. A hypothesis about the dependency of rheological properties of biohydraulic oils on the hydraulic system’s efficiency is formulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation and Application of Sustainable Engineering Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3383 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainability-Oriented Multi-Criteria Analysis of Different Continuous Flight Auger Piles

by Irene Josa, Nikola Tošić, Snežana Marinković, Albert de la Fuente and Antonio Aguado

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147552 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5651

Abstract

With increasing construction activity and concrete consumption globally, the economic, environmental, and social impacts of human activities continue to increase rapidly. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the choice and construction of each structure and structural component from a sustainability-based perspective. In this [...] Read more.

With increasing construction activity and concrete consumption globally, the economic, environmental, and social impacts of human activities continue to increase rapidly. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the choice and construction of each structure and structural component from a sustainability-based perspective. In this study, such a multi-criteria decision-making approach using the MIVES method is applied to the choice of grouped continuous flight auger (CFA) piles. Different alternatives of CFA piles are studied: length (10 and 20 m), reinforcement (steel cage reinforcement and structural fibers), and aggregates (natural crushed aggregates and recycled aggregate concrete sourced from stationary and mobile recycling plants), based on experimentally verified mix designs. All alternatives were analyzed considering economic, environmental, and social requirements, using a decision-making tree with eight criteria and eleven indicators, with weights assigned by an expert panel. The results of the analysis showed a clear advantage in terms of all three sustainability requirements for CFA piles with steel fibers and recycled aggregate concrete, with all solutions with steel cage reinforcement having significantly lower values of the sustainability index. Such results demonstrate the need for implementing innovative solutions even in structural members such as CFA piles that are often considered in insufficient detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Criteria Analysis to Support Sustainable Decision-Making in the Built Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tourism as a Key for Regional Revitalization?: A Quantitative Evaluation of Tourism Zone Development in Japan

by Hyunjung Kim and Eun Jung Kim

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137478 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6238

Abstract

Since the dawn of the 21st century, Japan has switched its national industry strategy from traditional industries—manufacturing and trading—toward tourism. Regional revitalization is a particularly important issue in Japan, and by uniting regions as an integrated tourism zone, the government expects an increase [...] Read more.

Since the dawn of the 21st century, Japan has switched its national industry strategy from traditional industries—manufacturing and trading—toward tourism. Regional revitalization is a particularly important issue in Japan, and by uniting regions as an integrated tourism zone, the government expects an increase in visits to tourism zones. This study quantitatively evaluates whether the regions that contain a tourism zone experience a significant increase in visitors by using a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design. Additionally, it examines the effects of subsidies through regression modeling. The results indicated that the tourism zones that were comprised of a narrow region in the same prefectures experienced a significant increase in visitors. The subsidy on information transmission, measures for the secondary traffic, and space formation had a significant positive impact on the increase in visitors to these tourism zones. Implications on tourism policies, urban and regional development, and community development can be obtained through this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Regional Planning and Sustainable Cultural Tourism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

There Is No Place like Home! How Willing Are Young Adults to Move to Find a Job?

by Julia Weiss, Livio Ferrante and Mariano Soler-Porta

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7494; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137494 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2826

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has undergone significant economic crises in recent years. Therein, young people were amongst the hardest hit groups, with youth unemployment rising as high as 50% in some member states. Particularly high rates of youth unemployment were often observed in [...] Read more.

The European Union (EU) has undergone significant economic crises in recent years. Therein, young people were amongst the hardest hit groups, with youth unemployment rising as high as 50% in some member states. Particularly high rates of youth unemployment were often observed in rural areas, where labour market supply in relation to demand were notably divergent. One of the core pillars of the EU’s agenda is to tackle the persistent problem of youth unemployment. Since the recent crisis, this has been via the “Youth on the Move” initiative, which involves the promotion of intra- and international mobility of young adults in order to gain access to job opportunities. However, what has received little attention so far is the question of what the general willingness of young adults to move is like, and to what extent this varies, for example, depending upon the area they live in. This paper therefore asks if rural youth differ from youth in urban areas in relation to their willingness to move for a job within their country or to another country. Moreover, what influences the general willingness to be mobile? Based on the Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship (CUPESSE) Survey, which includes data on 18–35-year-olds in a sample of 11 European countries, it is shown that living in a rural area is strongly associated with the willingness to move. Furthermore, it shows that rural youth are more willing to move within the country but less willing to move to another country. Based on the presentation of the various factors, which promote or curb mobility readiness, the results make it clear that the success of EU initiatives depends on the preferences and willingness of the target group in question. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lessons on Building More Sustainable Rural Societies: Youth and Mobility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Methodology for Designing Short-Term Stationary Air Quality Campaigns with Mobile Laboratories Using Different Possible Allocation Criteria

by Samuele Marinello, Massimo Andretta, Patrizia Lucialli, Elisa Pollini and Serena Righi

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137481 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2369

Abstract

Air quality monitoring and control are key issues for environmental assessment and management in order to protect public health and the environment. Local and central authorities have developed strategies and tools to manage environmental protection, which, for air quality, consist of monitoring networks [...] Read more.

Air quality monitoring and control are key issues for environmental assessment and management in order to protect public health and the environment. Local and central authorities have developed strategies and tools to manage environmental protection, which, for air quality, consist of monitoring networks with fixed and portable instrumentation and mathematical models. This study develops a methodology for designing short-term air quality campaigns with mobile laboratories (laboratories fully housed within or transported by a vehicle and maintained in a fixed location for a period of time) as a decision support system for environmental management and protection authorities. In particular, the study provides a methodology to identify: (i) the most representative locations to place mobile laboratories and (ii) the best time period to carry out the measurements in the case of short-term air quality campaigns. The approach integrates atmospheric dispersion models and allocation algorithms specifically developed for optimizing the measuring campaigns. The methodology is organized in two phases, each of them divided into several steps. Fourteen allocation algorithms dedicated to three type of receptors (population, vegetation and physical cultural heritage) have been proposed. The methodology has been applied to four short-term air quality campaigns in the Emilia-Romagna region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Air Pollution Control and Sustainable Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 11735 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding the Effect of Traffic Congestion on Accidents Using Big Data

by Santiago Sánchez González, Felipe Bedoya-Maya and Agustina Calatayud

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7500; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137500 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7662

Abstract

Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of traffic accidents are a key determinant in their mitigation. This article leverages big data and a Poisson model with fixed effects to understand the causality of traffic congestion on road accidents in ten cities in Latin [...] Read more.

Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of traffic accidents are a key determinant in their mitigation. This article leverages big data and a Poisson model with fixed effects to understand the causality of traffic congestion on road accidents in ten cities in Latin America: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, San Salvador, Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Sao Paulo. Analyzing over 10 billion observations in 2019, results show a positive non-linear causality of congestion on the number of accidents. Overall, the results suggest that a 10% reduction in traffic delay would reduce accidents by 3.4%, equivalent to over 72 thousand traffic accidents. Sao Paulo and Mexico City would be particularly benefited, with reductions of 5.4% and 4.7%, respectively. The results of this paper aim to support policymakers in emerging economies in implementing measures to reduce congestion and, with it, the related direct and indirect costs borne by societies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ensuring Sustainable Development at the Light of New Mobility Trends and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6152 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Experimental and Informational Modeling Study on Flexural Strength of Eco-Friendly Concrete Incorporating Coal Waste

by Farshad Dabbaghi, Maria Rashidi, Moncef L. Nehdi, Hamzeh Sadeghi, Mahmood Karimaei, Haleh Rasekh and Farhad Qaderi

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137506 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Construction activities have been a primary cause for depleting natural resources and are associated with stern environmental impact. Developing concrete mixture designs that meet project specifications is time-consuming, costly, and requires many trial batches and destructive tests that lead to material wastage. Computational [...] Read more.

Construction activities have been a primary cause for depleting natural resources and are associated with stern environmental impact. Developing concrete mixture designs that meet project specifications is time-consuming, costly, and requires many trial batches and destructive tests that lead to material wastage. Computational intelligence can offer an eco-friendly alternative with superior accuracy and performance. In this study, coal waste was used as a recycled additive in concrete. The flexural strength of a large number of mixture designs was evaluated to create an experimental database. A hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was trained and employed to predict the flexural strength of coal waste-treated concrete. In this process, four influential parameters including the cement content, water-to-cement ratio, volume of gravel, and coal waste replacement level were specified as independent input variables. The results show that concrete incorporating 3% recycled coal waste could be a competitive and eco-efficient alternative in construction activities while attaining a superior flexural strength of 6.7 MPa. The RSM-modified ANN achieved superior predictive accuracy with an RMSE of 0.875. Based on the experimental results and model predictions, estimating the flexural strength of concrete incorporating waste coal using the RSM-modified ANN model yielded superior accuracy and can be used in engineering practice to save the effort, cost, and material wastage associated with trial batches and destructive laboratory testing while producing mixtures with enhanced flexural strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Strategic Decision Making Used in the Revitalization of Fishing Village Tourism: Using A’WOT Analysis

by Sangmin Lee, Donghan Kim, Sunwoo Park and Wonseok Lee

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137472 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4306

Abstract

As society has developed, fishing villages that have relied solely on traditional fishing have found themselves on the verge of extinction. Therefore, efforts are being made to transform fishing villages into areas with various functions including recreation, tourism, and education. In this regard, [...] Read more.

As society has developed, fishing villages that have relied solely on traditional fishing have found themselves on the verge of extinction. Therefore, efforts are being made to transform fishing villages into areas with various functions including recreation, tourism, and education. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the relative importance and priorities of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process used in the revitalization of fishing village tourism. To this end, the A’WOT (AHP/SWOT) hybrid approach, developed in combination with the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, was used to determine the significant factors. The results of the study demonstrated that the ‘opportunities’ and ‘strengths’ areas are relatively important when it comes to the priority of sustainable development. We also identified the high importance in terms of global weight of both ‘Increased demand for leisure, rest and ecotourism’ and ‘Possession of natural resources of diverse and distinctive fishing villages by sea and region’ as sustainable ways to revitalize fishing communities. This study demonstrates that with appropriate data and an applicable systematic process, the A’WOT approach can adequately show where intervention is most needed. The study shows that the application of tourism in the current context has the potential to approach the issue of fishing village tourism. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that it quantifies the importance of fishing village tourism attributes by using a systematic approach, and it concludes with suggesting where the emphasis should be placed on policy and strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Strategies in Tourism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards a Territorially Just Climate Transition—Assessing the Swedish EU Territorial Just Transition Plan Development Process

by John Moodie, Carlos Tapia, Linnea Löfving, Nora Sánchez Gassen and Elin Cedergren

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7505; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137505 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5276

Abstract

The move towards a climate neutral economy and society requires policymakers and practitioners to carefully consider the core technical, social, and spatial dimensions of a just transition. This paper closely examines the processes undertaken during the development of EU Territorial Just Transition Plans [...] Read more.

The move towards a climate neutral economy and society requires policymakers and practitioners to carefully consider the core technical, social, and spatial dimensions of a just transition. This paper closely examines the processes undertaken during the development of EU Territorial Just Transition Plans (TJTPs) for the three Swedish regions of Gotland, Norrbotten, and Västra Götaland. The aim is to establish whether the content and actions outlined in the TJTPs were driven by the technical, social, or spatial dimensions of a just transition. The analysis is primarily based on a socio-economic and governance impact assessment conducted in each region as part of the TJTP formulation process. These data are also supported by observations of the TJTP development process by the article authors who were part of the team put together by DG Reform to work with the preparation of the TJTPs. The paper finds that the TJTPs development process was largely driven by technical considerations, rather than spatial and socio-economic issues. This indicates that a more open and inclusive place-based territorial approach to climate transition policy formulation and implementation is required. A balance between the technical, social, and spatial elements of a just transition is needed if policies are going to meet the requirements of local and regional citizens and provide sustainable socio-economic growth and environmental protection, without risks of delocalizing energy-intensive processes to other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transition and Climate Change in Decision-making Processes)

23 pages, 4526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Insights from an Evaluation of Nitrate Load Estimation Methods in the Midwestern United States

by Daeryong Park, Myoung-Jin Um, Momcilo Markus, Kichul Jung, Laura Keefer and Siddhartha Verma

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7508; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137508 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

This study investigated the accuracy and suitability of several methods commonly used to estimate riverine nitrate loads at eight watersheds located southwest of Lake Erie in the Midwestern United States. This study applied various regression methods, including a regression estimator with five, six, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the accuracy and suitability of several methods commonly used to estimate riverine nitrate loads at eight watersheds located southwest of Lake Erie in the Midwestern United States. This study applied various regression methods, including a regression estimator with five, six, and seven parameters, an estimator enhanced by composite, triangular, and rectangular error corrections with residual and proportional adjustment methods, the weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season (WRTDS) method, and a simple linear interpolation (SLI) method. Daily discharge and nitrate concentration data were collected by the National Center for Water Quality Research. The methods were compared with subsampling frequencies of 6, 12, and 24 times per year for daily concentrations, daily loads, and annual loads. The results indicate that combinations of the seven-parameter regression method with composite residual and rectangular residual adjustments provided the best estimates under most of the watershed and sampling frequency conditions. On average, WRTDS was more accurate than the regression models alone, but less accurate than those models enhanced by residual adjustments, except for the most urbanized watershed, Cuyahoga. SLI was the most accurate in the Vermilion and Maumee watersheds. The results also provide some information about the effects of rating curve shape and slope, land use, and record length on model performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability through Environmental Monitoring, Modelling and Risk Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4439 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Forest Structure and Composition under Contrasting Precipitation Regimes in the High Mountains, Western Nepal

by Kishor Prasad Bhatta, Anisha Aryal, Himlal Baral, Sujan Khanal, Amul Kumar Acharya, Chanthavone Phomphakdy and Rinzin Dorji

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7510; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137510 - 5 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5402

Abstract

The high mountains stretch over 20.4% of Nepal’s land surface with diverse climatic conditions and associated vegetation types. An understanding of tree species and forest structural pattern variations across different climatic regions is crucial for mountain ecology. This study strived to carry out [...] Read more.

The high mountains stretch over 20.4% of Nepal’s land surface with diverse climatic conditions and associated vegetation types. An understanding of tree species and forest structural pattern variations across different climatic regions is crucial for mountain ecology. This study strived to carry out a comparative evaluation of species diversity, main stand variables, and canopy cover of forests with contrasting precipitation conditions in the Annapurna range. Firstly, climate data provided by CHELSA version 1.2, were used to identify distinct precipitation regimes. Lamjung and Mustang were selected as two contrasting precipitation regions, and have average annual precipitation of 2965 mm and 723 mm, respectively. Stratified random sampling was used to study 16 plots, each measuring 500 m² and near the tree line at an elevation range of 3000 to 4000 m across different precipitation conditions. In total, 870 trees were identified and measured. Five hemispherical photos using a fisheye lens were taken in each plot for recording and analyzing canopy cover. Margalef’s index was used to measure species richness, while two diversity indices: the Shannon–Wiener Index and Simpson Index were used for species diversity. Dominant tree species in both study regions were identified through the Important Value Index (IVI). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was employed to determine the differences in forest structure and composition variables between the two precipitation regimes. In total, 13 species were recorded with broadleaved species predominating in the high precipitation region and coniferous species in the low precipitation region. Higher species richness and species diversity were recorded in the low precipitation region, whereas the main stand variables: basal area and stem density were found to be higher in the high precipitation region. Overall, an inverse J-shaped diameter distribution was found in both precipitation regions signifying uneven-aged forest. A higher proportion of leaning and buttressed trees were recorded in the high precipitation region. However, similar forest canopy cover conditions (>90%) were observed in both study regions. The findings of this research provide a comprehensive narrative of tree species and forest structure across distinct precipitation regimes, which can be crucial to administrators and local people for the sustainable management of resources in this complex region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability – Series II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interorganizational Collaboration in Innovation Networks: An Agent Based Model for Responsible Research and Innovation in Additive Manufacturing

by Enrico Cozzoni, Carmine Passavanti, Cristina Ponsiglione, Simonetta Primario and Pierluigi Rippa

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7460; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137460 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3149

Abstract

The significant progress in scientific research and innovation has led to the need for a new paradigm to legitimise the innovation process in society and politics. The European Union, with the Horizon 2020 framework program and Horizon Europe, institutionalises this change by defining [...] Read more.

The significant progress in scientific research and innovation has led to the need for a new paradigm to legitimise the innovation process in society and politics. The European Union, with the Horizon 2020 framework program and Horizon Europe, institutionalises this change by defining the concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI), aiming at greater inclusiveness and sustainability in the research and innovation processes. This paper aimed to present an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate the dynamics between the different actors that cooperate within networks during the innovation process, taking the inclinations toward RRI practices into account. The different types of agent, their characteristics, and the different strategies that they follow have been formulated within the Horizon 2020 project I AM RRI-Webs of Innovation Value Chains (IVCs) of Additive Manufacturing (AM) under consideration of RRI. Besides, some experiments are reported to validate the model, ensuring its rigor and making our model a useful tool for policymakers, assisting them in defining strategic guidelines for disseminating and encouraging RRI best practices and defining the critical factors of the innovative cooperative process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business and Developing Collaborative Interorganizational Relationships)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8750 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Is Agent-Based Simulation a Valid Tool for Studying the Impact of Nature-Based Solutions on Local Economy? A Case Study of Four European Cities

by Rembrandt Koppelaar, Antonino Marvuglia, Lisanne Havinga, Jelena Brajković and Benedetto Rugani

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7466; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137466 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3809

Abstract

Implementing nature-based solutions (NBSs) in cities, such as urban forests, can have multiple effects on the quality of life of inhabitants, acting on the mitigation of climate change, and in some cases also enhancing citizens’ social life and the transformation of customer patterns [...] Read more.

Implementing nature-based solutions (NBSs) in cities, such as urban forests, can have multiple effects on the quality of life of inhabitants, acting on the mitigation of climate change, and in some cases also enhancing citizens’ social life and the transformation of customer patterns in commercial activities. Assessing this latter effect is the aim of this paper. An agent-based model (ABM) was used to assess change in commercial activities by small and midsize companies in retail due to the development of parks. The paper focuses on the potential capacity of NBS green spaces to boost retail companies’ business volumes, thus increasing their revenues, and at the same time create a pleasant feeling of space usability for the population. The type of NBS is not specified but generalized into large green spaces. The simulation contains two types of agents: (1) residents and (2) shop owners. Factors that attract new retail shops to be established in an area are simplified, based on attractor points, which identify areas such as large green spaces within and around which shops can form. The simulations provided insights on the number of retail shops that can be sustained based on the purchasing behavior of citizens that walk in parks. Four European cities were explored: Szeged (Hungary), Alcalá de Henares (Spain), Çankaya Municipality (Turkey) and Milan (Italy). The model allowed analyzing the indirect economic benefit of NBSs (i.e., large green spaces in this case) on a neighborhood’s economic structure. More precisely, the presence of green parks in the model boosted the visits of customers to local small shops located within and around them, such as cafés and kiosks, allowing for the emergence of 5–6 retail shops (on average, for about 800 walking citizens) in the case of Szeged and an average 12–14 retail shops for a simulated population of 2900 persons that walk in parks in the case of Milan. Overall, results from this modeling exercise can be considered representative for large urban green areas usually visited by a substantial number of citizens. However, their pertinence to support for local policies for NBS implementation and other decision-making related activities of socioeconomic nature is hampered by the low representativeness of source data used for the simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greening Cities Shaping Cities: Pinpointing Nature-Based Solutions in Cities between Shared Governance and Citizen Participation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Linkage Framework for the China National Emission Trading System (CETS): Insight from Key Global Carbon Markets

by Chunyu Pan, Anil Kumar Shrestha, Guangyu Wang, John L. Innes, Kevin Xinwei Wang, Nuyun Li, Jinliang Li, Yeyun He, Chunguang Sheng and John-O. Niles

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7459; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137459 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4222

Abstract

Given that international collaborative efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are urgent and crucial, a critical understanding of challenges and opportunities of linking China’s newly established national ETS with existing domestic or regional ETSs is essential in order to achieve global emission [...] Read more.

Given that international collaborative efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are urgent and crucial, a critical understanding of challenges and opportunities of linking China’s newly established national ETS with existing domestic or regional ETSs is essential in order to achieve global emission targets, and may attract other jurisdictions to join in global carbon market development. In this backdrop, we analyzed the experiences, lessons, and insights from three key global carbon markets, namely North America, the EU and China, in terms of the barriers to linking the global carbon market, with a focus on China, using thematic analysis. The four most commonly cited linkage design elements (barriers) were the legal basis; monitoring, reporting, and verification; political feasibility; and the price-management mechanism. Like-minded jurisdictions with similar political views and design features will have a higher chance of linking. Additionally, sustaining market liquidity, widening sectoral coverage, minimizing carbon leakage, ensuring offset quality, and a transparent allowance and cap setting rules are crucial steps towards linkage. These outcomes can be used as an ETS linkage-ready design framework for CETS and ETS under development to overcome barriers to future international ETS linkages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ferric Oxide-Containing Waterworks Sludge Reduces Emissions of Hydrogen Sulfide in Biogas Plants and the Needs for Virgin Chemicals

by Tobias Persson, Kenneth M. Persson and Jenny Åström

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7416; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137416 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

Ferric oxide-containing waterworks sludge can be used to reduce the formation of hydrogen sulfide during anaerobic digestion. The ferric compound is reduced biochemically in the digester and forms insoluble pyrite in digester sludge. Virgin ferric chloride is often used to solve the hydrogen [...] Read more.

Ferric oxide-containing waterworks sludge can be used to reduce the formation of hydrogen sulfide during anaerobic digestion. The ferric compound is reduced biochemically in the digester and forms insoluble pyrite in digester sludge. Virgin ferric chloride is often used to solve the hydrogen sulfide problem. Since 2013, Sydvatten AB has supplied a growing number of digestion plants in Sweden with ferric-containing dewatered waterworks sludge derived from the drinking water treatment plant Ringsjöverket to limit the formation of hydrogen sulfide. At the waterworks, ferric chloride is added to enhance the coagulation of organic matter from the source water. The sludge formed in this process is dewatered and landfilled, but also recycled in biogas production in order to decrease the hydrogen sulfide concentration. In this study, the use of sludge for hydrogen sulfide removal in digesters was technically and economically evaluated via case studies from 13 full-scale digesters in Sweden. Compared with the use of fresh ferric chloride, the operational costs are reduced by up to 50% by using sludge. The quality of the sludge is high and its content in metals is low or very low, especially when compared with the requirements of different certification standards for biosolid reuse applied in Sweden. The addition of waterworks sludge containing iron to a digester for the removal of dissolved hydrogen sulfide is a technically and economically good alternative when producing biogas. It is also one step closer to a circular economy, as replacing the use of virgin chemicals with the by-product waterworks sludge saves energy and materials and reduces the carbon footprint of the waterworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Based Microbial Biorefinery for Bioenergy Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Consumers’ Perception of In-Vitro Meat in New Zealand Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour Model

by Maya Murthy Malavalli, Nazimah Hamid, Kevin Kantono, Ye Liu and Ali Seyfoddin

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7430; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137430 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3253

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of in-vitro meat (IVM) among New Zealand consumers and to understand their purchase and consumption behaviour using the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework developed in this study. An online survey questionnaire was created [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of in-vitro meat (IVM) among New Zealand consumers and to understand their purchase and consumption behaviour using the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework developed in this study. An online survey questionnaire was created using the Qualtrics software to understand the perception of IVM, based on the conceptual framework. Participants (n = 206) were recruited in this survey, and the data collected were subjected to PLS-PM analysis. The conceptual framework was tested for validity, and Goodness of fit (GoF). The internal validity was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, KMO value, inter-item correlation values (β-coefficients) and p-values. The findings suggest that variables such as environment and sustainability, health and safety, as well as current purchase and consumption behaviour have a strong relationship and a robust effect on IVM purchase and consumption behaviour. Consumers’ cultural beliefs had minimal influence on IVM purchase likelihood. Results in this study also indicated that most New Zealand consumers had neutral opinions in terms of engaging with IVM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Food Byproduct Valorisation and Consumer Behaviour)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Urban Rooftop Photovoltaic Potential Determination

by Elham Fakhraian, Marc Alier, Francesc Valls Dalmau, Alireza Nameni and Maria José Casañ Guerrero

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137447 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5064

Abstract

Urban areas can be considered high-potential energy producers alongside their notable portion of energy consumption. Solar energy is the most promising sustainable energy in which urban environments can produce electricity by using rooftop-mounted photovoltaic systems. While the precise knowledge of electricity production from [...] Read more.

Urban areas can be considered high-potential energy producers alongside their notable portion of energy consumption. Solar energy is the most promising sustainable energy in which urban environments can produce electricity by using rooftop-mounted photovoltaic systems. While the precise knowledge of electricity production from solar energy resources as well as the needed parameters to define the optimal locations require an adequate study, effective guidelines for optimal installation of solar photovoltaics remain a challenge. This paper aims to make a complete systematic review and states the vital steps with their data resources to find the urban rooftop PV potential. Organizing the methodologies is another novelty of this paper to create a complete global basis for future studies and improve a more detailed degree in this particular field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clean and Sustainable Energy Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationship between Corporate Sustainability Management and Sustainable Tax Strategies

by Hee Young Ma and Sung Jong Park

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7429; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137429 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3240

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) assessment results of the Korea Corporate Governance Service, which evaluates the sustainability management levels of Korean companies and the variability in the five-year cash effective tax rates, a proxy for sustainable [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the relationship between the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) assessment results of the Korea Corporate Governance Service, which evaluates the sustainability management levels of Korean companies and the variability in the five-year cash effective tax rates, a proxy for sustainable tax strategies. Corporate sustainability management allows the continuation of businesses that consider environmental protection, social contribution, and ethical management, as well as short-term financial performance. We expect these companies to prioritize sustainable tax strategies that ensure the long-term maintenance of the tax strategy results. Using a sample of firms listed in the Korean securities market during the 2011–2017 period, we adopted a two-way clustered regression model by a firm and year and established a research model with reference to previous studies and tax strategies. We found a significant negative association between excellent ESG ratings and the variability of cash effective tax rates, as well as between the implementation of ESG assessments and the variability of cash effective tax rates. This result indicates that companies with excellent corporate sustainability management strengthen their sustainable tax strategies and that companies become more interested in sustainable tax strategies after implementing ESG assessments. This study sheds light on the relationship between corporate sustainability management and sustainable tax strategies, helping improve our understanding of the impact of corporate sustainability management on sustainable tax strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Innovation Capacity, Operational Efficiency, and Firm Performance)

23 pages, 8045 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Experimental and Informational Modeling Study of Sustainable Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete

by Iman Faridmehr, Moncef L. Nehdi, Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban, Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam and Hassan Amer Algaifi

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137444 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3012

Abstract

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) became a strong candidate for various construction applications owing to its excellent workability, low labor demand, and enhanced finish-ability, and because it provides a solution to the problem of mechanical vibration and related noise pollution in urban settings. However, the [...] Read more.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) became a strong candidate for various construction applications owing to its excellent workability, low labor demand, and enhanced finish-ability, and because it provides a solution to the problem of mechanical vibration and related noise pollution in urban settings. However, the production of Portland cement (PC) as a primary constituent of SCC is energy-intensive, contributing to about 7% of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Conversely, the use of alternative geopolymer binders (GBs) in concrete can significantly reduce the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. In addition, using GBs in SCC can produce unique sustainable concrete with unparallel engineering properties. In this outlook, this work investigated the development of some eco-efficient self-compacting geopolymer concretes (SCGCs) obtained by incorporating different dosages of fly ash (FA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS). The structural, morphological, and mechanical traits of these SCGCs were examined via non-destructive tests like X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The workability and mechanical properties of six SCGC mixtures were examined using various measurements, and the obtained results were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, an optimized hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with a metaheuristic Bat optimization algorithm was developed to estimate the compressive strength (CS) of these SCGCs. The results demonstrated that it is possible to achieve appropriate workability and mechanical strength through 50% partial replacement of GBFS with FA in the SCGC precursor binder. It is established that the proposed Bat-ANN model can offer an effective intelligent method for estimating the mechanical properties of various SCGC mixtures with superior reliability and accuracy via preventing the need for laborious, costly, and time-consuming laboratory trial batches that are responsible for substantial materials wastage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Green Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Market Structure of Urban Waste Treatment and Disposal: Empirical Evidence from the Italian Industry

by Giacomo Di Foggia and Massimo Beccarello

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137412 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

In light of the organizational dynamics of services of economic interest, the regulation of municipal solid waste management is a critical issue to deal with so as to achieve sustainability goals in the coming decades. The European circular economy targets limit the share [...] Read more.

In light of the organizational dynamics of services of economic interest, the regulation of municipal solid waste management is a critical issue to deal with so as to achieve sustainability goals in the coming decades. The European circular economy targets limit the share of municipal waste in landfills to a maximum of 10% by 2035. Consequently, waste-to-energy plants may temporarily become the primary option for residual unsorted waste. The municipal waste management chain comprises two consequential stages: collection and transport, and the treatment and disposal stage, which characterizes as an oligopolistic market structure. After defining the relevant market and calculating market concentration measures, we analyze market power in the treatment and disposal of non-recyclable mixed waste, also known as residual waste. Our analyses are based on empirical data using well-known market concentration indices such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman index and concentration ratios. We report the results of three different market concentration scenarios based on alternative geographic and product market definitions. Considering only waste-to-energy as a product market, we present a situation of moderate concentration, typically involving the attention of competition authorities. On the contrary, considering both options as a single product market, no relevant evidence emerges due to the significant share of waste sent to landfills in 2019, i.e., 20.1% of the total municipal solid waste generated in Italy. Implications for future studies consist of new detailed information on the municipal waste treatment market structure in one of the leading European countries that may prompt comparative studies. Policy implications are derived from the possibility of taking cues from this paper to envisage appropriate regulatory models for an evolving sector in which market spaces are increasing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Solid Waste)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Sustainable and Global Health Perspective of the Dietary Pattern of French Population during the 1998–2015 Period from INCA Surveys

by Anthony Fardet, David Thivel, Laurent Gerbaud and Edmond Rock

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7433; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137433 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5761

Abstract

In France, the evolution of dietary pattern relative to sustainability and global health remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to assess dietary changes during 1998–2015 through three generic metrics potentially related to sustainability. Food consumption data were collected from three [...] Read more.

In France, the evolution of dietary pattern relative to sustainability and global health remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to assess dietary changes during 1998–2015 through three generic metrics potentially related to sustainability. Food consumption data were collected from three French National Individual Study of Food Consumption surveys (INCA) for children (0–17 years) and adults (18–79 years) representative of the French population. The consumed foods were converted into plant (metric 1) and non-ultra-processed (UPF, metric 2) calories, and analyzed in meeting dietary recommended intakes (metric 3). French children and adults consumed high levels of animal and UPF calories, and nutrient deficiencies were observed in adults from the 2015 survey, e.g., fiber, EPA, DHA, magnesium, retinol, and vitamin C. In children, UPF daily calories increased from 42.8 to 45.5% and decreased in adults from 39.2 to 35.0%. In children and adults, diet revegetation was observed. While the level of physical activity decreased, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence increased in French adults. The French dietary pattern is not sustainable for global health unless public health policy is reinforced, with at least a twofold decrease in animal and UPF calories and improved food diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Food Byproduct Valorisation and Consumer Behaviour)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circularity Study on PET Bottle-To-Bottle Recycling

by Elisabeth Pinter, Frank Welle, Elisa Mayrhofer, Andreas Pechhacker, Lukas Motloch, Vera Lahme, Andy Grant and Manfred Tacker

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7370; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137370 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 17321

Abstract

With the European Green Deal, the importance of recycled products and materials has increased. Specifically, for PET bottles, a high content of recycled material (rPET) is demanded by the industry and consumers. This study was carried out in a lab environment replicating real-life [...] Read more.

With the European Green Deal, the importance of recycled products and materials has increased. Specifically, for PET bottles, a high content of recycled material (rPET) is demanded by the industry and consumers. This study was carried out in a lab environment replicating real-life industrial processes, to investigate the possible impacts on rPET quality over eleven recycling loops, aiming to use high amounts of rPET repetitively. A cycle included extrusion, solid state polycondensation (SSP), a second extrusion to simulate bottle production, hot wash and a drying step. 75% rPET and 25% virgin PET were extruded in eleven cycles to simulate a recycling and production process. Samples underwent chemical, physical and biological analysis. The quality of the rPET material was not adversely affected. Parameters such as coloring, intrinsic viscosity, concentration of critical chemicals and presence of mutagenic contaminants could be positively assessed. The quality of the produced material was likely influenced by the input material’s high standard. A closed loop PET bottle recycling process using an rPET content of up to 75% was possible when following the proposed process, indicating that this level of recycled content can be maintained indefinitely without compromising quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Sustainability of Packaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Sustainable Food Choices Factors and Purchasing Behavior in the Sustainable Development Goals Era in Spain

by Isabel Blanco-Penedo, Javier García-Gudiño, Elena Angón, José Manuel Perea, Alfredo J. Escribano and Maria Font-i-Furnols

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7397; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137397 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4245

Abstract

The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate what consumers include within the concept of food sustainability and its link with sustainable consumption, by identifying meaningful consumer typologies from the concept of food sustainability and food choice factors framed by SDG [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate what consumers include within the concept of food sustainability and its link with sustainable consumption, by identifying meaningful consumer typologies from the concept of food sustainability and food choice factors framed by SDG 12, and (2) to know how different farm systems attributes affecting purchase behavior are associated with such typologies. Consumers from two Spanish regions (n = 403) answered a paper questionnaire to know their degree of knowledge of sustainability, and beliefs, behavior, attitudes and preferences towards food sustainability, and the importance given to product characteristics and shopping practices. A principal component analysis was conducted to identify groups with similar answers, to average some of the questions before the final analysis of variance, which includes demographic classes as fixed effects. A cluster analysis using the most representative questions identified two clusters. cluster 1 (68.4%) responded to more sustainability-related attributes, and cluster 2 (31.5%) presented a less-expanded concept of sustainability. The origin of the product and quality certification (local, organic) was important for food purchase practices. The place of residence and gender differences of the consumers were the most influential factors. In the conjoint study, regarding the purchase of Iberian pork, cluster 1 remained unwilling to sacrifice outdoor systems and local breed at the expense of the price, in the case of the Iberian pig production. The most important demographic differentiator was the region of residence of the consumer. In conclusion, consumers are not aware of the wider aspects included in the sustainability concept. Moreover, the concept of sustainability elicits different meanings to the segments of the consumers identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Information about the Agri-Food Chain: Sustainability Perception and Consumer’s Behavior towards Food of Animal Origin)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

47 pages, 2918 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Attributional & Consequential Life Cycle Assessment: Definitions, Conceptual Characteristics and Modelling Restrictions

by Thomas Schaubroeck, Simon Schaubroeck, Reinout Heijungs, Alessandra Zamagni, Miguel Brandão and Enrico Benetto

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137386 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 14031

Abstract

To assess the potential environmental impact of human/industrial systems, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a very common method. There are two prominent types of LCA, namely attributional (ALCA) and consequential (CLCA). A lot of literature covers these approaches, but a general consensus on [...] Read more.

To assess the potential environmental impact of human/industrial systems, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a very common method. There are two prominent types of LCA, namely attributional (ALCA) and consequential (CLCA). A lot of literature covers these approaches, but a general consensus on what they represent and an overview of all their differences seems lacking, nor has every prominent feature been fully explored. The two main objectives of this article are: (1) to argue for and select definitions for each concept and (2) specify all conceptual characteristics (including translation into modelling restrictions), re-evaluating and going beyond findings in the state of the art. For the first objective, mainly because the validity of interpretation of a term is also a matter of consensus, we argue the selection of definitions present in the 2011 UNEP-SETAC report. ALCA attributes a share of the potential environmental impact of the world to a product life cycle, while CLCA assesses the environmental consequences of a decision (e.g., increase of product demand). Regarding the second objective, the product system in ALCA constitutes all processes that are linked by physical, energy flows or services. Because of the requirement of additivity for ALCA, a double-counting check needs to be executed, modelling is restricted (e.g., guaranteed through linearity) and partitioning of multifunctional processes is systematically needed (for evaluation per single product). The latter matters also hold in a similar manner for the impact assessment, which is commonly overlooked. CLCA, is completely consequential and there is no limitation regarding what a modelling framework should entail, with the coverage of co-products through substitution being just one approach and not the only one (e.g., additional consumption is possible). Both ALCA and CLCA can be considered over any time span (past, present & future) and either using a reference environment or different scenarios. Furthermore, both ALCA and CLCA could be specific for average or marginal (small) products or decisions, and further datasets. These findings also hold for life cycle sustainability assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1629 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Zinc Concentration and Distribution in Vineyard Soils and Grapevine Leaves from Valdepeñas Designation of Origin (Central Spain)

by Francisco Jesús García-Navarro, Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta, Jesus Garcia-Pradas, Jose A. Amoros, Caridad Perez de los Reyes and Sandra Bravo

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7390; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137390 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2286

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc contents in leaves and soils of the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), situated in central Spain. Zn distribution maps of leaves and soils were obtained. (2) Methods: Ninety soil profiles were [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc contents in leaves and soils of the Valdepeñas Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), situated in central Spain. Zn distribution maps of leaves and soils were obtained. (2) Methods: Ninety soil profiles were described, sampled and analyzed. Furthermore, vineyard leaves were collected randomly in each of the analyzed soil vineyard profiles. Soil and leaf samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. (3) Results: The mean total Zn concentrations in vineyard soils were in the range of 16.2–153.7 mg·kg⁻¹, with a mean of 47.5 mg·kg⁻¹. The obtained values above the 95th percentile (between 81.3 and 153.7 mg·kg⁻¹) could be affected by different parent materials or Zn agricultural treatments in vineyards. Contents in different soils follow the order Entisol > Alfisol > Inceptisol. The average Zn content value in leaves was 23.8 mg·kg⁻¹ and oscillated between 11.5 and 93.3 mg·kg⁻¹; minor differences were detected between soil types, with the highest value in plants grown on soils without carbonates. (4) Conclusions: The obtained values are optimal for vine cultivation. The bioaccumulation factors in leaves were lower than unity (0.24–0.53 range). This means that the Zn bioaccumulation process is relatively low in the soil–grapevine system. This study serves as a reference to identify areas that present Zn deficiencies or risk of contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainability of Agricultural Soils)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Car-Sharing Reduce Car Ownership? Empirical Evidence from Germany

by Aaron Kolleck

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7384; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137384 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 9541

Abstract

The sharing economy is making its way into our everyday lives. One of its business models, car-sharing, has become highly popular. Can it help us increase our sustainability? Besides emissions and vehicle miles traveled, one key aspect in the assessment regards the effect [...] Read more.

The sharing economy is making its way into our everyday lives. One of its business models, car-sharing, has become highly popular. Can it help us increase our sustainability? Besides emissions and vehicle miles traveled, one key aspect in the assessment regards the effect of car-sharing on car ownership. Previous studies investigating this effect have relied almost exclusively on surveys and come to very heterogeneous results, partly suggesting spectacular substitution rates between shared and private cars. This study empirically explores the impact of car-sharing on noncorporate car ownership and car markets in 35 large German cities. The analysis draws on publicly available data for the years 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017, including, among others, the number of shared cars per operating mode (free-floating and station-based) and the number of cars owned and registered by private individuals (i.e., excluding company cars). We find that one additional station-based car is associated with a reduction of about nine private cars. We do not find a statistically significant relation between car ownership and free-floating car-sharing. Neither type of car-sharing appears to impact the markets for used and new cars significantly. Given the measurable impacts on car ownership levels, this result is surprising and invites future research to study car-sharing’s impact on the dynamics of car markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shared Mobility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Collaboration for Community-Based Cultural Sustainability in Island Tourism Development: A Case in Korea

by Xiubai Li, Jinok Susanna Kim and Timothy J. Lee

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7306; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137306 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5462

Abstract

Constructive collaboration with host communities while maintaining their traditional culture is crucial when planning tourism ventures, particularly if ensuring sustainability is considered important. This paper investigates the cultural sustainability of Jeju Island in South Korea and whether collaboration with community-based tourism ensures this [...] Read more.

Constructive collaboration with host communities while maintaining their traditional culture is crucial when planning tourism ventures, particularly if ensuring sustainability is considered important. This paper investigates the cultural sustainability of Jeju Island in South Korea and whether collaboration with community-based tourism ensures this sustainability through in-depth interviews with local residents. The first part of the interview focuses on cultural components to assess the current situation of cultural sustainability on the island, and the second part is related to that collaboration. The findings of the interviews indicate that: (i) there are certain negative indications of cultural sustainability in that Jeju people holding informal power became vulnerable in the face of tourism demand; (ii) several barriers exist in the facilitation of community-based tourism collaboration notwithstanding the beneficial trends, and (iii) there is a strong relationship between collaboration and cultural sustainability. It is also noted that the collaboration itself does not coincide with the actualization of cultural sustainability so long as current power disparities exist. The study delivers significant implications to the tourism policymakers and practitioners on how sustainable tourism development should be planned and operated to secure a long-term benefit especially focused on how the local community should be involved in the overall development process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Culture and Development in Small and Medium-Sized Cities)

19 pages, 9266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System

by Peter Steininger, Matthias Gaderer and Belal Dawoud

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7336; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137336 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

A numerical parameter sensitivity analysis of the design parameters of the recently published solar selective thermal insulation system (SATIS) has been carried out to enhance its thermal and optical properties. It turned out that the insulation properties of SATIS can be effectively improved [...] Read more.

A numerical parameter sensitivity analysis of the design parameters of the recently published solar selective thermal insulation system (SATIS) has been carried out to enhance its thermal and optical properties. It turned out that the insulation properties of SATIS can be effectively improved by reducing the length of the glass closure element. Increasing the area share of the light conducting elements (LCEs) and decreasing their length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio were identified as key parameters in order to increase the solar gain. Two SATIS variants were compared with the same wall insulation without SATIS in a yearly energetic performance assessment. The SATIS variant with 10 mm length of the closure element, 44.2% area share of LCE, as well as front and rear diameters of 12 mm/9 mm shows an 11.8% lower transmission heat loss over the heating period than the wall insulation without SATIS. A new methodology was developed to enable the implementation of the computed solar gains of SATIS in 1D simulation tools. The result is a radiant heat flow map for integration as a heat source in 1D simulation models. A comparison between the 1D and 3D models of the inside wall heat fluxes showed an integral yearly agreement of 98%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Behavior and Energy Efficiency of Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mind the Gap: Why the Landscape Planning System in Sardinia Does Not Work

by Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessio Floris and Sergio Serra

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137300 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2265

Abstract

In Italy, after the introduction of the Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape in 2004, the Regional Landscape Plan (RLP) has acquired a coordination role in the urban planning system, for the implementation of policies for landscape protection and valorisation. The case study [...] Read more.

In Italy, after the introduction of the Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape in 2004, the Regional Landscape Plan (RLP) has acquired a coordination role in the urban planning system, for the implementation of policies for landscape protection and valorisation. The case study of the RLP of Sardinia is a paradigmatic application to the coastal area of the island, which is considered most vulnerable and subject to settlement pressure. The objectives of preservation and valorisation of the territorial resources should be transferred into local planning instruments by adopting strategies aimed at the preservation of the consolidated urban fabric, at the requalification and completion of the existing built-up areas according to the principles of land take limitation and increase in urban quality. The paper investigates the state of implementation and the level of integration of landscape contents in the local plans that have been adapted to the RLP, using a qualitative comparative method. In addition, the results of the plan coherence checks, elaborated by the regional monitoring bodies after the adaptation process, have been analysed to identify the common criticalities and weaknesses. The results highlight the lack of effectiveness of the RLP, after more than a decade since its approval, considering the limited number of adequate local plans and the poor quality of their analytical and regulative contents in terms of landscape protection and valorisation. Conclusions suggest some possible ways to revise the RLP, focusing on the participation of local communities and the development of a new landscape culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Planning and Management in Europe: Methods, Tools and Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimal Operation of Low-Capacity Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings through Thermal Energy Storage

by Alessandro Franco, Carlo Bartoli, Paolo Conti and Daniele Testi

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7200; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137200 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2952

Abstract

The paper provides results from a hardware-in-the-loop experimental campaign on the operation of an air-source heat pump (HP) for heating a reference dwelling in Pisa, Italy. The system performances suffer from typical oversizing of heat emission devices and high water-supply temperature, resulting in [...] Read more.

The paper provides results from a hardware-in-the-loop experimental campaign on the operation of an air-source heat pump (HP) for heating a reference dwelling in Pisa, Italy. The system performances suffer from typical oversizing of heat emission devices and high water-supply temperature, resulting in HP inefficiencies, frequent on-off cycles, and relevant thermal losses on the hydronic loop. An experimentally validated HP model under different supply temperatures and part-load conditions is used to simulate the installation of a thermal storage between heat generator and emitters, in both series and parallel arrangements. Results relative to a typical residential apartment show that the presence of the thermal storage in series configuration ensures smoother heat pump operation and energy performance improvement. The number of daily on-off cycles can be reduced from 40 to 10, also saving one-third of electric energy with the same building loads. Preliminary guidelines are proposed for correctly sizing the tank in relation to the HP capacity and the average daily heating load of the building. A storage volume of about 70 L for each kilowatt of nominal heating capacity is suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Energy and Comfort Management in Shared Smart Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5436 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses

by Jiyeon Choi, Baekyung Park, Jinsun Kim, Soyoung Lee, Jichul Ryu, Kyunghyun Kim and Yongseok Kim

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137193 - 26 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2016

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate pollutant unit loads for different landuses and pollutants that reflected long-term runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants and recent environmental changes. During 2008–2014, 2026 rainfall events were monitored. The average values of antecedent dry days, total rainfall, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to estimate pollutant unit loads for different landuses and pollutants that reflected long-term runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants and recent environmental changes. During 2008–2014, 2026 rainfall events were monitored. The average values of antecedent dry days, total rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, runoff duration, and runoff coefficient for each landuse were 3.8–5.9 d, 35.2–65.0 mm, 2.9–4.1 mm/h, 12.5–20.4 h, 12.4–27.9 h, and 0.24–0.45, respectively. Uplands (UL) exhibited high suspended solids (SS, 606.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (TN, 7.38 mg/L), and total phosphorous (TP, 2.27 mg/L) levels, whereas the runoff coefficient was high in the building sites (BS), with a high impervious surface ratio. The event mean concentration (EMC) for biological oxygen demand (BOD) was the highest in BS (8.0 mg/L), while the EMC was the highest in BS (in the rainfall range <10 mm) and UL and forest land (in the rainfall range >50 mm). The unit loads for BOD (1.49–17.76 kg/km²·d), TN (1.462–10.147 kg/km²·d), TP (0.094–1.435 kg/km²·d), and SS (15.20–327.70 kg/km²·d) were calculated. The findings can be used to manage NPS pollutants and watershed environments and implement relevant associated management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Wetlands as Nature Based Solutions for Ecological Service)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4580 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Three Decades of Research on Smart Cities: Mapping Knowledge Structure and Trends

by Ayyoob Sharifi, Zaheer Allam, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh and Hessam Ghamari

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137140 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 9413

Abstract

The concept of smart cities has gained significant momentum in science and policy circles over the past decade. This study aims to provide an overview of the structure and trends in the literature on smart cities. Bibliometric analysis and science mapping techniques using [...] Read more.

The concept of smart cities has gained significant momentum in science and policy circles over the past decade. This study aims to provide an overview of the structure and trends in the literature on smart cities. Bibliometric analysis and science mapping techniques using VOSviewer and CiteSpace are used to identify the thematic focus of over 5000 articles indexed in the Web of Science since 1991. In addition to providing insights into the thematic evolution of the field, the three-decade study period is divided into two sub-periods (1991–2015 and 2016–2021). While splitting the dataset into more sub-periods would have been desirable, we decided to only examine two sub-periods as only very few papers have been published until 2010. The annual number of publications has progressively increased since then, with a surge in the annual number of publications observable from 2015 onwards. The thematic analysis showed that the intellectual base of the field has been very limited during the first period, but has expanded significantly since 2015. Over time, some thematic evolutions, such as further attention to linkages to climate change and resilience, and more emphasis on security and privacy issues, have been made. The thematic analysis shows that existing research on smart cities is dominated by either conceptual issues or underlying technical aspects. It is, therefore, essential to do more research on the implementation of smart cities and actual and/or potential contributions of smart cities to solving societal issues. In addition to elaborating on thematic focus, the study also highlights major authors, journals, references, countries, and institutions that have contributed to the development of the smart cities literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mainstreaming Recommendations to Future Sustainable Urban Planning in Developing and Emerging Economies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3317 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches

by Ahmad Fareez Ahmad Roslee, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Khalilah Abdul Khalil and Azham Zulkharnain

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7064; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137064 - 23 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2871

Abstract

Despite the continuous enforcement of Antarctic Treaty System, ATS (1961), today Antarctica is constantly plagued by hydrocarbon pollution from both legacy and present-day wastes, especially near where anthropogenic activities are the most intense. The advances of science have led to multiple breakthroughs to [...] Read more.

Despite the continuous enforcement of Antarctic Treaty System, ATS (1961), today Antarctica is constantly plagued by hydrocarbon pollution from both legacy and present-day wastes, especially near where anthropogenic activities are the most intense. The advances of science have led to multiple breakthroughs to bolster bioremediation techniques and revamp existing laws that prevent or limit the extent of hydrocarbon pollution in Antarctica. This review serves as the extension of collective efforts by the Antarctic communities through visual representation that summarizes decades of findings (circa 2000–2020) from various fields, pertinent to the application of microbe-mediated hydrocarbons remediation. A scientometric analysis was carried out based on indexed, scientific repositories (ScienceDirect and Scopus), encompassing various parameters, including but not limited to keywords co-occurrences, contributing countries, trends and current breakthroughs in polar researches. The emergence of keywords such as bioremediation, biosurfactants, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodiesel, metagenomics and Antarctic treaty policy portrays the dynamic shifts in Antarctic affairs during the last decades, which initially focused on exploration and resources exploitation before switching to scientific research and the more recent ecotourism. This review also presents the hydrocarbonoclastic microbes studied in the past, known and proposed metabolic pathways and genes related to hydrocarbon biodegradation as well as bacterial adaptations to low-temperature condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Technologies for Wastewater Treatment & Soil Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1601 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Setting Thresholds to Define Indifferences and Preferences in PROMETHEE for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of European Hydrogen Production

by Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp, Andrea Schreiber and Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7009; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137009 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 11211

Abstract

The Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) is a proven method for sustainability assessment. However, the interpretation phase of an LCSA is challenging because many different single results are obtained. Additionally, performing a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one way—not only for LCSA—to gain [...] Read more.

The Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) is a proven method for sustainability assessment. However, the interpretation phase of an LCSA is challenging because many different single results are obtained. Additionally, performing a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one way—not only for LCSA—to gain clarity about how to interpret the results. One common form of MCDAs are outranking methods. For these type of methods it becomes of utmost importance to clarify when results become preferable. Thus, thresholds are commonly used to prevent decisions based on results that are actually indifferent between the analyzed options. In this paper, a new approach is presented to identify and quantify such thresholds for Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) based on uncertainty of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods. Common thresholds and this new approach are discussed using a case study on finding a preferred location for sustainable industrial hydrogen production, comparing three locations in European countries. The single LCSA results indicated different preferences for the environmental, economic and social assessment. The application of PROMETHEE helped to find a clear solution. The comparison of the newly-specified thresholds based on LCIA uncertainty with default thresholds provided important insights of how to interpret the LCSA results regarding industrial hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 4544 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

People’s Avoidance of Neighboring Agricultural Urban Green Infrastructure: Evidence from a Choice Experiment

by Shinsuke Kyoi

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6930; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126930 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

This study evaluates people’s preferences regarding the proximity of their residence to agricultural urban green infrastructure (UGI), such as agricultural land and satoyama, and discusses the availability of these types of land as UGI. UGI is vital for reducing the negative environmental impacts [...] Read more.

This study evaluates people’s preferences regarding the proximity of their residence to agricultural urban green infrastructure (UGI), such as agricultural land and satoyama, and discusses the availability of these types of land as UGI. UGI is vital for reducing the negative environmental impacts of urban areas, as these impacts are too large to ignore. In this study, we conducted an online survey and a choice experiment to investigate people’s perceptions regarding the proximity of their residence to agricultural UGI (AUGI). The respondents of the choice experiment were 802 inhabitants of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, which has rich agricultural resources. To examine explicitly the spatial autocorrelation of people’s preferences, in this study, we used the spatial econometrics method. The main empirical findings are that people prefer agricultural land far away from their residence—more than 1000 m, not within 1000 m—which reflects the not-in-my-backyard phenomenon. Meanwhile, people’s preferences regarding proximity to satoyama are complicated and their preferences are positively spatially autocorrelated. The results indicate that policymakers and urban planners should manage and provide AUGI far away from residential areas; otherwise, they must address people’s avoidance of neighboring AUGI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-market Valuation of Urban Green Space)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Numerical Analysis of Enhanced Conductive Deep Borehole Heat Exchangers

by Theo Renaud, Lehua Pan, Hannah Doran, Gioia Falcone and Patrick G. Verdin

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6918; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126918 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2542

Abstract

Geothermal energy is a reliable and mature energy source, but it represents less than 1% of the total renewable energy mix. While the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) concept faces technical validation challenges and suffers from public acceptance issues, the development of unconventional deep-well [...] Read more.

Geothermal energy is a reliable and mature energy source, but it represents less than 1% of the total renewable energy mix. While the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) concept faces technical validation challenges and suffers from public acceptance issues, the development of unconventional deep-well designs can help to improve their efficiency and reliability. Modelling single-EGS-well designs is key to assessing their long-term thermal performances, particularly in unconventional geological settings. Numerical results obtained with the T2WELL/EOS1 code have been validated with available experimental data from a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE), where a temperature of 358

^{\circ}

C has been measured at a depth of 1962 m. Based on a calibrated model, the thermal performances of two enhanced thermal conductive DBHEs with graphite were compared for high geothermal gradients. The analysis highlights the potential recovery of a variable fraction of vapour. Graphite used along the well appears to be the most suitable solution to enhance the thermal output by 5 to 8% when compared to conventional wells. The theoretical implementation of such well in the Newberry volcano field was investigated with a single and doublet DBHE. The findings provide a robust methodology to assess alternative engineering solutions to current geothermal practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulations and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 11144 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CFD Investigation of Vehicle’s Ventilation Systems and Analysis of ACH in Typical Airplanes, Cars, and Buses

by Behrouz Pirouz, Domenico Mazzeo, Stefania Anna Palermo, Seyed Navid Naghib, Michele Turco and Patrizia Piro

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6799; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126799 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5127

Abstract

The simulation of the ventilation and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of vehicles could be used in the energy demand management of vehicles besides improving the air quality inside their cabins. Moreover, traveling by public transport during a pandemic is [...] Read more.

The simulation of the ventilation and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of vehicles could be used in the energy demand management of vehicles besides improving the air quality inside their cabins. Moreover, traveling by public transport during a pandemic is a concerning factor, and analysis of the vehicle’s cabin environments could demonstrate how to decrease the risk and create a safer journey for passengers. Therefore, this article presents airflow analysis, air changes per hour (ACH), and respiration aerosols’ trajectory inside three vehicles, including a typical car, bus, and airplane. In this regard, three vehicles’ cabin environment boundary conditions and the HVAC systems of the selected vehicles were determined, and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. The analysis of the airflow patterns and aerosol trajectories in the selected vehicles demonstrate the critical impact of inflow, outflow, and passenger’s locations in the cabins. The CFD model results exhibited that the lowest risk could be in the airplane and the highest in the bus because of the location of airflows and outflows. The discrete CFD model analysis determined the ACH for a typical car of about 4.3, a typical bus of about 7.5, and in a typical airplane of about 8.5, which were all less than the standard protocol of infection prevention, 12 ACH. According to the results, opening windows in the cars could decrease the aerosol loads and improve the low ACH by the HVAC systems. However, for the buses, a new design for the outflow location or an increase in the number of outflows appeared necessary. In the case of airplanes, the airflow paths were suitable, and by increasing the airflow speed, the required ACH might be achieved. Finally, in the closed (recirculating) systems, the role of filters in decreasing the risk appeared critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Energy Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2602 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Climate-Change Impacts on Energy Efficiency and Overheating Vulnerability of Bioclimatic Residential Buildings under Central European Climate

by Luka Pajek and Mitja Košir

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6791; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126791 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4146

Abstract

Climate change is expected to expose the locked-in overheating risk concerning bioclimatic buildings adapted to a specific past climate state. The study aims to find energy-efficient building designs which are most resilient to overheating and increased cooling energy demands that will result from [...] Read more.

Climate change is expected to expose the locked-in overheating risk concerning bioclimatic buildings adapted to a specific past climate state. The study aims to find energy-efficient building designs which are most resilient to overheating and increased cooling energy demands that will result from ongoing climate change. Therefore, a comprehensive parametric study of various passive building design measures was implemented, simulating the energy use of each combination for a temperate climate of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The approach to overheating vulnerability assessment was devised and applied using the increase in cooling energy demand as a performance indicator. The results showed that a B1 heating energy efficiency class according to the Slovenian Energy Performance Certificate classification was the highest attainable using the selected passive design parameters, while the energy demand for heating is projected to decrease over time. In contrast, the energy use for cooling is in general projected to increase. Furthermore, it was found that, in building models with higher heating energy use, low overheating vulnerability is easier to achieve. However, in models with high heating energy efficiency, very high overheating vulnerability is not expected. Accordingly, buildings should be designed for current heating energy efficiency and low vulnerability to future overheating. The paper shows a novel approach to bioclimatic building design with global warming adaptation integrated into the design process. It delivers recommendations for the energy-efficient, robust bioclimatic design of residential buildings in the Central European context, which are intended to guide designers and policymakers towards a resilient and sustainable built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buildings of Tomorrow: Goals and Challenges for Design and Operation of High-Performance Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 87652 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Performance of a Vertical Garden on a Glazed Façade and Its Effect on Building and Urban Scale, Case Study: An Office Building in Barcelona

by Faezeh Bagheri Moghaddam, Josep Maria Fort Mir, Isidro Navarro Delgado and Ernesto Redondo Dominguez

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6706; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126706 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4047

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal performance of vertical gardens by comparing the thermal comfort of bare (glazed) and green façades in the Mediterranean climate. The proposal consists of applying a vegetation layer on a glazed façade that could [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal performance of vertical gardens by comparing the thermal comfort of bare (glazed) and green façades in the Mediterranean climate. The proposal consists of applying a vegetation layer on a glazed façade that could control solar radiation and reduce indoor air temperatures. This study investigates the thermal performance of green façades of an office building in the Mediterranean climate. For this purpose, the Gas Natural Fenosa Office Building as a case study was simulated, that is located on a site next to the coastline in Barcelona. Dynamic building energy simulation was used to determine and assess indoor thermal conditions and, for this reason, the IES VE as a simulation tool has been utilized. Thermal comfort was assessed through the adaptive comfort approach and results were analyzed and presented in the terms of indoor comfort conditions during occupied hours. As a result, the article shows that applying a green façade as a vegetation layer caused a reduction in the internal and external façade surface temperatures, as well as the indoor air temperature of the workplace. Additionally, enhancing indoor comfort in summer is closely associated with reducing the external surface temperature. In winter, it also protects the exterior surface from the low temperature of the outside, and all of this greatly increases thermal comfort performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy and Sustainable Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 13359 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dilemma of Geoconservation of Monogenetic Volcanic Sites under Fast Urbanization and Infrastructure Developments with Special Relevance to the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand

by Károly Németh, Ilmars Gravis and Boglárka Németh

Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126549 - 8 Jun 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4170

Abstract

Geoheritage is an important aspect in developing workable strategies for natural hazard resilience. This is reflected in the UNESCO IGCP Project (# 692. Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience) that continues to successfully develop global awareness of the multifaced aspects of geoheritage research. Geohazards form [...] Read more.

Geoheritage is an important aspect in developing workable strategies for natural hazard resilience. This is reflected in the UNESCO IGCP Project (# 692. Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience) that continues to successfully develop global awareness of the multifaced aspects of geoheritage research. Geohazards form a great variety of natural phenomena that should be properly identified, and their importance communicated to all levels of society. This is especially the case in urban areas such as Auckland. The largest socio-economic urban center in New Zealand, Auckland faces potential volcanic hazards as it sits on an active Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field. Individual volcanic geosites of young eruptive products are considered to form the foundation of community outreach demonstrating causes and consequences of volcanism associated volcanism. However, in recent decades, rapid urban development has increased demand for raw materials and encroached on natural sites which would be ideal for such outreach. The dramatic loss of volcanic geoheritage of Auckland is alarming. Here we demonstrate that abandoned quarry sites (e.g., Wiri Mountain) could be used as key locations to serve these goals. We contrast the reality that Auckland sites are underutilized and fast diminishing, with positive examples known from similar but older volcanic regions, such as the Mio/Pliocene Bakony–Balaton UNESCO Global Geopark in Hungary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Disaster Risk Reduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Benthic Community Assessment of Commercial Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Gear in Delaware Inland Bays

by Melanie Fuoco, Scott Borsum, Zohreh Mazaheri Kouhanestani and Gulnihal Ozbay

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116480 - 7 Jun 2021

Viewed by 2730

Abstract

Oyster aquaculture is one of several methods for the restoration of Delaware Inland Bays; however, little is known about its potential impacts on the benthic community of the bays. In this study, water quality parameters were measured and polychaetes were collected from 24 [...] Read more.

Oyster aquaculture is one of several methods for the restoration of Delaware Inland Bays; however, little is known about its potential impacts on the benthic community of the bays. In this study, water quality parameters were measured and polychaetes were collected from 24 sampling locations at Rehoboth, Indian River, and Little Assawoman Bays from July to October 2016 and 2017. We aimed to assess the impact of Eastern oyster farming under different stocking densities (50 and 250 oysters/gear) and distances away from the sites where the off-bottom gears are implemented (under gears, one meter, and five meters away). No significant impact was detected on polychaetes’ abundance and richness in regard to the presence of oyster gears. The number of polychaetes and species richness was significantly higher in Little Assawoman Bay in comparison to the Indian River and Rehoboth Bays. Results showed that the Ulva lactuca bloom that happened in 2016 could negatively impact the low abundance and richness observed in the polychaetes community. Similarly, the values of polychaetes abundance and species richness did not change significantly in samples that were taken far from the oyster gears. Dominant polychaetes families were Capitellidae and Glyceridae contributing to more than 70% of polychaetes’ number of individuals. Our results help to understand the role of oyster aquaculture in restoring the viability in the natural habitat of the Delaware Inland Bays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Aquaculture and Environmental Impacts)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility

by Christina Kakderi, Eleni Oikonomaki and Ilektra Papadaki

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116486 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 16152

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has put lifestyles in question, changed daily routines, and limited citizen freedoms that seemed inalienable before. A human activity that has been greatly affected since the beginning of the health crisis is mobility. Focusing on mobility, we aim to discuss [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put lifestyles in question, changed daily routines, and limited citizen freedoms that seemed inalienable before. A human activity that has been greatly affected since the beginning of the health crisis is mobility. Focusing on mobility, we aim to discuss the transformational impact that the pandemic brought to this specific urban domain, especially with regards to the promotion of sustainability, the smart growth agenda, and the acceleration towards the smart city paradigm. We collect 60 initial policy responses related to urban mobility from cities around the world and analyze them based on the challenge they aim to address, the exact principles of smart growth and sustainable mobility that they encapsulate, as well as the level of ICT penetration. Our findings suggest that emerging strategies, although mainly temporary, are transformational, in line with the principles of smart growth and sustainable development. Most policy responses adopted during the first months of the pandemic, however, fail to leverage advancements made in the field of smart cities, and to adopt off-the-shelf solutions such as monitoring, alerting, and operations management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Psychological Restoration and the Effect of People in Nature and Urban Scenes: A Laboratory Experiment

by Chris Neale, Stephanie Lopez and Jenny Roe

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6464; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116464 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5061

Abstract

It is well-evidenced that exposure to natural environments increases psychological restoration as compared to non-natural settings, increasing our ability to recover from stress, low mood, and mental fatigue and encouraging positive social interactions that cultivate social cohesion. However, very few studies have explored [...] Read more.

It is well-evidenced that exposure to natural environments increases psychological restoration as compared to non-natural settings, increasing our ability to recover from stress, low mood, and mental fatigue and encouraging positive social interactions that cultivate social cohesion. However, very few studies have explored how the inclusion of people within a given environment—either urban or natural settings—affect restorative health outcomes. We present three laboratory-based studies examining, first, the effect of nature vs. urban scenes, and second, investigating nature ‘with’ vs. ‘without’ people—using static and moving imagery—on psychological restoration and social wellbeing. Our third study explores differences between urban and natural settings both with vs. without people, using video stimuli to understand potential restorative and social wellbeing effects. Outcome measures across all studies included perceived social belonging, loneliness, subjective mood, and perceived restorativeness. Studies 1 and 2 both used a within group, randomized crossover design. Study 1 (n = 45, mean age = 20.7) explored static imagery of environmental conditions without people; findings were consistent with restorative theories showing a positive effect of nature exposure on all outcome measures. Study 2 compared nature scenes with vs. without people (n = 47, mean age = 20.9) and we found no significant differences on our outcome measures between either social scenario, though both scenarios generated positive wellbeing outcomes. Study 3, conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk, employed an independent group design with subjects randomly assigned to one of four conditions; an urban vs. nature setting, with vs. without people. We explored the effect of moving imagery on psychological restoration (n = 200, mean age = 35.7) and our findings showed no impact on belonging, loneliness, or mood between conditions, but did show that—regardless of the inclusion of people—the nature settings were more restorative than the urban. There were no differences in psychological restoration between nature conditions with vs. without people. We discuss the implications for restorative environment research exploring social-environmental interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Architecture Design to Promote Well-Being)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI