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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 23124

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Dr. Asad Sarwar Qureshi

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International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O.Box. 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Interests: salinity management; soil reclamation; water management; water productivity; marginal environments
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Increasing global population and unsustainable human activities to produce more food present a significant challenge for agriculture. It is estimated that by 2050, agriculture will need to produce 60 percent more food globally to meet the growing food demand. On the other hand, about one-third of the food produced is wasted throughout the supply chain, with enormous financial and environmental costs. The current agricultural production is unsustainable because of the increasing water scarcity, soil degradation, and negative impacts of climate change. Sustainability in agricultural production must be seen as a process to cope with these challenges and increasing uncertainty. Sustainability can be achieved by developing technical, policy, governance, and financial frameworks to support agricultural producers and resource managers in adopting innovations. Advances in technologies have shifted the focus from traditional agricultural production systems to intelligent agriculture. Since irrigation and drainage practices directly impact the sustainability of crop production, soil and agricultural water management is crucial in modern agriculture. Increasing competition for water from different sectors has forced the agriculture sector to reduce its share of freshwater and look for alternate water resources to meet its demand. Sustainable agricultural practices must make full use of technology, research, and development to ensure efficient utilization of soil and water resources.

This special issue will focus on new insights and advances in soil and water management for sustainable agricultural production. The goal is to provide an for better understanding of the current advances in technologies, knowledge, and approaches for sustainable use of natural resources management. This may include evidence-based planning and management, tackling the negative impacts of climate change, creating a balance between soil and water use by different sectors.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

Advanced approaches to soil and water management in agriculture.
Improving water use efficiency in agriculture.
Managing surface water and groundwater for soil salinity control.
Soil and water management in the marginal areas.
Innovative solutions for Agricultural Water Management.
Sustainable approaches for conjunctive water management for agriculture.
Water and soil management approaches for dry regions.
Policies and institutions to provide incentives for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
Integrated management of ecosystems and/or landscapes.
Modeling approaches for sustainable water management
Data-driven agriculture

Dr. Asad Sarwar Qureshi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

irrigation, soil salinity
crop modelling
intelligent agriculture
water management
water reuse
climate change impacts
water conservation
soil amendments
water-energy-nexus
water resources management
groundwater management
wastewater management
soil reclamation
cropping systems
marginal environments
agricultural policy issues
smart agriculture

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crop Diversification in the Aral Sea Region: Long-Term Situation Analysis

by Iroda Rustamova, Abdulla Primov, Aziz Karimov, Botir Khaitov and Akmal Karimov

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310221 - 28 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

Agriculture contributes the most to the economy and provides agro-ecological benefits in the environmentally unsustainable Aral Sea region, but its productivity is steadily dropping. To improve the resilience of farming communities in the region, crop diversification is proposed to enable farmers to grow high-value competitive crops and obtain more stable farm incomes. This study provides long-term, multidisciplinary analyses and strategies for strengthening crop diversification amongst farmers in the Aral Sea region. The study analyzed data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the statistical yearbook of 2000–2020. According to the gross margin study findings, farmers who use diversified cropping systems made considerably higher revenues than farmers relying on mono-cropping practices. This study demonstrates that greater crop diversity contributes to the rational use of natural resources and optimization plans, environmental sustainability, and food security as important natural and socio-economic issues in this region. The study findings suggest that proper crop diversification strategies need to be developed in the Aral Sea region to improve the sustainability of farming systems with enhanced resilience to devastating environmental and climate challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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13 pages, 3502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saline–Alkaline Characteristics during Desalination Process and Nitrogen Input Regulation in Reclaimed Tidal Flat Soils

by Yunpeng Sun, Xin Zhang, Jingtian Xian, Jingsong Yang, Xiaobing Chen, Rongjiang Yao, Yongming Luo, Xiangping Wang, Wenping Xie and Dan Cao

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054378 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Coastal salt-affected soils account for a large area all around the world. Soil salinity and pH are two important parameters affecting soil quality. Investigating the correlation of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH at different soil depths in saline soil was useful for quickly assessing the saline–alkaline characteristics. During the natural desalination process in the field area of reclaimed lands, the phenomena of pH increase and nitrogen accumulation may occur. A field sampling experiment was conducted in slightly saline soil affected by natural desalination and newly reclaimed heavily saline soil. A series of soil–water ratio extracts consisting of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:40 was designed to measure the EC and pH for simulating the saline–alkaline characteristics during the soil desalination process. Meanwhile, for reasonable utilization of the naturally ameliorated slightly saline soil which consists of a high content of nitrogen, a plastic mulching (PM) accompanied with nitrogen (N) fertilizer addition experiment in maize cultivation plots was designed. Results showed that a significant correlation of EC and/or pH existed in all ratios of soil extracts, and the slightly saline soil had a higher nitrogen content (1.06 g kg⁻¹). The EC was negatively correlated with pH at a depth of 0~100 cm in the coastal saline soil, which indicated the increase of pH value and alkalization during its natural desalination. Furthermore, PM treatments showed no significant difference with N treatments in soil bulk density and soil water content in the slightly saline soil. The PM and N treatments obtained similar grain yield, which was between 6.2 and 6.5 t ha⁻¹. The soil salinity decreased in all treatments and the harvest index was largest in PM treated plots. Our study was beneficial for rapidly monitoring saline–alkaline characteristics and sustainable utilization of coastal saline soil resources. In addition, we should focus far more on pH improvement during the desalination process and rational utilization of chemical fertilizer for obtaining sustainable benefits in the coastal saline soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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23 pages, 9416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Evaluating Soil Salt and Water Transport in a Cultivated Land–Wasteland–Lake System of Hetao, Yellow River Basin’s Upper Reaches

by Guoshuai Wang, Bing Xu, Pengcheng Tang, Haibin Shi, Delong Tian, Chen Zhang, Jie Ren and Zekun Li

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14410; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114410 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

With the implementation of water-conservation projects in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), great changes have taken place in the ecohydrological process. A cultivated land–wasteland–lake system in the upper Yellow River Basin (YRB) was chosen to study the soil salt and water transport process with the Hydrus-1D model. The model parameters were calibrated and validated by measuring the soil salt and water data. Measured values were in good agreement with the simulated values. The results showed, in the whole growth period, the deep percolation of cultivated land was 34–40% of the total applied water (rainfall and irrigation). The capillary rise in the cultivated land, wasteland, and lake boundary was 24%, 29–35%, and 62–68% of their own evapotranspiration, respectively. The capillary rise in the lake boundary was about 2 times that of the wasteland and 2.6 times that of the cultivated land. The salt storage in the 1 m soil zone of the lake boundary was more than 10% and 18% greater than that of the wasteland and cultivated land, respectively. The salt of the capillary rise in the lake boundary exceeded that of the wasteland by a factor of three. The salt accumulation in the upper soil zone of the cultivated land, wasteland, and lake boundary was 13%, 37%, and 48%. Soil salinization in the upper soil zone of the wasteland and lake boundary was serious, and some measures should be taken to reduce the salt content to prevent soil salinization. The results act as a theoretical basis for the ecohydrological control of the HID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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21 pages, 6325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of Potential Sites for Promoting Small-Scale Irrigation across Mali Using Remote Sensing and GIS

by Ahmed Attia, Asad Sarwar Qureshi, Abdoulah M. Kane, Bokhir Alikhanov, Ahmed M. S. Kheir, Hayat Ullah, Avishek Datta and Kaboro Samasse

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12040; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912040 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

Agricultural development across much of sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by the gap in knowledge on site suitability for sustainably expanding irrigable lands to new areas. This study aimed to identify the most suitable sites for promoting small-scale irrigation in Mali based on environmental and land use/land cover criteria. Six thematic layers were integrated to consider the water accessibility (distance from surface water and groundwater potential), soil, climate conditions, slope, and land use/land cover. Subjective scores and weights were assigned to each of the six layers, which were integrated to select the most suitable sites according to five categories ranging from ‘very high’ to ‘very low’. Results indicated that 641,448 ha of land have a very high potential for small-scale irrigation expansion: these are mostly located in the central Segou region (53% of the total very high potential sites across the country) and around the capital district, Bamako, in southern Koulikoro (38% of the total very high potential sites across the country). Sites ranked second as having high potential are also distributed in southern Segou, central Koulikoro, and the western Kayes and Mopti regions, totaling 20.8 Mha. Moderate potential sites are generally located in the northwestern and southern parts accounting for 37.8 Mha of the country, whereas low and very low potential sites are concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the country over a total area of 65 Mha. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of remote sensing and GIS techniques in agricultural development planning at large-scale; similar methodologies can be applied in other sub-Saharan African countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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19 pages, 6262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Benefit and Cost Perception Gaps between Adopters and Non-Adopters of In-Field Conservation Practices of Agricultural Producers

by Calder McCollum, Jason S. Bergtold, Jeffery Williams, Amer Al-Sudani and Elizabeth Canales

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11803; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911803 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1551

Abstract

Farmers’ willingness to adopt conservation practices is influenced by their perceptions of the practices. Differences in perceptions point toward potential educational and outreach strategies that may be employed to promote adoption. The purpose of this study was to assess perception gaps between adopters and non-adopters for continuous no-tillage, conservation crop rotations, cover crops, and variable-rate application of inputs. Using primary survey data from Kansas agricultural producers, we evaluated differences in perceptions regarding economic, agronomic, environmental, and management outcomes through descriptive statistic and mean separation tests. Practice adoption ranged from 29% for variable-rate application of inputs to 69% for conservation crop rotations. On average, adopters perceived increases in crop yields and net returns for each practice compared to non-adopters. Perceptions about other factors varied by practice, but perceived benefits tended to be higher for adopters. Similarly, perceived disadvantages from adoption (e.g., higher cost, increased management needs) tended to be lower among adopters. Overall, both adopters and non-adopters perceived environmental benefits from adopting conservation practices. Our findings point toward potential outreach strategies to promote conservation adoption, such as extension and outreach that share more relevant and localized economic information and build upon joint perceptions of environmental benefits of practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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15 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Use/Cover Changes in Jubek State, South Sudan

by Adam Juma Abdallah Gudo, Jinsong Deng and Asad Sarwar Qureshi

Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710753 - 29 Aug 2022

Viewed by 2232

Abstract

The Republic of South Sudan lacks adequate data to support decision-makers in planning. Therefore, a land use land cover (LULC) study was conducted in Jubek State for 17 years (2000–2017). It was divided into three time intervals, using remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI approaches. A transition matrix for the total change was developed to generate spatiotemporal and quantitative indicators to analyze LULC spatiotemporal dynamics for better developmental decisions. Overall accuracy assessment results were 97.41% (kappa 0.96), 90.45% (kappa 0.85), and 91.5% (kappa 0.89) for years 2000, 2009, and 2017, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative and spatiotemporal results show that built up areas drastically increase, especially from 2009 to 2017. The most dominant class in the study area was grassland, 9929.9 km² (54.22%), followed by forest, 5555 km² (30.33%), barren land, 2497.3 km² (13.64%), built up areas, 166.7 km² (0.9%), farmland, 128.31 km² (0.71%), and water bodies, 35.91 km² (0.96%). The outcomes of the analysis show that since 1955 Jubek State (Juba) has been the preferable place for the local citizens’ settlement in South Sudan. Unfortunately, agricultural production was insufficient due to the limited cultivated area; on the other hand, the study area is rich in natural resources and could meet local people’s demand if a proper strategy such as LULC transformation is well implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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13 pages, 6515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands: Interaction between Land Use Systems, Soil Properties, and Different Types of Fertilizer Applied to Teff and Wheat

by Eyasu Elias, Gizachew Kebede Biratu and Eric M. A. Smaling

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7370; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127370 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

Vertisols are among the most extensive soil types in the Ethiopian highlands, occurring in a wide range of agro-ecological zones where complex crop–livestock-based farming systems are practiced. Sustainable soil management on vertisols always meets with physical characteristics that are driven by clay mineralogy, swelling, shrinking, and risk of temporary waterlogging. The latter causes substantial spatial variability and turns vertisols into obnoxious study material, when compared to other soil classification orders. In this study, we have explored soil properties across different farming systems using soil profile and analytical data generated by the CASCAPE project; an action research project funded by the Dutch government for capacity building on the scaling up of evidence-based best practices for increased agricultural production in Ethiopia. In addition, the effects of variations in vertisol properties on crop yield and fertilizer response were examined through fertilizer trials in different locations. Teff (Eragrostis teff Zucc.) and wheat (Triticum aestivium), the two cereal crops commonly grown on vertisols, were used as test crops. Five treatments of NPSZnB—nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, zinc and boron containing blend (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 kg/ha)—and two treatments comparing NPS and diammonium phosphate (DAP) with the blend containing Zn and B were included in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that soil quality was generally poor under the highland cereal systems, i.e., sorghum–teff–livestock mixed system (FS₁) and wheat–maize–teff–barley–livestock system (FS₂) compared to the enset–coffee–cereal–livestock complex system (FS₃), which cannot only be attributed to geological history, but also to the way the land use systems have shaped the soils. The emerging differences in soil properties significantly (p < 0.01) affected crop yields. The soil properties that had the largest influence on teff and wheat yield were soil pH, organic carbon (OC), available sulfur (S), exchangeable potassium (K) and some micronutrients (B, Fe, Mn and Cu). Teff grain and biomass yield were inversely related, unlike wheat. Regarding the rate of fertilizer application, wheat responded significantly up to the highest level (300 kg/ha), but teff yield leveled off earlier. The blend fertilizers did not perform any better than NPS or DAP alone. Given the extent and the importance of vertisols in Ethiopian agriculture, comprehensive future outlooks are needed, including the options for cluster farming and mechanization to realize economies of scale and more efficient use of capital and labor inputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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21 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Species Diversity and Carbon Sequestration Oxygen Release Capacity of Dominant Communities in the Hancang River Basin, China

by Han Zhang and Lin Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095405 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

Plants play an important role in the storage of organic carbon as a carbon reservoir, mainly reflected in the absorption of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen by plants through photosynthesis, which plays an important role in regulating regional carbon balance. This study aimed to explore the pattern of dominant vegetation species diversity in small basin ecosystems, analyze the photosynthetic carbon sequestration characteristics of dominant vegetation and its carbon sink potential, and use the Hancang River Basin as the research area to obtain species abundance data using the sampling method. The community characteristics were analyzed from the aspects of species richness, α diversity index, dominant population spatial pattern, and interspecific correlation. Fifteen typical plants were selected; the photosynthetic carbon sequestration capacity of the plants was measured and quantified, and the correlation of the nitrogen ecological measurement characteristics of the leaves were analyzed. The results showed that all 15 dominant vegetation types were clustered, and the aggregation intensity and interspecific correlation were closely related. Spearman’s analysis showed that the dominant vegetation community structure and diversity in the Hancang River Basin were unstable, and there may be strong interspecies competition and frequent species replacement in the future succession process. The daily trend of the net photosynthetic rate of dominant vegetation tended to be bimodal or nearly bimodal, and the peak generally appeared at 10:00 or 14:00. The leaf area index of the dominant species was greater than 3.0, of which the largest was Platanus acerifolia at 5.31. The smallest was Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., which was 1.16. The average carbon sequestration per unit leaf area and unit land area of the dominant species was 10.02 g·m⁻²·d⁻¹ and 42.35 g·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively, and the average oxygen release was 7.29 g·m⁻²·d⁻¹ and 30.8 g·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively. The average maintenance breathing volume of the leaves was 2.94 μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹. Comprehensive analysis of the ecological restoration process of the Hancang River Basin should focus on Platanus acerifolia, Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Prunus cerasifera, Ligustrum lucidum, and other highly efficient carbon sequestration plants, to carry out rational planting and to build a multilayer composite configuration of forest shrub and grass models to improve the ecological problems of the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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Review

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25 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impacts of Biochar-Assisted Factors on the Hydrophysical Characteristics of Amended Soils: A Review

by Habib Ramezanzadeh, Davoud Zarehaghi, Ahmad Baybordi, Ali Chenari Bouket, Tomasz Oszako, Faizah N. Alenezi and Lassaad Belbahri

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8700; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118700 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

Biochar is known as a well-developed porous carbonaceous material with multifunctional abilities that can enhance the physical properties of soils. However, the lack of certainty about the consequences of biochar application to soils has limited its acceptability. Application of biochar can lead to a series of changes in the physical functions of soil, which are crucial in both agricultural and environmental management. The type of feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, size of particles, and rate of amendments are responsible for biochar effectiveness. Concurrently, the physical characteristics of soil, such as particle-size distribution, can intensify the impacts. Beside the physical attributes, the chemical components and interactions between biochar and the soil interface may play an important role. The chemical properties, such as the value of electrical conductivity, pH and zeta potential, are the remarkable parameters in the hydrophysical behavior. The summary proposes that biochar has a great contribution In enhancing the definite range of aggregation formation, reduction of compaction and shear strength frequency and/or intensity, improvement of microorganisms activity, and abundance. Simultaneously, biochar plays a devastating role by filling the pores, blocking the water flow pathways, and inhibiting macro fauna growth. Particle size of biochar as a major factor, and surface functional groups as a minor factor, affect the performance of biochar in improving the hydrophysical properties of amended soils. The increment in the dosage of biochar application is not promising to enhance the physical properties of soils. Therefore, it is necessary to find a balance between the consumption of biochar and promotion of the soil-water dynamic. This review provides an overview of fastidious perspectives on how to achieve an efficient and sustainable use of biochar in hydrophysical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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29 pages, 2729 KiB

Open AccessReview

Climate-Resilient Microbial Biotechnology: A Perspective on Sustainable Agriculture

by Chengjia Tan, Mohammad Talib Kalhoro, Yahya Faqir, Jiahua Ma, Matthew Duah Osei and Ghulam Khaliq

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5574; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095574 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5008

Abstract

We designed this review to describe a compilation of studies to enlighten the concepts of plant–microbe interactions, adopted protocols in smart crop farming, and biodiversity to reaffirm sustainable agriculture. The ever-increasing use of agrochemicals to boost crop production has created health hazards to humans and the environment. Microbes can bring up the hidden strength of plants, augmenting disease resistance and yield, hereafter, crops could be grown without chemicals by harnessing microbes that live in/on plants and soil. This review summarizes an understanding of the functions and importance of indigenous microbial communities; host–microbial and microbial–microbial interactions; simplified experimentally controlled synthetic flora used to perform targeted operations; maintaining the molecular mechanisms; and microbial agent application technology. It also analyzes existing problems and forecasts prospects. The real advancement of microbiome engineering requires a large number of cycles to obtain the necessary ecological principles, precise manipulation of the microbiome, and predictable results. To advance this approach, interdisciplinary collaboration in the areas of experimentation, computation, automation, and applications is required. The road to microbiome engineering seems to be long; however, research and biotechnology provide a promising approach for proceeding with microbial engineering and address persistent social and environmental issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Agriculture with a Focus on Water and Soil)

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