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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Agriculture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 April 2022) | Viewed by 39478

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Prof. Dr. Sezai Ercisli

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Department of Horticulture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Interests: horticulture; plant genetic resources; plant biodiversity; sustainable agriculture
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Dear Colleagues,

Recently, the term agroecology has mostly been used in scientific studies, and is considered to be one of the most important scientific disciplines—a series of cultural practices and/or a social movement aiming at developing cropping and farming systems based on the best use and conservation of natural resources and the minimum use of external inputs. Sustainable organic farming systems are also a topic of great research interest. There is a strong link between agroecology and sustainable organic farming systems because there is a series of agroecological principles that are highly recommended for planning organic farming systems. These include the optimization of soil nutrient cycling, the increase in soil organic matter and fertility, the reduction of dependency on external inputs, and aspects related to socio-economic equity and sustainability. Both agroecology and sustainable organic agriculture claim they can contribute to many challenges faced by agriculture today. Among these are the interrelated challenges of providing food security and preserving the environment. We welcome the results of original studies from different parts of the world including a large number of crop plants based on agroecology and sustainable organic farming systems. The submission of review papers by leading experts in these fields is also strongly encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Sezai Ercisli
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Apple Fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Quality Attributes Obtained from Organic and Integrated Production Systems

by Milica Fotirić Akšić, Dragana Dabić Zagorac, Uroš Gašić, Tomislav Tosti, Maja Natić and Mekjell Meland

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095300 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5509

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic content (TPC), radical-scavenging activity (RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC), sugar and polyphenolic profiles of two apple cultivars (‘Discovery’ and ‘Red Aroma Orelind’) from organic and integrated production systems in climatic conditions of Western Norway. Sixteen sugars and four sugar alcohols and 19 polyphenols were found in the peel, but less polyphenols were detected in the pulp. The peel of both apples and in both production systems had significantly higher TPC and RSA than the pulp. The peel from integrated apples had higher TPC than the peel from organic apples, while organic apples had higher TAC than the integrated. Sucrose and glucose levels were higher in organic apples; fructose was cultivar dependent while minor sugars were higher in integrated fruits. The most abundant polyphenolic compound in the peel of the tested cultivars was quercetin 3-O-galactoside, while chlorogenic acid was most abundant in the pulp. Regarding polyphenols, phloretin, phloridzin, protocatechuic acid, baicalein and naringenin were higher in organic apple, while quercetin 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid and syringic acid was higher in integrated fruits. In conclusion, organic ‘Discovery’ and integrated ‘Red Aroma Orelind’ had higher bioavailability of health related compounds from the peel and the pulp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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13 pages, 2179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Biochemical Properties in Fruits of Naturally Grown Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Genotypes in Northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Azra Skender, Semina Hadžiabulić, Sezai Ercisli, Jasna Hasanbegović, Samira Dedić, Rafa Almeer, Amany A. Sayed, Riaz Ullah and Amine Assouguem

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084579 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

The cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is considered to be one of those medicinal plants with important nutritional and therapeutic properties. The plant shows resistance against abiotic and biotic stressors in natural growing conditions and could be suitable to use in sustainable fruit production. This study was carried out on 22 local cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes, which were grown northwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fruits of these 22 genotypes were harvested and analyzed during the ripening period in 2018/2019. Fruit weight, length, and width ranged from 1.38 to 3.01 g, 13.84 to 19.43 mm, and 10.92 to 14.79 mm, respectively. Dry matter content was determined to be the lowest at 11.67% and the highest at 21.89%. The genotypes had vitamin C content between 25.85 and 58.75 mg/100 g. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content were found to be quite variable among genotypes and ranged from 1240 to 6958 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW) and 55.57 to 205.6 mg cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents (CGE) per 100 g FW, respectively. The content of phosphorus and iron were between 155.52 to 263.06 mg per 100 g and 0.25 to 0.93 mg per 100 g, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first and second components accounted for 44.05% and 60.50% of the total variance, and the major proportion of the first and second components were the morphometric properties and chemical traits of the cornelian cherry fruits. The results revealed that the characterized genotypes could be important for cornelian cherry breeders as ready crossing materials to obtain new cornelian cherry varieties and shows the potential of certain genotypes as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. The results may have served as a guide towards the development of sustainable production programs for cornelian cherries as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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11 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Varietal Impact of Two Citrus Species on Fluctuations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Beneficial Phytoseiid Mites

by Amine Assouguem, Abdellah Farah, Riaz Ullah, Yesim Bulak Korkmaz, Rafa Almeer, Amany A. Sayed, Agnieszka Najda and Abderrahim Lazraq

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053088 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2151

Abstract

The activity of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, and its predators (Euseius stipulatus Athias-Henriot, 1960, Typhlodromus sp., and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, 1957) on two citrus varieties (Nules (Mandarin) and Valencia late (Orange)) was studied in citrus orchards in Machraa Belksiri at the Gharb region of Morocco in the years 2020–2021. In this trial, during the first year of monitoring, we detected that on the Valencia late variety (Citrus sinensis), the occupancy of leaves by T. urticae was important, with 3200 mobile forms (50%). The predator Typhlodromus sp. presented 1385 (22%), followed by E. stipilatus with 1186 mobile forms (18%), while P. persimilis presented the lowest number with 621 forms (10%). Conversely, on the Nules variety (Citrus Clementina), we found (52%) 2475 forms for the pest T. urticae. E. stipulatis was the most abandoning predator, with 1344 (28%), followed by Typhlodromus sp., with 944 (22%); however, the predator P. persimilis was absent. From our results, it can be concluded that synergistic control by these predators can reduce the rate of T. urticae and constitutes a sustainable alternative method in the absence of chemical control. Regarding the effect of the variety of the different mites studied, the varieties Nules and Valencia late showed no impact on the rates of E. 1tipulates and T. urticae, with relatively similar averages, while on the predator Typhlodromus sp. and P. persimilis, the varietal impact was important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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16 pages, 8769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

History of Grape in Anatolia and Historical Sustainable Grape Production in Erzincan Agroecological Conditions in Turkey

by Muhammed Yasin Taskesenlioglu, Sezai Ercisli, Muhammed Kupe and Nazan Ercisli

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031496 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5102

Abstract

The Anatolian peninsula has long been linked with the origins of viticulture and winemaking. Erzincan province in Anatolia hosted many civilizations in the past, and each civilization used grapes for different purposes. From past to present, viticulture carried out with the famous ‘Karaerik’ grape (Vitis vinifera L.) on old traditional Baran training system to avoid cold damage occurred in winter months. During the old civilizations, the cultivar was used only for wine production, but after the first period of the 1900s, this situation changed, and the cultivar was used for table consumption because wine is banned by Islam. The archaeological findings in Erzincan province revealed the cultivar has existed in the province for centuries, and in each historical period, the cultivar was used sustainably, added value to the region, and brought cultural heritage from generation to generation. Grape production in Erzincan province has been a symbol of abundance, fertility and productivity since mythological times. The historical facts indicated that viticulture and winemaking had been a dispensable part of the Erzincan economy and rural development. The vineyards apply the same sustainable management practices from which they receive their grapes. The traditional Baran training system is used for all vineyards. The viticulture in the province has been strongly committed to improving environmental and social sustainability throughout history. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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13 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Nutritional Content in Wild Apricot Fruits for Sustainable Apricot Production

by Neva Karatas

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031063 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3901

Abstract

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) trees are common from Asia to North America and have been used for delicious and nutritious fruits for centuries. Wild apricot trees show great environment plasticity and are free of pest and disease traits, both of which are important for sustainable apricot production. However, wild apricots are more common in Asia and North African countries. Wild apricot trees and fruits show great variability due to seed propagation characteristics. Seeds of wild apricots are used as rootstocks for apricot cultivars, in particular in main apricot producer countries such as Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Iran. Fruits of wild apricots are also an important food in wild apricot growing countries and add value as a sustainable nutrition source. In the present study, a total of 14 wild apricots widely grown in inner Anatolia were characterized by morphological (fruit weight, flesh/seed ratio, fruit firmness, and color index), nutritional (individual sugars and organic acids) and nutraceutical (total phenolic, total flavonoids, total carotenoid, and antioxidant activity) features. The obtained results showed that wild apricot genotypes differed from each other for most of the morphological, nutritional, and nutraceutical characteristics. The genotypes were found pest- and disease-free and had fruit weight, flesh/seed ratio, and fruit firmness of between 18.24 and 27.54 g; 8.96 and 12.44; and 4.05 and 6.03 kg/cm², respectively. Citric acid was the dominant organic acid for fruits of all wild apricot genotypes, and ranged from 923 to 1224 mg/100 g. Sucrose was the highest soluble sugar in fruits for all wild apricots, and ranged from between 6.80 and 8.33 g/100 g. Moreover, the level of nutraceutical parameters also varied among genotypes and high amounts of total phenol and antioxidant activity were obtained in fruit extracts of IA8 genotype as 81.4 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g and 2.44 μmoL trolox equivalent per g, respectively. Different wild apricot genotypes are rich in certain nutritional and nutraceutical compounds, with significant variations in their levels being observed. The aim of the study was to evaluate fruits of wild apricot genotypes in terms of their total phenolics, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds for use in future breeding programs and sustainable food and pharma industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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9 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agro-Morphological Characterization and Some Seed Characteristics of Wild Crambe (Brassicaceae) Species in Turkey

by Ilhan Subaşı

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010287 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

The seeds of wild Crambe species have potential to be used as a source of industrial oil and animal feed. In this study, 48 genotypes of three Crambe species collected from the flora of Turkey were grown under field conditions in Ankara/Turkey in 2014–2016. The seed protein ratio, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant, thousand seed weight and hulless/hulled seed ratio (H/H) were determined. The highest protein ratio was determined as 26.02% in the t18 accession of Crambe tataria species. Variations in the characteristics were analyzed using principal component analysis. In the factor analysis of Crambe maritima, Crambe orientalis, Crambe tataria and the mean of these three species, the first two principal components accounted for 100%, 58.06%, 59.93% and 100% of the total variations, respectively. There were positive correlations between the plant height and number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant for C. orientalis, and number of branches per plant for C. tataria. Although seed yield per plant was high in C. tataria and C. orientalis, they are not suitable for conventional agriculture due to shell thickness, inhomogeneous plant emergence and shooting. Conventional cultivation of wild Crambe species can be made possible by eliminating these negative features with breeding and agronomic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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13 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Mulberry (Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L.) Production in Eastern Turkey

by Ahmet Can, Ahmet Kazankaya, Erdal Orman, Muttalip Gundogdu, Sezai Ercisli, Ravish Choudhary and Rohini Karunakaran

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13507; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413507 - 7 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3660

Abstract

In this study, a total of 55 wild-grown mulberry landraces belonging to Morus alba L., Morus rubra L., and Morus nigra L. species (Rosales order, Moraceae family, Morus L. genus) were sampled around the Van Lake basin, and some fruit characteristics were determined. All landraces are naturally grown in the Lake Van basin under pesticide-free conditions. As fruit character, phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and phlorizin) and organic acids (malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid and ascorbic acid) were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the correlation between mulberry species in terms of biochemical compounds. As a result of PCA-biplot analysis, two variations were sufficient to explain the correlation between phenolic compounds and organic acids. This ratio reveals that mulberry species are separated with sharp boundaries in terms of biochemical compounds. Chlorogenic acid and rutin content were high in all mulberry landraces. The highest chlorogenic acid content was detected in landrace 65VN03 belonging to M. rubra (3.778 mg/g), 65GV12 belonging to M. nigra (3.526 mg/g), 13AD08 belonging to M. rubra (2.461 mg/g), and 13AH02 belonging to M. rubra (6.246 mg/g) landraces. In terms of organic acid content, malic acid was the dominant organic acid for genotypes. The rich bioactive compounds make M. alba, M. rubra, and M. nigra landraces as cultivar candidates for breeding purposes. It is a valuable source of bioactive agents that may have prevented humans from oxidative-stress-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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20 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pre-Harvest Organic Cytokinin Application on the Post-Harvest Physiology of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Seyda Cavusoglu, Suat Sensoy, Arzu Karatas, Onur Tekin, Firat Islek, Nurettin Yilmaz, Selma Kipcak, Sezai Ercisli, Sona Skrovankova, Anna Adamkova and Jiri Mlcek

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158258 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2840

Abstract

Peppers are cultivated in almost all provinces in Turkey, making up approximately 7% of the world’s production. In this study, the effects of pre-harvest cytokinin application on the postharvest physiology of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits (cv. Akra and Melek F1) grown in ecological conditions in Turkey (Van, eastern Turkey) were investigated. During the growing period, organic cytokinin(nytrozine) at two concentrations (50 and 100 ppm doses) was applied by spraying. Peppers were harvested in green maturity and then stored at 12 °C for 28 days. Changes in color, respiration rate, exogenous ethylene amount, antioxidative enzyme analysis (SOD, CAT and APX), lipid peroxidation, total phenolic content (TP) and antioxidant activity (AA) were determined just after the harvest and then at the 7th, 14th, 24th and 28th days. L^* values for both varieties and the control sample had fluctuations during storage, and they slightly decreased after 28 days, except for the end value of cv. Melek F1 with a 50 ppm addition. In terms of respiration rate values, the difference between applications was found to be statistically significant, except for the 14th and 24th days of storage, for cv. Akra F1; and the 0th and 28th days for cv. Melek F1, respectively. It was observed that cytokinin can delay aging in peppers of both cultivars stored for 28 days. As a result, as the used cytokinin has an organic origin, is not synthetic and does not have a negative effect on human health, it can be used safely and without a significant loss of quality characteristics for peppers. These applications have positive effects on in-package gas composition, antioxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation, total phenolics and total antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

12 pages, 486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Unsprayed Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis Ecotypes Found in Different Agroecological Conditions

by Mehmet Ramazan Bozhuyuk, Sezai Ercisli, Neva Karatas, Halina Ekiert, Hosam O. Elansary and Agnieszka Szopa

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 8060; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148060 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2978

Abstract

The Rosa is one of the most diverse genera in the plant kingdom and, in particular, its fruits have been used for multiple purposes in different parts of the world for centuries. Within the genus, Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis are, economically, the most important species and dominate Rosa fruit production. In this study, some important fruit and shrub traits of ten Rosa canina and ten Rosa dumalis ecotypes collected from rural areas of Kars province, located in the east Anatolia region of Turkey were investigated. We found significant differences among ecotypes in most of the morphological and biochemical traits. The ecotypes were found between 1446–2210 m altitude. Fruit weight and fruit flesh ratio ranged from 2.95 g to 4.72 g and 62.55% to 74.42%, respectively. SSC (Soluble Solid Content), Vitamin C, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and total anthocyanin content of the ecotypes ranged from 16.9–22.7%, 430–690 mg per 100 g FW (fresh weight), 390–532 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g FW, 0.88–2.04 mg per g FW, 6.83–15.17 mg per g FW and 3.62–7.81 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per kg, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined to be between 19.7–34.7 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per g fresh weight. Rosa ecotypes contained chlorogenic acid and rutin the most as phenolic compound. Our results indicated great diversity within both R. canina and R. dumalis fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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10 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Quality Properties of the Local Apple Varieties of Anatolia

by İdris Macit, Erol Aydın, Akgul Tas and Muttalip Gundogdu

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116127 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2818

Abstract

The importance of biochemical content of fruits in human health and nutrition is understood more and more day by day. In this study, new local varieties were added to apple genetic resources and the correlation between biochemical contents and agro-morphological properties of fruits belonging to them was revealed. It was observed that the total phenolics amount varied between 20.13 (“Bag”) mg GAE kg⁻¹ and 80.59 (“Yeşil”) mg GAE kg⁻¹. The highest total antioxidant capacity was determined as 90.96% in “Yeşil” variety. Potassium (K) content, which is among the macronutrients, was determined as the highest value in “Bağ” variety (7993.31 mg kg⁻¹) and in “Zuza” variety (7983.31 mg kg⁻¹). It was determined that the Fe content (iron) varied between as 14.17 mg kg⁻¹ (“Zuza”) and 5.75 mg kg⁻¹ (“Bağ”) and was higher than other micronutrients. In the light of the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that fruits belonging to new local apple varieties are rich in biochemical contents and these varieties can be used as genetic resources in plant breeding studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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Review

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14 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Situation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Northern Africa: The Sustainable Control Methods and Priorities for Future Research

by Amine Assouguem, Mohammed Kara, Hamza Mechchate, Yesim Bulak Korkmaz, Safaâ Benmessaoud, Amal Ramzi, Khaled R. Abdullah, Omar Mohammed Noman, Abdellah Farah and Abderahim Lazraq

Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2395; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042395 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4757

Abstract

In North Africa, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 represents one of the most destructive generalists among mite herbivores. Unfortunately, it is a source of important annual casualties in crop production. It is a phytophagous mite that can feed on hundreds of host plants and produces significant damage. The control of T. urticae in North Africa has been principally based on acaricide sprays. However, new alternative methods have shown effective results, such as artificial ultraviolet-B, natural enemies, and the introduction of new genetic methods. This review aims to present a synthesis of information surrounding control methods of T. urticae in North Africa. We highlight the principal findings of previous studies. Then, we discuss current control methods and propose new innovative research and sustainable approaches to controlling this pest. The control method can potentially extrapolate in North African regions due to its positive ecological results. Further, studies proved the use of natural enemies, myco-metabolites, bacteria metabolites, and the introduction of a genetic method in an integrated long-term sustainable program that can successfully defeat the populations of T. urticae. We also discuss high-priority research guidelines to investigate new sustainable management strategies. Setting up an integrated long-term ecological monitoring program in different Northwest African countries and incorporating new technologies into monitoring programs is an urgent need to fight this devastating pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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