Sustainability

2022

Jump to: 2021, 2020

25 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ITS System for Reducing Congestion and Noise Pollution due to Vehicles to/from Port Terminals

by Marino Lupi, Marco Boero, Daniele Conte, Luca Naso Rappis, Mauro Vannucci and Alessandro Farina

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114579 - 6 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

This paper deals with a new ITS system aimed at reducing road congestion and noise emissions on the urban roads leading to port terminals. This system is composed of: traffic video cameras, VMS panels and an app. These three components are connected and [...] Read more.

This paper deals with a new ITS system aimed at reducing road congestion and noise emissions on the urban roads leading to port terminals. This system is composed of: traffic video cameras, VMS panels and an app. These three components are connected and managed by an integrated ITS system management platform, called “LIST Port ITS System Central” in this paper. Video cameras measure traffic characteristics, such as flow rates, speed and composition of the vehicle stream and provide these data to the LIST Port ITS System Central. The central elaborates the data and provide the traffic flow characteristics to the app. The app calculates, in real time, the best route to/from port terminals, according to traffic congestion and noise emissions, and provides this information to the Central. Then, the app shows to the user the best route and the traffic and noise status in real time. The calculation of the best routes takes place according to the “physical capacity” and “acoustic capacity” of road infrastructures. Noise emissions are directly calculated from traffic characteristics by means of the CNOSSOS-EU model, and are after compared to the noise emission limit levels established by law. The services provided by the LIST Port ITS system are new, because, currently, routing strategies are usually based only on congestion, while noise pollution is almost always neglected. Noise pollution could be a more restrictive constraint because the “acoustic capacity” is often lower than the physical one. Full article

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18 pages, 7526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can the Brazilian National Logistics Plan Induce Port Competitiveness by Reshaping the Port Service Areas?

by William Costa, Britaldo Soares-Filho and Rodrigo Nobrega

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114567 - 5 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3694

Abstract

Brazil’s transportation infrastructure did not follow the country’s agricultural development and the macro-logistics operations still rely on trucking. Even with a lack of roads, the service areas of the ports on the Atlantic coast, particularly the port of Santos, expanded to central Brazil, [...] Read more.

Brazil’s transportation infrastructure did not follow the country’s agricultural development and the macro-logistics operations still rely on trucking. Even with a lack of roads, the service areas of the ports on the Atlantic coast, particularly the port of Santos, expanded to central Brazil, the country’s most productive agricultural area. Recently, the Federal Government released mid-term plans to build railways to reduce transportation costs until 2035. However, no simulation about port regionalization and competitiveness was performed. This research evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed transportation infrastructure regarding transportation cost and new routes that can reshape the ports’ influence areas. Our geographically explicit model used the Dinamica_EGO modeling platform and PostgreSQL, fed by official public data from transportation and agriculture authorities. Considering the hypothesis that new railways can increase port competitiveness, we computed scenarios considering the planned 2035 infrastructure and compared them to the current situation. The findings showed that the Ferrogrão railway can effectively reduce transport costs, therefore changing the spatial configuration of macro-logistics basins. In conclusion, a geospatial model can predict short-cheaper routes, port regionalization, and competitiveness regarding the geographic aspects of the supply chain. The long-distance and importance of Brazilian agriculture exportation justify and value the investigation. Full article

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24 pages, 1512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dilemma and Countermeasures of Public Interest Litigation of Marine Environmental Pollution in China

by Yingying Li

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14415; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114415 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2811

Abstract

Cases of marine environmental pollution (MEP), such as condensate leakage in the Sanchi case, not only directly infringe on private personal health and property rights, but also cause serious damage to the marine ecological environment. This paper analyzes dozens of MEP cases and [...] Read more.

Cases of marine environmental pollution (MEP), such as condensate leakage in the Sanchi case, not only directly infringe on private personal health and property rights, but also cause serious damage to the marine ecological environment. This paper analyzes dozens of MEP cases and summarizes the typical rights, interests, and remedies under Chinese law. Traditional tort liability legislation remedies the problem of infringement of private interests by environmental torts through compensation and punitive damages but it cannot reverse the damage to the marine ecological environment. Traditional civil legislation is built on the basis of rights and interests regarding damages and relief. MEP infringes on a wide range of citizens’ environmental rights and should be addressed by the environmental public interest litigation (EPIL), which is an important way to protect citizens’ environmental rights. This paper analyzes the legal interests, relief measures, and limitations of the existing EPIL legislation that is applicable to MEP cases under Chinese law, so as to make corresponding legislative suggestions. Full article

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16 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporated Maritime Policy Concept: Adopting ESRS Principles to Support Maritime Sector’s Sustainable Growth

by Kaidi Nõmmela and Kati Kõrbe Kaare

Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013593 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2589

Abstract

The international maritime sector plays an important part in contributing to the global sustainable economy and plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals. A variety of regulations and standards power the sustainability management of the global maritime sector, including the United [...] Read more.

The international maritime sector plays an important part in contributing to the global sustainable economy and plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals. A variety of regulations and standards power the sustainability management of the global maritime sector, including the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the European Union’s new draft European Sustainability Reporting Standard. Limited research on the potential contribution of maritime policy-making to support sustainable development has led the sector to face multiple challenges. In this study, we analyzed how local policy-making can impact international goals and global sustainable development based on comprehensive datasets of 143 maritime companies. The study recommends the incorporation of sustainability dimensions of the maritime sector into all levels of policy-making and supporting the policy implementation with the local maritime governance structure. A maritime country should have strategic planning objectives that embrace maritime affairs and use the interactions identified between local development and the maritime sector. We propose a framework for maritime policy-making that supports sustainable development. A maturity model for sustainable development in the maritime sector was developed. The results can be used as guidelines for policymakers in planning sustainable development in a maritime country. Full article

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19 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Satisfaction Level of Users of Brazilian Cabotage—Containerized Cargo Segment

by Aldery Silveira Junior and Rafael Rabelo Nunes

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12177; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912177 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

Due to its vast maritime coast, connected to the riverbeds that flow into the sea, Brazil holds favorable conditions for cargo transportation by cabotage—a type of navigation performed between points on the coast or between these and river points. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Due to its vast maritime coast, connected to the riverbeds that flow into the sea, Brazil holds favorable conditions for cargo transportation by cabotage—a type of navigation performed between points on the coast or between these and river points. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a model to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of users of Brazilian cabotage, specifically the containerized cargo segment, with the services offered to them. The assessment model was developed based on the multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) methodology, which was designed under the aegis of the constructivist paradigm and with the collaboration of a team of cabotage specialists. A framework was built for assessment consisting of seven axes: service level, cargo safety, cabotage routes, transportation cost, general aspects of transportation, quality of information provided by EBNs and intermediary agents, and other aspects related to transportation. The global assessment obtained a score of 7.0, on a scale of zero to ten, which is considered good. The study’s contribution to the transportation sector consists of the construction of a multi-criteria assessment model, which can be replicated for other types of transportation with the necessary adjustments. Full article

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20 pages, 4355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Practical Accessibility Evaluation Method for Port-Centric Coal Transportation Chains: Considering the Environment and Operational Adaptability

by Min Dong, Yuhao Li, Xinglu Xu and Yaping Zha

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811619 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2071

Abstract

Improving the accessibility of coal transportation is a crucial issue for energy security, national defense, and livelihoods. In this study, a method to evaluate the performance of the port-centric coal transportation chain (PCTC), which is a crucial part of the international coal production [...] Read more.

Improving the accessibility of coal transportation is a crucial issue for energy security, national defense, and livelihoods. In this study, a method to evaluate the performance of the port-centric coal transportation chain (PCTC), which is a crucial part of the international coal production and delivery process, is proposed. After analyzing the features of the port-centric coal transportation chain, a practical accessibility evaluation model is established based on the gravity model. Both the foreland and hinterland features are considered in the model. Based on the features of coal transportation, the concept of port operational adaptability is introduced to indicate the port’s ability to manage a fluctuating irregular workload. Moreover, environmental factors, including transportation emissions and dust pollution, are included in the evaluation system. Based on real data collected from China’s north-south coal transportation corridor, a case study presents the implementation of this comprehensive evaluation system in practice. This evaluation system enables us to determine the vulnerable areas in the coal maritime transportation network and provides a decision-making basis for both shippers and port owners. Full article

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17 pages, 2677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience Analysis of Container Port Shipping Network Structure: The Case of China

by Yao He, Yongchun Yang, Meimei Wang and Xudong Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159489 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3069

Abstract

The increased port outages caused by events such as war and public health emergencies have motivated the study of container port shipping network (CPSN) resilience. This paper proposes a resilience framework, which includes prevention, resistance, restoration, adaption, and optimization. The framework is used [...] Read more.

The increased port outages caused by events such as war and public health emergencies have motivated the study of container port shipping network (CPSN) resilience. This paper proposes a resilience framework, which includes prevention, resistance, restoration, adaption, and optimization. The framework is used to analyze the resilience of the CPSN by detecting changing performance of the network indicators before and after the random attack or one of the deliberate attacks. The indicators include the network resilience index, degree distribution, independent path, cluster coefficient, network efficiency and connectivity. The comparative analysis is based on the statistics of China’s cases in 2005 and 2017. The results indicate that, first, the resilience of the structure of China’s container port shipping network (CCPSN) in 2017 has improved when comparing the 2015 situation. Second, the performance of indicators under betweenness attack (BA) decreases faster than other attacks; the resilience index of deliberate attacks is poorer, when compared with the random attack (RA). Third, network resilience can be improved by protecting and adding hub port nodes. Priority should be given to restoring the hub port nodes during the recovery process. The same network indicator recovers similarly after facing different attacks, while different indicator shows various recovery process. Thus, it is necessary to consider the different recovery performances of network indicators when the damaged CPSN selects recovery mode. Full article

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2021

Jump to: 2022, 2020

20 pages, 2396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Major Seaports in the Context of National Maritime Policy. The Case Study of Poland

by Tadeusz Bocheński, Tadeusz Palmowski and Tomasz Studzieniecki

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212883 - 21 Nov 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4151

Abstract

State authorities may influence the development of seaports by employing the tools of national maritime policy. On the one hand, seaports contribute to the socioeconomic development of coastal regions; on the other, they have a significant impact on foreign trade turnover. The aim [...] Read more.

State authorities may influence the development of seaports by employing the tools of national maritime policy. On the one hand, seaports contribute to the socioeconomic development of coastal regions; on the other, they have a significant impact on foreign trade turnover. The aim of this study is to identify the major factors that have influenced the development of Poland’s seaports in the context of the country’s maritime policy. The paper examines and explains the development and transitions of major Polish seaports such as Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Swinoujcie. In order to identify the state of the port economy the authors used public statistics and data analysis. Furthermore, they created a model of comanagement of major seaports and presented a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the development of major seaports from 2005 to 2019. It was discovered that port turnover increased, but in various ways in each of the analysed ports. The government of Poland, acting in a dual role as the coordinator of national maritime policy and the majority owner of seaports, was the most powerful decision-maker in the port economy. However initiatives to implement sustainable principles in seaports have gradually emerged through bottom-up activities of port authorities supported by local and regional authorities. Full article

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12 pages, 2632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adriatic Sea Hub Ports Feeder Service Optimization Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

by Dario Medić, Srećko Krile, Igor Jelaska and Rino Bošnjak

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 12325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112325 - 8 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3283

Abstract

From a scientific viewpoint, as well as from the perspective of navigation practice, it is clear that the Adriatic Sea feeder service is relatively underdeveloped. Hence, the objective of this study is to suggest a model for selecting the hub port and to [...] Read more.

From a scientific viewpoint, as well as from the perspective of navigation practice, it is clear that the Adriatic Sea feeder service is relatively underdeveloped. Hence, the objective of this study is to suggest a model for selecting the hub port and to optimize the network of seaports engaged in the feeder service. Accordingly, an appropriate hub port has been identified through the methods of multi-criteria decision making and expert assessment, and the optimum shipping route has been calculated by applying the travelling salesman algorithm (TSA). In order to analyze whether there is a possibility of obtaining better optimization results, an integration of a sub-hub port system is suggested. Optimization has been achieved by applying a minimum spanning tree algorithm (MST) and a combination of these algorithms. The proposed methodology for selecting the hub port, sub-hub port and optimizing the feeder network can be implemented globally. The practical application of the achieved model would result in cost minimization, owing to shorter shipping routes or a combination of different transportation means (feeders). Full article

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28 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology for the Definition of the Acoustic Capacity of a Road Infrastructure

by Marino Lupi, Chiara Pratelli and Alessandro Farina

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111920 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

In this paper, a new methodology for the assessment of the so-called “acoustic capacity” of a road infrastructure is proposed. This aspect is very important in the field of transportation planning as, currently, road infrastructures are verified only in terms of physical capacity; [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new methodology for the assessment of the so-called “acoustic capacity” of a road infrastructure is proposed. This aspect is very important in the field of transportation planning as, currently, road infrastructures are verified only in terms of physical capacity; at most, the environmental capacity due to atmospheric pollutants is taken into account, while the acoustic capacity is completely neglected. The acoustic capacity is assessed based on the Harmonoise model, which is widely recognized at the European level. The Harmonoise model, starting from traffic data, such as traffic flows, average speed, and typologies of vehicles, provides the levels of noise emissions and immissions, which can be compared to the noise limit levels established by law. The validity of the proposed methodology was assessed on a test network. The results of this analysis show that, generally, the acoustic capacity is actually a capacity constraint, which involves several traffic flows: this occurs in particular in the case of an intersection, but also in the case of a bi-directional road. Furthermore, the acoustic capacity of a road infrastructure is generally lower than its physical capacity. Full article

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25 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legal Disputes under Time Charter in Connection with the Stranding of the MV Ever Given

by Jaeung Cha, Jinwoo Lee, Changhee Lee and Yulseong Kim

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910559 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6707

Abstract

The MV Ever Given’s stranding in the Suez Canal in March 2021 prompted renewed awareness of the heightened risk of marine accidents in narrow channels as global shipping companies continuously expand vessel sizes. However, there has been limited consideration of ways to [...] Read more.

The MV Ever Given’s stranding in the Suez Canal in March 2021 prompted renewed awareness of the heightened risk of marine accidents in narrow channels as global shipping companies continuously expand vessel sizes. However, there has been limited consideration of ways to improve accident response, and little analysis of future-oriented liabilities and damage compensation schemes for similar maritime accidents. First, key issues related to the Suez Canal stranding accident were analyzed based on web crawling using the R studio program (Version: R-4.0.5) to extract text data from unstructured format text (HTML tags). We designed the research questions to address the key issues/disputes, such as definitions of legal terms related to the Ever Given’s stranding accident and the declaration of a general average (G/A), liability for maintaining seaworthiness, source of command authority over the captain, and liability for compensation for delay in delivery. Then, the liability of stakeholders was legally interpreted through causal inductive reasoning based on relevant legal theories and precedents. To help secure safe and sustainable shipping routes, this study demystifies the problems resulting from the side effects of the trend of ultra-large vessels based on technology bias, and will contribute to responses to similar accidents in the future. Full article

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13 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legal Issues Regarding Arctic Cruise Shipping in the Russian Federation

by Novikova Kseniia, Mehran Idris Khan and Yen-Chiang Chang

Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7016; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137016 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

With the development of the transportation network, vessels are increasingly used in the tourism business. The international cruise business requires huge investments and a clear international and domestic legal framework. Russia has unique opportunities to develop cruise tourism as a country with the [...] Read more.

With the development of the transportation network, vessels are increasingly used in the tourism business. The international cruise business requires huge investments and a clear international and domestic legal framework. Russia has unique opportunities to develop cruise tourism as a country with the world’s longest total length of coastal line (37.7 thousand kilometres). Russia intends to develop and support cruise tourism in the Arctic and increase the tourist flow to the Arctic to a certain level in order to promote socio-economic development in the region. At the same time, a rapidly evolving tourism in the Arctic brings new challenges related to the preservation of environmental safety and protection of national interests and requires comprehensive legal cover and regulation at the national level. This article deals with Russian Federation’s laws regulating sea/river cruise shipping involving an international element. It scrutinises state rules and policies on navigation in the Russian Arctic waters and relevant International Treaties of the Russian Federation, highlights the peculiarity of the cruise shipping contract in terms of Russian laws regulating the relationship arising from it, and finally, analyses the effects of Russian legislation in the field of Arctic tourism to its development. The authors attempted to summarise experts’ views on relevant Russian legislation’ shortcomings and put forward possible solutions. Full article

18 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional and Non-Institutional Governance Initiatives in Urban Transport Planning: The Paradigmatic Case of the Post-Collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa

by Ilaria Delponte

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 5930; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115930 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2949

Abstract

The relationship between the institutional (established in law) and non-institutional initiatives (not supported by law) that improve the public transport system is currently a debated topic. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most relevant aspects of this relationship during an [...] Read more.

The relationship between the institutional (established in law) and non-institutional initiatives (not supported by law) that improve the public transport system is currently a debated topic. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most relevant aspects of this relationship during an emergency event, namely the paradigmatic case study of the collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa, which occurred in August 2018. The investigation, according to a consistent methodology widely used in the literature, is made up of a selection of interviews with professional figures particularly involved in institutional structures, drawing on qualitative results, and compared with official statistics. The events that occurred in Genoa, during the phase of reorganization of the urban transport service and the circulation in the city, underlined how the response of citizenship is a crucial element, including from the governance point of view. Analytic and observational findings reveal that non-institutional initiatives smooth major criticalities where formal institutions can only produce sub-optimal transport solutions (because of the limited means they own by virtue of the moment of emergency), providing evidence that the two modes of governance are absolutely complementary. Full article

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28 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The “Island Formation” within the Hinterland of a Port System: The Case of the Padan Plain in Italy

by Marino Lupi, Antonio Pratelli, Federico Campi, Andrea Ceccotti and Alessandro Farina

Sustainability 2021, 13(9), 4819; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094819 - 25 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

An “island formation” is a region within the hinterland of a port which is served by another port. Some regions of southern Europe, although located within the hinterland of some Mediterranean ports, are “island formations” of northern range ports (namely, northern European ports [...] Read more.

An “island formation” is a region within the hinterland of a port which is served by another port. Some regions of southern Europe, although located within the hinterland of some Mediterranean ports, are “island formations” of northern range ports (namely, northern European ports between Le Havre and Hamburg): an example is the Padan Plain, in northern Italy, which is currently, although only partially, an “island formation” of northern range ports. Actually, a relevant number of TEUs, which have origin or destination in the Padan Plain, and have been unloaded from ships operating deep-sea routes or will be loaded on them, cross northern range ports. Several sources report this number of TEUs, but there is disagreement among them. In this paper, firstly, this number of TEUs is estimated, according to scheduled rail connections between northern range ports and Italian intermodal centres/freight villages. Afterwards, an analysis of transport costs and travel times is carried out in order to determine the advantage of unloading containers (having origin in the Far East or North America and destination in the Padan Plain) through northern range ports instead of Italian ports. Full article

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18 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A State-Dependent Approximation Method for Estimating Truck Queue Length at Marine Terminals

by Wenrui Qu, Tao Tao, Bo Xie and Yi Qi

Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052917 - 8 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

As international trade and freight volumes increase, there is a growing port congestion problem, leading to the long truck queues at US marine terminal gates. To address this problem, some countermeasures have been proposed and implemented for reducing truck queue length at marine [...] Read more.

As international trade and freight volumes increase, there is a growing port congestion problem, leading to the long truck queues at US marine terminal gates. To address this problem, some countermeasures have been proposed and implemented for reducing truck queue length at marine terminals. To assess the effectiveness of these countermeasures, a method for accurately estimating terminal gate truck queue length is needed. This study developed a new method, named the state-dependent approximation method, for estimating the truck queue length at marine terminals. Based on the simulation of the truck queuing system, it was found that it takes several hours for the truck queue length to reach its steady state, and neglecting the queue formation (queue dispersion) processes will cause overestimation (underestimation) of truck queue length. The developed model can take into account the queue formation and dispersion processes, and it can be used to estimate the truck queue length caused by short-term oversaturation at marine terminals. For model evaluation, a simulation-based case study was conducted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the developed model by comparing its results with the simulated queue lengths and the results of other four existing methods, including the fluid flow model, the M/M/S queuing model, and a simulation-based regression model developed a previous study. The evaluation results indicate that the developed model outperformed the other four modeling methods for different states of queue formation and dispersion processes. In addition, this new method can accurately estimate the truck queue length caused by the short-term system oversaturation during peak hours. Therefore, it will be useful for assessing the effectiveness of the countermeasures that are targeted at reducing the peak-hour congestion at marine terminals. Full article

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2020

Jump to: 2022, 2021

17 pages, 3485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Globalization and Regionalization: Empirical Evidence from Itinerary Structure and Port Organization of World Cruise of Cunard

by Xumao Li, Chengjin Wang and César Ducruet

Sustainability 2020, 12(19), 7893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197893 - 24 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3402

Abstract

Cruise tourism is an obviously global industry in different dimensions. From a geographical perspective, cruise ships are mobile and capable of being repositioned at a company’s notice, which forms the inherent basis for its global spatial layout. As a branch of the cruise [...] Read more.

Cruise tourism is an obviously global industry in different dimensions. From a geographical perspective, cruise ships are mobile and capable of being repositioned at a company’s notice, which forms the inherent basis for its global spatial layout. As a branch of the cruise industry, the world cruise is clearly globalizing in geographical space by offering long itinerary, even round-the-world trips, for everyone. Using the schedule data from 2018 to 2019, this paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of the itinerary and port organization of Cunard, a world cruise company. We find that the itinerary distribution and port organization of Cunard are both globalization and regionalization, and the latter is the core and main component of the former. Under the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global mobility of cruises has ground to a halt, while local mobility offers the possibility of its resumption as soon as possible. Turning to the regional voyage with the shorter and simple itinerary is feasible for Cunard and other world cruises, which is conducive to the realization of the resuming voyage as soon as possible. Moreover, strict boarding and safety onboard are essential. Full article

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