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Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids

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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 46857

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mohammad Reza Safaei

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Interests: computational fluid dynamics; fluid mechanics; numerical simulation; CFD simulation; numerical modeling; numerical analysis; modeling and simulation; engineering, applied and computational mathematics; aerodynamics; engineering thermodynamics
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Dr. Omid Mahian

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Guest Editor

School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Interests: solar energy systems; entropy generation and exergy analysis in energy systems; heat transfer in nanofluids; solar stills
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Considering the linear relation between the changes in shear stress and rate of shear strain, the behavior of many single-phase fluids, which include merely the compounds with low molecular weight, are called Newtonian fluids, have been simulated in the past. The development of the chemical industry at the beginning of the 20th century resulted in the emergence of a broad spectrum of synthetic materials, such as polymers.
Moreover, increasing the usage of materials such as suspensions, emulsions, adhesives, and the advent of oil exploration required to study a variety of materials that exhibit strange behavior, because the relations of Newtonian fluids were not able to predict their shear behavior. The Newtonian model cannot describe the flow behavior of these fluids, called non-Newtonian fluids.
On the other hand, advances in nanofluids technology in the last two decades and the utilization of nanofluids as the new media for heat transfer has created a new horizon ahead of the researchers.
Once non-Newtonian fluids and nanofluids are utilized globally, one of the most critical problems of industries, i.e., inadequate heat transfer, will be settled and, in some cases, it will be possible to enhance the performance of these devices that in turn will lead to a higher capacity of the operation unit.

Dr. Mohammad Reza Safaei
Dr. Omid Mahian
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Non-Newtonian fluid
micro- and nanofluids
MHD
supercritical fluid
PCM
multiphase flow
flow in porous media
CFD
thermophysical properties

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooling Enhancement and Stress Reduction Optimization of Disk-Shaped Electronic Components Using Nanofluids

by Reza Dadsetani, Ghanbar Ali Sheikhzadeh, Mohammad Reza Safaei, Arturo S. Leon and Marjan Goodarzi

Symmetry 2020, 12(6), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12060931 - 3 Jun 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2629

Abstract

Mechanical strength and thermal properties may limit the usage of an electronic component in the high-tech industry. This paper investigated the influence of using CuO nanoparticles in a radial configuration microchannel of a disk from the mechanical and thermal points of view. In this regard, a disk under thermal and mechanical loading had been considered. The cooling setup consisted of a radial configuration microchannel with a constant fluid volume. Water was used as the base fluid and CuO particles were used as the coolant fluid. The results showed that the use of CuO nanoparticles would reduce the maximum disk temperature, the maximum thermal stress, and the maximum stress, as well as the maximum deformation on the body. The increasing number of channels would increase the maximum stress in the object as well. Another remarkable point was that increasing the nanoparticles did not necessarily lead to a more uniform heat distribution in the disk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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22 pages, 3934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Fractional Derivative Without Singular and Local Kernel to Enhanced Heat Transfer in CNTs Nanofluid Over an Inclined Plate

by Muhammad Saqib, Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim, Nurul Farahain Mohammad, Dennis Ling Chuan Ching and Sharidan Shafie

Symmetry 2020, 12(5), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050768 - 6 May 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2901

Abstract

Nanofluids are a novel class of heat transfer fluid that plays a vital role in industries. In mathematical investigations, these fluids are modeled in terms of traditional integer-order partial differential equations (PDEs). It is recognized that traditional PDEs cannot decode the complex behavior of physical flow parameters and memory effects. Therefore, this article intends to study the mixed convection heat transfer in nanofluid over an inclined vertical plate via fractional derivatives approach. The problem in hand is modeled in connection with Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivatives without singular and local kernel with a strong memory. Human blood is considered as base fluid and carbon nanotube (CNTs) (single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)) are dispersed into it to form blood-CNTs nanofluid. The nanofluid is considered to flow in a saturated porous medium under the influence of an applied magnetic field. The exact analytical expressions for velocity and temperature profiles are acquired using the Laplace transform technique and plotted in various graphs. The empirical results indicate that the memory effect decreases with increasing fractional parameters in the case of both temperature and velocity profiles. Moreover, the temperature profile is higher for blood SWCNTs because of higher thermal conductivity whereas this trend is found opposite in the case of velocity profile due to densities difference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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19 pages, 7206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Exploration of Modified Second-Grade Nanofluid with Motile Microorganisms, Thermal Radiation, and Wu’s Slip

by Yurong Li, Hassan Waqas, Muhammad Imran, Umar Farooq, Fouad Mallawi and Iskander Tlili

Symmetry 2020, 12(3), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12030393 - 3 Mar 2020

Cited by 105 | Viewed by 4019

Abstract

This study is carried out to scrutinize the gyrotactic bioconvection effects on modified second-grade nanofluid with motile microorganisms and Wu’s slip (second-order slip) features. The activation energy and thermal radiation are also incorporated. The suspended nanoparticles in a host fluid are practically utilized in numerous technological and industrial products such as metallic strips, energy enhancement, production processes, automobile engines, laptops, and accessories. Nanoparticles with high thermal characteristics and low volume fraction may improve the thermal performance of the base fluid. By employing the appropriate self-similar transformations, the governing set of partial differential equations (PDEs) are reduced into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A zero mass flux boundary condition is proposed for nanoparticle diffusion. Then, the transmuted set of ODEs is solved numerically with the help of the well-known shooting technique. The numerical and graphical illustrations are developed by using a collocation finite difference scheme and three-stage Lobatto III as the built-in function of the bvp4c solver via MATLAB. Behaviors of the different proficient physical parameters on the velocity field, temperature distribution, volumetric nanoparticles concentration profile, and the density of motile microorganism field are deliberated numerically as well as graphically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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17 pages, 4866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Second Order Slip, Activation Energy and Viscous Dissipation Consequences in Thermally Developed Flow of Third Grade Nanofluid with Gyrotactic Microorganisms

by Zahra Abdelmalek, Sami Ullah Khan, Hassan Waqas, Hossam A. Nabwey and Iskander Tlili

Symmetry 2020, 12(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020309 - 21 Feb 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

In recent decades, an interest has been developed towards the thermal consequences of nanofluid because of utilization of nano-materials to improve the thermal conductivity of traditional liquid and subsequently enhance the heat transportation phenomenon. Following this primarily concept, this current work investigates the thermal developed flow of third-grade nanofluid configured by a stretched surface with additional features of activation energy, viscous dissipation and second-order slip. Buongiorno’s nanofluid model is used to explore the thermophoresis and Brownian motion features based on symmetry fundamentals. It is further assumed that the nanoparticles contain gyrotactic microorganisms, which are associated with the most fascination bioconvection phenomenon. The flow problem owing to the partial differential equations is renovated into dimensional form, which is numerically simulated with the help of bvp4c, by using MATLAB software. The aspects of various physical parameters associated to the current analysis are graphically examined against nanoparticles’ velocity, temperature, concentration and gyrotactic microorganisms’ density distributions. Further, the objective of local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and motile density number are achieved numerically with variation of various parameters. The results presented here may find valuable engineering applications, like cooling liquid metals, solar systems, power production, solar energy, thermal extrusion systems cooling of machine equipment, transformer oil and microelectronics. Further, flow of nanoparticles containing gyrotactic microorganisms has interesting applications in microbial fuel cells, microfluidic devices, bio-technology and enzyme biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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13 pages, 2380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Forced Convective Heat Transfer and Performance Evaluation Criterion of Al₂O₃/Water Nanofluid Flow inside an Axisymmetric Microchannel

by Misagh Irandoost Shahrestani, Akbar Maleki, Mostafa Safdari Shadloo and Iskander Tlili

Symmetry 2020, 12(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12010120 - 7 Jan 2020

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 5533

Abstract

Al₂O₃/water nanofluid conjugate heat transfer inside a microchannel is studied numerically. The fluid flow is laminar and a constant heat flux is applied to the axisymmetric microchannel’s outer wall, and the two ends of the microchannel’s wall are considered adiabatic. The problem is inherently three-dimensional, however, in order to reduce the computational cost of the solution, it is rational to consider only a half portion of the axisymmetric microchannel and the domain is revolved through its axis. Hence. the problem is reduced to a two-dimensional domain, leading to less computational grid. At the centerline (r = 0), as the flow is axisymmetric, there is no radial gradient (∂u/∂r = 0, v = 0, ∂T/∂r = 0). The effects of four Reynolds numbers of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000; particle volume fractions of 0% (pure water), 2%, 4%, and 6%; and nanoparticles diameters in the range of 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, and 70 nm on forced convective heat transfer as well as performance evaluation criterion are studied. The parameter of performance evaluation criterion provides valuable information related to heat transfer augmentation together with pressure losses and pumping power needed in a system. One goal of the study is to address the expense of increased pressure loss for the increment of the heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, it is shown that, despite the macro-scale problem, in microchannels, the viscous dissipation effect cannot be ignored and is like an energy source in the fluid, affecting temperature distribution as well as the heat transfer coefficient. In fact, it is explained that, in the micro-scale, an increase in inlet velocity leads to more viscous dissipation rates and, as the friction between the wall and fluid is considerable, the temperature of the wall grows more intensely compared with the bulk temperature of the fluid. Consequently, in microchannels, the thermal behavior of the fluid would be totally different from that of the macro-scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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18 pages, 5729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nanoparticle Enhanced Lubricant Films in Thermal Design of Plain Journal Bearings at High Reynolds Numbers

by Mohammad Yaghoub Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi, Rezvan Alamian, Wei-Mon Yan, Larry K. B. Li, Sébastien Leveneur and Mostafa Safdari Shadloo

Symmetry 2019, 11(11), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11111353 - 1 Nov 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4140

Abstract

Performance investigation of oil journal bearings is of particular importance given the growing use of them as a support for rotary components in a wide range of industrial machines. Frictional forces and shear stresses, which are proportionate to the velocity of lubricating layers at different points in the bearing space, provide the basis for changing temperature conditions. Various factors such as rotational velocity increase, slip width reduction, and small heat transfer coefficient of lubricant cause intensification of lubricant temperature changes. In the present study, with using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) thermohydrodynamic (THD) numerical simulations, the effect of nanoparticles on the performance features of plain journal bearings is evaluated. Particularly, 3D simulation of a journal bearing is implemented using CFD which considerably improves the accuracy of results, coupled with conjugate heat transfer model for metal parts of bearings. Reynolds equation model is used to calculate the oil-film pressure developed in hydrodynamic journal bearings by applying the nano-based lubricants. The configuration of thrust bearing consists of six pads in this study. In order to reduce the modeling complexity and computational cost and because of the symmetrical geometry of the pads, simulation of a single pad is considered instead of the entire domain. In this study, TiO₂ nanoparticle with different volume fraction percentages are used. The parameters that are changed to evaluate the performance of the bearing include volume fraction percentage of the nanoparticle, type of lubricant, and rotational speed. Based on the results, for all different lubricant types, the dissipation power, average shear stress, and temperature rise are increased with augmenting the rotational speed. By increasing the rotational speed from 500 to 1500 rpm, the average shear stress increases by more than 100%, 120%, and 130% for DTE 26, DTE 25, and DTE 24 lubricant types, respectively. Moreover, by increasing the rotational speed from 500 to 1500 rpm, the dissipation power, and temperature rise are increased around 600% and 800%, respectively. Furthermore, increasing nanoparticles volume fraction from 0% to 10%, increases all parameters by approximately 10% for all lubricant types and in all rotational speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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22 pages, 5537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Subcooled Flow Boiling with Nanoparticles under the Influence of a Magnetic Field

by Mohammad Yaghoub Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi, Milad Ghasemi, Rezvan Alamian, Somchai Wongwises, Masoud Afrand and Mostafa Safdari Shadloo

Symmetry 2019, 11(10), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11101275 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3556

Abstract

Subcooled flow boiling is one of the major issues in the nuclear and power generation industries. If the fluid inlet temperature in the boiling area is less than the boiling temperature, the boiling process is called subcooled boiling. The symmetry of a physical system is a constant property of the system and is fixed by deformation. Using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces and broken symmetry induced by nanosized particles, fluid and thermal systems can be more controlled. In this study, the effect of a magnetic field and nanoparticles on subcooled flow boiling in a vertical tube was investigated. For this purpose, a one-dimensional numerical code was used to simulate the flow and variations of various parameters that have been investigated and evaluated. The results showed that as the flow entered the heated area, the vapor volume fraction, Froude number, fluid cross-sectional area forces, mixture velocity, fluid velocity, bubble departure diameter, liquid and vapor Reynolds numbers, squared ratio of the Froude number to the Weber number, and fluid cross-sectional area forces coefficient increased. In the same region, the Eötvös number, root mean square (RMS) of the fluid cross-sectional area force, sound velocity, liquid superficial velocity, critical tube diameter, bubble departure frequency, and density of the active nucleation site were reduced. It was also observed that after the heated area and under the influence of the magnetic field and the nanoparticles, the values of the vapor volume fraction, Froude number, fluid cross-sectional area force, mixture velocity, fluid velocity, vapor, liquid Reynolds number, and squared ratio of the Froude number to the Weber number were decreased. Moreover, there was no significant effect on the Eötvös number, liquid superficial velocity, Taylor bubble Sauter mean diameter, bubble departure diameter, critical tube diameter, bubble departure frequency, or density of the active nucleation site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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18 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Slip Effects on Magnetohydrodynamic Axisymmetric Buoyant Nanofluid Flow above a Stretching Sheet with Radiation and Chemical Reaction

by Shahid Ali Khan, Yufeng Nie and Bagh Ali

Symmetry 2019, 11(9), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091171 - 16 Sep 2019

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 3477

Abstract

The present article investigates the effect of multiple slips on axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) buoyant nano-fluid flow over a stretching sheet with radiation and chemical effect. The non-linear partial differential equations were transformed to a non-linear control equation using an appropriate similarity transformation. The governing equations were solved through the finite element method. The influence of physical parameters such as multiple slips, magnetic, thermal radiation, Prandtl number, stretching, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, Schmidt number, Lewis number and chemical reaction on the radial velocity, temperature, solutal concentration and nano-fluid volume fraction profile were investigated. We noted that the boundary layers increases in the presence of multiple slip effects whereas, the effect of thermal slip on Nusselt number increases with the increasing values of magnetic and thermal radiation. To verify the convergence of the numerical solution, the computations were made by reducing the mesh size. Finally, our results are parallel to previous scholarly contributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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18 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetohydrodynamics Stagnation-Point Flow of a Nanofluid Past a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Induced Magnetic Field: A Revised Model

by Mohamad Mustaqim Junoh, Fadzilah Md Ali and Ioan Pop

Symmetry 2019, 11(9), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091078 - 28 Aug 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

The revised Buongiorno’s nanofluid model with the effect of induced magnetic field on steady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stagnation-point flow of nanofluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet is investigated. The effects of zero mass flux and suction are taken into account. A similarity transformation with symmetry variables are introduced in order to alter from the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into a nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These governing equations are numerically solved using the bvp4c function in Matlab solver, a very adequate finite difference method. The influences of considered parameters (

P r

, M,

χ

L e

N b

N t

, S, and

λ

) on velocity, induced magnetic, temperature, and concentration profiles together with the reduced skin friction and heat transfer rate are discussed. Results from these criterion exposed the existence of dual solutions when magnetic field and suction are applied for a specific range of

λ

. The stability of the solutions obtained is carried out by performing a stability analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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15 pages, 3573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetohydrodynamic and Nanoparticle Effects in Vertical Annular Subcooled Flow Boiling

by Mohammad Yaghoub Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi

Symmetry 2019, 11(6), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11060810 - 19 Jun 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2992

Abstract

The control of heated fluid is of interest in many fields of engineering, such as boiler and heat exchanger design. The broken symmetry of a thermo-physical system within a multi-sized media could be used to control its physical characteristics. In the current study, the effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces and nanoparticles on boiling in a subcooled region inside an upright annular pipe have been investigated. The effect of magneto hydrodynamics on the base fluid (liquid water) was measured, and different nanoparticle concentrations were employed as the working fluids. The magnetic field perpendicular to fluid flow is used to control the liquid water and vapor water phase motion. The governing equation of motion and conservation of energy in both phases is solved with the aid of correlation for vaporization and condensation of nucleate boiling on the wall. The results of the mathematical simulation are in suitable agreement with the results of previous experiments. As associated with pure water, the results with dilute Nanofluids presented that the application of nanoparticles homogenized the temperature difference through the fluid and vapor phase. The results show that the MHD controller is a powerful method to decrease the amplitude of the vaporization and resulted in oscillations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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10 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integral Transform Method to Solve the Problem of Porous Slider without Velocity Slip

by Naeem Faraz, Yasir Khan, Dian Chen Lu and Marjan Goodarzi

Symmetry 2019, 11(6), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11060791 - 13 Jun 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2850

Abstract

This study is about the lubrication of a long porous slider in which the fluid is injected into the porous bottom. The similarity transformation reduces the Navier-Stokes equations to couple nonlinear, ordinary differential equations, which are solved by a new algorithm. The proposed technique is based on integral transformation. Apparently, there is great symmetry between proposed method and variation iteration method, Adomian decomposition method but in integral transform method all the boundary conditions are applied, then a recursive scheme is used for the analytical solutions, which is unlike the Variational Iteration Method, Adomian Decomposition Method, and other existing analytical methods. Solutions are obtained for much larger Reynolds numbers, and they are compared with analytical and numerical methods. Effects of Reynolds number on velocity components are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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14 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irreversibility Analysis of Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Thin Needle with Effects of Energy Dissipation

by Muhammad Idrees Afridi, I. Tlili, Marjan Goodarzi, M. Osman and Najeeb Alam Khan

Symmetry 2019, 11(5), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11050663 - 12 May 2019

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 4224

Abstract

The flow and heat transfer analysis in the conventional nanofluid

A l_{2} O_{3} - H_{2} O

and hybrid nanofluid

C u - A l_{2} O_{3} - H_{2} O

was carried out in the present study. The present [...] Read more.

The flow and heat transfer analysis in the conventional nanofluid

A l_{2} O_{3} - H_{2} O

and hybrid nanofluid

C u - A l_{2} O_{3} - H_{2} O

was carried out in the present study. The present work also focused on the comparative analysis of entropy generation in conventional and hybrid nanofluid flow. The flows of both types of nanofluid were assumed to be over a thin needle in the presence of thermal dissipation. The temperature at the surface of the thin needle and the fluid in the free stream region were supposed to be constant. Modified Maxwell Garnet (MMG) and the Brinkman model were utilized for effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. The numerical solutions of the self-similar equations were obtained by using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg scheme (RKFS). The Matlab in-built solver bvp4c was also used to solve the nonlinear dimensionless system of differential equations. The present numerical results were compared to the existing limiting outcomes in the literature and were found to be in excellent agreement. The analysis demonstrated that the rate of entropy generation reduced with the decreasing velocity of the thin needle as compared to the free stream velocity. The hybrid nanofluid flow with less velocity was compared to the regular nanofluid under the same circumstances. Furthermore, the enhancement in the temperature profile of the hybrid nanofluid was high as compared to the regular nanofluid. The influences of relevant physical parameters on flow, temperature distribution, and entropy generation are depicted graphically and discussed herein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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16 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamical Study of Micropolar Fluid in a Porous-Walled Channel: Application to Flat Plate Dialyzer

by Dianchen Lu, Muhammad Kahshan and A. M. Siddiqui

Symmetry 2019, 11(4), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11040541 - 15 Apr 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2927

Abstract

This article investigates the two-dimensional creeping flow of a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid in a small width permeable channel. Fluid is absorbed through permeable walls at a variable rate. This situation arises in filtration and mass transfer phenomena in industrial and engineering processes. The exact solution of the equations of motion is obtained. Graphs of the velocity profiles and pressure drop reveal the significant impact of the non-Newtonian nature of the micropolar fluid on the flow. The obtained solutions are used to discuss the hydrodynamical aspects of the physiological phenomenon of blood filtration in an artificial kidney, the flat plate dialyzer (FPD). Expressions for finding the ultrafiltration rate and mean pressure drop in an FPD are derived. Ultrafiltration rate and the mean pressure difference in an FPD are computed using derived expressions. A comparison of these with the existing empirical and experimental results shows a good agreement. For certain values of parameters, the derived form of the flow rate reveals that the axial flow rate in an FPD decays exponentially along the membrane length. This is a well-established and admitted result used by several researchers for studying the hydrodynamics of blood flow in renal tubules of kidneys. It is concluded that the presented model can be used to study the hydrodynamical aspects of blood flow in an FPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future and Prospects in Non-Newtonian and Nanofluids)

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