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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 16219

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ayan Paul

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

DESY, Hamburg & Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Interests: high energy physics; particle physics; flavour physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Symmetries are one of the fundamental concepts that have guided the development of particle physics over several decades. On one hand, symmetries defined theoretical developments and identifications of interactions, and on the other hand, symmetries and their violation have been an important area of measurements in experimental particle physics. In this Special Issue, we gather the leading ideas about the application of symmetries in future theoretical development and how they will shape the experiments of the future. We would like to invite contributions from both experimentalists and theorists on the study and application of symmetries in particle physics and innovative ideas of physics beyond the Standard Model built on the foundations of extended symmetries. Ideas on how larger global and local symmetries can bring about novel dynamics, or on new sources for the breaking of discrete symmetries like CP or T are especially welcome, along with ideas on how to measure these dynamics.

Dr. Ayan Paul
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Symmetry
Gauge symmetries
Global symmetries
Anomalies
CP violation
New physics

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Quark Expansion of Λ_b→Λ*(1520) Form Factors beyond Leading Order

by Marzia Bordone

Symmetry 2021, 13(4), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040531 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

I review the parametrisation of the full set of

Λ_{b} \to Λ^{*} (1520)

form factors in the framework of Heavy Quark Expansion, including next-to-leading-order

O (α_{s})

and, for the first time, next-to-leading-power [...] Read more.

I review the parametrisation of the full set of

Λ_{b} \to Λ^{*} (1520)

form factors in the framework of Heavy Quark Expansion, including next-to-leading-order

O (α_{s})

and, for the first time, next-to-leading-power

O (1 / m_{b})

corrections. The unknown hadronic parameters are obtained by performing a fit to recent lattice QCD calculations. I investigate the compatibility of the Heavy Quark Expansion and the current lattice data, finding tension between these two approaches in the case of tensor and pseudo-tensor form factors, whose origin could come from an underestimation of the current lattice QCD uncertainties and higher order terms in the Heavy Quark Expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle Physics and Symmetry)

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19 pages, 5624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending the Fully Bayesian Unfolding with Regularization Using a Combined Sampling Method

by Petr Baroň and Jiří Kvita

Symmetry 2020, 12(12), 2100; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122100 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

Regularization extensions to the Fully Bayesian Unfolding are implemented and studied with an algorithm of combined sampling to find, in a reasonable computational time, an optimal value of the regularization strength parameter in order to obtain an unfolded result of a desired property, like smoothness. Three regularization conditions using the curvature, entropy and derivatives are applied, as a model example, to several simulated spectra of top-pair quark pairs that are produced in high energy

p p

collisions. The existence of a minimum of a

χ^{2}

between the unfolded and particle-level spectra is discussed, with recommendations on the checks and validity of the usage of the regularization feature in Fully Bayesian Unfolding (FBU). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle Physics and Symmetry)

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28 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

QCD Theory of the Hadrons and Filling the Yang–Mills Mass Gap

by Jay R. Yablon

Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111887 - 16 Nov 2020

Viewed by 6497

Abstract

The rank-3 antisymmetric tensors which are the magnetic monopoles of SU(N) Yang–Mills gauge theory dynamics, unlike their counterparts in Maxwell’s U(1) electrodynamics, are non-vanishing, and do permit a net flux of Yang–Mills analogs to the magnetic field through closed spatial surfaces. When electric source currents of the same Yang–Mills dynamics are inverted and their fermions inserted into these Yang–Mills monopoles to create a system, this system in its unperturbed state contains exactly three fermions due to the monopole rank-3 and its three additive field strength gradient terms in covariant form. So to ensure that every fermion in this system occupies an exclusive quantum state, the Exclusion Principle is used to place each of the three fermions into the fundamental representation of the simple gauge group with an SU(3) symmetry. After the symmetry of the monopole is broken to make this system indivisible, the gauge bosons inside the monopole become massless, the SU(3) color symmetry of the fermions becomes exact, and a propagator is established for each fermion. The monopoles then have the same antisymmetric color singlet wavefunction as a baryon, and the field quanta of the magnetic fields fluxing through the monopole surface have the same symmetric color singlet wavefunction as a meson. Consequently, we are able to identify these fermions with colored quarks, the gauge bosons with gluons, the magnetic monopoles with baryons, and the fluxing entities with mesons, while establishing that the quarks and gluons remain confined and identifying the symmetry breaking with hadronization. Analytic tools developed along the way are then used to fill the Yang–Mills mass gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle Physics and Symmetry)

Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of CP Violation Measurements in Charm at LHCb

by Federico Betti

Symmetry 2021, 13(8), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13081482 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

The LHCb experiment has been able to collect the largest sample ever produced of charm-hadron decays, performing a number of measurements of observables related to

C P

violation in the charm sector. In this document, the most recent results from LHCb on the [...] Read more.

The LHCb experiment has been able to collect the largest sample ever produced of charm-hadron decays, performing a number of measurements of observables related to

C P

violation in the charm sector. In this document, the most recent results from LHCb on the search of direct

C P

violation in

D^{0} \to K_{s}^{0} K_{s}^{0}

D_{(s)}^{+} \to h^{+} π^{0}

and

D_{(s)}^{+} \to h^{+} η

decays are summarised, in addition to the most precise measurement of time-dependent

C P

asymmetry in

D^{0} \to h^{+} h^{-}

decays and the first observation of mass difference between neutral charm-meson eigenstates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle Physics and Symmetry)

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15 pages, 4186 KiB

Open AccessReview

The International Linear Collider Project—Its Physics and Status

by Hitoshi Yamamoto

Symmetry 2021, 13(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040674 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

The discovery of Higgs particle has ushered in a new era of particle physics. Even though the list of members of the standard theory of particle physics is now complete, the shortcomings of the theory became ever more acute. It is generally considered that the best solution to the problems is an electron–positron collider that can study Higgs particle with high precision and high sensitivity; namely, a Higgs factory. Among a few candidates for Higgs factory, the International Linear Collider (ILC) is currently the most advanced in its program. In this article, we review the physics and the project status of the ILC including its energy expandability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particle Physics and Symmetry)

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