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Vaccines
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Development of Attenuated Vaccine
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Development of Attenuated Vaccine

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Attenuated/Inactivated/Live and Vectored Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 9375

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kazutomo Suzue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
Interests: parasite immunology; malaria; immunopathology; host-parasite interaction; immune response

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a fact from many research results so far that vaccine platforms such as inactivated vaccines and component vaccines cannot induce sufficient protective immunity. Vaccine development has evolved in pathogens, such as: parasites, viruses and bacteria. Here we want to propose the theme aims to contribute to the development of attenuated vaccines by collecting attenuating strategies for a wide range of pathogens. 

As we are now aware that, the most powerful tools for controlling pathogens is vaccine.

Attenuated vaccines are the most powerful tools for inducing protective immunity. Regarding as the development of current genetic engineering with safe and easy way, the development of artificially attenuated vaccines is being realized.

In this topic, we call about (1) pathogen-associated molecules targeted by protective immunity, (2) the virulence factor, (3) immune response induced by a genetically manipulated pathogen, and (4) a new vaccine platform. We look forward to call for paper on the subject.

Dr. Kazutomo Suzue
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • attenuated vaccine
  • parasites
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • pathogens
  • immune response

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

16 pages, 1846 KiB  
Article
A New Live Auxotrophic Vaccine Induces Cross-Protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections in Mice
by Miriam Moscoso, Juan A. Vallejo, Maria P. Cabral, Patricia García, Víctor Fuentes-Valverde, Eva Gato, Jorge Arca-Suárez, Pablo Aja-Macaya and Germán Bou
Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060953 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
The development of a whole-cell vaccine from bacteria auxotrophic for D-amino acids present in the bacterial cell wall is considered a promising strategy for providing protection against bacterial infections. Here, we constructed a prototype vaccine, consisting of a glutamate racemase-deficient mutant, for preventing [...] Read more.
The development of a whole-cell vaccine from bacteria auxotrophic for D-amino acids present in the bacterial cell wall is considered a promising strategy for providing protection against bacterial infections. Here, we constructed a prototype vaccine, consisting of a glutamate racemase-deficient mutant, for preventing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. The deletion mutant lacks the murI gene and requires exogenous addition of D-glutamate for growth. The results showed that the K. pneumoniae ΔmurI strain is attenuated and includes a favourable combination of antigens for inducing a robust immune response and conferring an adequate level of cross-protection against systemic infections caused by K. pneumoniae strains, including some hypervirulent serotypes with elevated production of capsule polysaccharide as well as multiresistant K. pneumoniae strains. The auxotroph also induced specific production of IL-17A and IFN-γ. The rapid elimination of the strain from the blood of mice without causing disease suggests a high level of safety for administration as a vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Attenuated Vaccine)
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Review

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13 pages, 456 KiB  
Review
Roles of the Tol/Pal System in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Its Application to Antibacterial Therapy
by Hidetada Hirakawa, Kazutomo Suzue and Haruyoshi Tomita
Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030422 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4025
Abstract
The Tol/Pal system (also written as “The Tol-Pal system”) is a set of protein complexes produced by most Gram-negative bacteria. It comprises the inner membrane-associated and the outer membrane-anchored subunits composed of the TolA, TolQ, and TolR proteins and the TolB and Pal [...] Read more.
The Tol/Pal system (also written as “The Tol-Pal system”) is a set of protein complexes produced by most Gram-negative bacteria. It comprises the inner membrane-associated and the outer membrane-anchored subunits composed of the TolA, TolQ, and TolR proteins and the TolB and Pal proteins, respectively. Although the Tol/Pal system was first defined as bacterial proteins involved in colicin uptake of Escherichia coli, its global roles have been characterized in several studies as mentioned in this article. Pathogenesis of many Gram-negative pathogens is sustained by the Tol/Pal system. It is also essential for cell growth and fitness in some pathogens. Therefore, the Tol/Pal system is proposed as a potential target for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Although the tol/pal mutants are low in virulence, they still have the ability to stimulate the immune system. The Pal protein is highly immunogenic and induces both adaptive and innate immune responses. Therefore, the tol/pal mutant strains and Pal proteins also have potential vaccine properties. For these reasons, the Tol/Pal system represents a promising research target in the development of antibacterial therapeutic strategies for refractory infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR), Gram-negative pathogens. In this paper, we summarize studies on the Tol/Pal system associated with bacterial pathogenesis and vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Attenuated Vaccine)
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Other

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7 pages, 695 KiB  
Brief Report
Subcutaneous Immunization with Unaltered Axenic Malaria Parasite Liver Stages Induces Sterile Protection against Infectious Sporozoite Challenge
by Mohd Kamil, Gozde Deveci, Umit Y. Kina, Stefan H. I. Kappe and Ahmed S. I. Aly
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111884 - 8 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1380
Abstract
Host cell-free, axenic development of liver stages (LS) of the malaria parasite has been demonstrated. Here we explored axenic liver stages as a novel live whole parasite malaria vaccine platform, which is unaltered and not prone to human-error, compared to the immunization with [...] Read more.
Host cell-free, axenic development of liver stages (LS) of the malaria parasite has been demonstrated. Here we explored axenic liver stages as a novel live whole parasite malaria vaccine platform, which is unaltered and not prone to human-error, compared to the immunization with live-attenuated sporozoites that must be done intravenously. We show that in contrast to live sporozoites, axenic LS are not infectious to the immunized host. Subcutaneous immunizations of mice with Plasmodium yoelii axenic LS, developed from wild-type (WT) sporozoites or WT sporozoites expressing enhanced-GFP, conferred sterile protection against P. yoelii infectious sporozoite challenge. Thus, axenic liver stages of P. falciparum and P. vivax might constitute an attractive alternative to live sporozoite immunization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Attenuated Vaccine)
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8 pages, 1029 KiB  
Brief Report
Double Auxotrophy to Improve the Safety of a Live Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine
by Víctor Fuentes-Valverde, Patricia García, Miriam Moscoso and Germán Bou
Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101622 - 27 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1499
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that causes serious infections in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised or critically ill patients, and it is also a significant source of bacteremia. Treatment of these infections can be complicated due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that causes serious infections in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised or critically ill patients, and it is also a significant source of bacteremia. Treatment of these infections can be complicated due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains worldwide. Hence, the development of prophylactic vaccines is a priority for at-risk patients. We have previously developed a vaccine candidate with a single auxotrophy for D-glutamate, PAO1 ΔmurI, which protects against sepsis and acute pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa. Given the paramount importance of safety in the development of live attenuated vaccines, we have improved the safety of the vaccine candidate by reducing the probability of a reversion to virulence by the inclusion of an additional auxotrophy for D-alanine. Single and double auxotrophs behaved in a similar manner in relation to the attenuation level, immunogenicity and protective efficacy, but the double auxotroph has the advantage of being more stable and safer as a candidate vaccine against respiratory infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Attenuated Vaccine)
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